Shushtar

In the Elamite times Shushtar was known as Adamdun.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}} In the Achaemenian times its name was Šurkutir.{{citation needed|date=June 2022}} According to tradition, Shushtar was founded by the legendary king Hushang after he built Susa (aka Shush), and the name "Shushtar" was a comparative form meaning "more beautiful than Shush". Josef Marquart also interpreted the name Shushtar as being derived from Shush, but with a slightly different meaning, with the suffix "-tar" indicating a direction. The Arabic name of the city, Tustar, is an adaptation of the Persian form Shushtar.{{cite book |last1=Kramers |first1=J.H. |editor1-last=Bosworth |editor1-first=C.E. |editor2-last=van Donzel |editor2-first=E. |editor3-last=Heinrichs |editor3-first=W.P. |editor4-last=Lecomte |editor4-first=G. |title=The Encyclopaedia of Islam, Vol. IX (SAN-SZE) |date=1997 |publisher=Brill |location=Leiden |isbn=90-04-10422-4 |pages=512–3 |url=https://ia600603.us.archive.org/14/items/EncyclopaediaDictionaryIslamMuslimWorldEtcGibbKramerScholars.13/09.EncycIslam.NewEdPrepNumLeadOrient.EdEdComCon.BosDonHeinLec.etc.UndPatIUA.v9.San-Sze.Leid.EJBrill.1997..pdf |access-date=18 May 2022 |chapter=SHUSHTAR}}

Shushtar may be the "Sostra" mentioned by Pliny the Elder. It is also known in Syriac literature as a Nestorian bishopric.

During the Sassanian era, it was an island city on the Karun river and selected to become the summer capital. The river was channeled to form a moat around the city, while bridges and main gates into Shushtar were built to the east, west, and south. Several rivers nearby are conducive to the extension of agriculture; the cultivation of sugar cane, the main crop, dates back to 226. A system of subterranean channels called Ghanats, which connected the river to the private reservoirs of houses and buildings, supplied water for domestic use and irrigation, as well as to store and supply water during times of war when the main gates were closed. Traces of these ghanats can still be found in the crypts of some houses.

Under the caliphate, Shushtar was the capital of one of the seven kuwar (sub-provinces) that made up Khuzestan. Its kurah likely encompassed the eastern edge of the northern Khuzestan plain.{{rp|178}} Today, this area is inhabited by semi-nomadic people, and only lightly - which possibly explains why al-Maqdisi wrote that he "[knew] no towns" that were dependencies of Shushtar.{{rp|178}}

Historically, Shushtar was always one of the most important textile-producing cities in Khuzestan.{{rp|185}} Authors throughout the Middle Ages consistently listed a diverse array of textile products manufactured at Shushtar.{{rp|185}} For example, al-Istakhri (writing {{circa}} 933) listed dibaj (brocade) and tiraz; al-Maqdisi (writing {{circa}} 1000) listed dibaj, anmat (carpets), cotton, and Merv-style clothes; and Hafiz-i Abru (writing {{circa}} 1430) recorded dibaj, tiraz, and harir (silk).{{rp|183}} Shushtar's commercial importance was recognized by its being chosen to produce the Kiswah (the embroidered covering for the Kaaba) in 933 — a major honor with political importance.{{rp|185–6}}

According to al-Maqdisi's account, there was a cemetery right in the middle of Shushtar.{{rp|338–9}} Nanette Marie Pyne says that this is "not as unusual a phenomenon as it sounds: cemeteries in this part of Iran are often placed on the highest ground, in some places to avoid the raised water table, in others to avoid taking cultivable land out of production."{{rp|339}} In the case of Shushtar, the highest ground would have been in the middle of the city, on top of the settlement mound formed by Parthian and Sasanian occupation.{{rp|339}} Al-Maqdisi also describes that Shushtar's mosque was located "in the middle of the markets in the cloth merchants' area."{{rp|339}} A second cloth market was located by the city gate.{{rp|339}} The cloth fullers' area was located by the bridge, which was nearby.{{rp|339}}

Al-Maqdisi described Shushtar as being surrounded by orchards including date palms, grapes, and citrons.{{rp|337–8}} An alternate manuscript also lists "fine pomegranates" and "superior pears".

{{cite book |last1=Pyne |first1=Nanette Marie |title=The impact of the Seljuq invasion on Khuzestan: an inquiry into the historical, geographical, numismatic, and archaeological evidence |date=1982 |url=https://digital.lib.washington.edu/researchworks/handle/1773/10322 |access-date=2 September 2021}}{{rp|339}}

Ibn Battuta visited, noting "On both banks of the river, there are orchards and water-wheels, the river itself is deep and over it, leading to the travelers' gate, there is a bridge upon boats."{{cite book|last1=Battutah|first1=Ibn|title=The Travels of Ibn Battutah|date=2002|publisher=Picador|location=London|isbn=9780330418799|pages=64}}

The ancient fortress walls were destroyed at the end of the Safavid era.

{{See also|1826–1837 cholera pandemic}}

In 1831, a cholera epidemic ravaged Shushtar, killing about half of the city's inhabitants. The Mandaean community was hit particularly hard during the Plague of Shushtar, as all of their priests had died in the plague. Yahya Bihram, the surviving son of a deceased priest, went on to revive the Mandaean priesthood in Shushtar.{{cite book|last=Buckley|first=Jorunn Jacobsen|title=The Mandaeans: ancient texts and modern people|publisher=Oxford University Press|publication-place=New York|year=2002|isbn=0-19-515385-5|oclc=65198443}}

Shushtar benefited from the Karun steamship service established in 1887. It was the farthest point upstream that the boats went, and goods had to be unloaded here and sent overland by caravan. It developed into the main commercial center in southwestern Iran, and by 1938 it had 28,000 residents. During the early 20th century, the city suffered from unrest between its Haydari and Ne'mati factions. The typical Haydari-Ne'mati rivalry also took on a political dimension in Shushtar, since the Haydaris were pro-Arab and pro-monarchy while the Ne'matis were pro-Bakhtiyari and pro-constitutionalist.

With the completion of the Trans-Persian Railway, Shushtar began to decline. The railway bypassed Shushtar in favor of Ahvaz, which took over Shushtar's commercial importance, and Shushtar's population decreased.

File:ShushtarMAP.jpg]]

The Band-e Kaisar ("Caesar's dam") is believed by some to be a Roman built arch bridge [since Roman captured soldiers were used in its construction], and the first in the country to combine it with a dam.{{harvnb|Vogel|1987|p=50}} When the Sassanian Shah Shapur I defeated the Roman emperor Valerian, he is said to have ordered the captive Roman soldiers to build a large bridge and dam stretching over 500 metres.{{harvnb|Smith|1971|pp=56–61}}; {{harvnb|Schnitter|1978|p=32}}; {{harvnb|Kleiss|1983|p=106}}; {{harvnb|Vogel|1987|p=50}}; {{harvnb|Hartung|Kuros|1987|p=232}}; {{harvnb|Hodge|1992|p=85}}; {{harvnb|O'Connor|1993|p=130}}; {{harvnb|Huff|2010}}; {{harvnb|Kramers|2010}} Lying deep in Persian territory, the structure which exhibits typical Roman building techniques became the most eastern Roman bridge and Roman dam.{{harvnb|Schnitter|1978|p=28, fig. 7}} Its dual-purpose design exerted a profound influence on Iranian civil engineering and was instrumental in developing Sassanid water management techniques.Impact on civil engineering: {{harvnb|Huff|2010}}; on water management: {{harvnb|Smith|1971|pp=60f.}} While the traditional account is disputable, it's not implausible that Roman prisoners of war were involved in its construction.

The approximately 500 m long overflow dam over the Karun, Iran's most effluent river, was the core structure of the Shushtar Historical Hydraulic System, a large irrigation complex from which Shushtar derived its agricultural productivity,Length: {{harvnb|Hodge|1992|p=85}}; {{harvnb|Hodge|2000|pp=337f.}}; extensive irrigation system: {{harvnb|O'Connor|1993|p=130}} and which has been designated World Heritage Site by the UNESCO in 2009.{{Cite web|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1315/|title=Shushtar Historical Hydraulic System|first=UNESCO World Heritage|last=Centre|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}} The arched superstructure carried across the important road between Pasargadae and the Sassanid capital Ctesiphon.{{harvnb|Hartung|Kuros|1987|p=232}} Many times repaired in the Islamic period,{{harvnb|Hartung|Kuros|1987|p=246}} the dam bridge fell out of use in the late 19th century, leading to the degeneration of the complex system of irrigation.{{harvnb|Hodge|1992|p=85}}; {{harvnb|Hodge|2000|pp=337f.}}

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Ancient works of Shushtar, which were registered at the annual meeting of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee on 26 June 2009, under the title of Shushtar Historical Water System, as the tenth work of Iran in the UNESCO World Heritage List with number 1315.{{Cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=Shushtar Historical Hydraulic System |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1315/ |access-date=2023-01-09 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre |language=en}}

Historically, the Subbi Kush neighborhood of Shushtar was home to a Mandaean community for centuries, although Mandaeans no longer lived there by the 21st century due to emigration. One of Shushtar's best-known Mandaean priests was Ram Zihrun.{{cite book|last=Buckley|first=Jorunn Jacobsen|title=The great stem of souls: reconstructing Mandaean history|publisher=Gorgias Press|publication-place=Piscataway, N.J|year=2010|isbn=978-1-59333-621-9}}""The overwhelming majority of people of Shushtar are of a native hybrid race that there is no name to address them.{{Cite web |page=7 |title=Shushtar's economy according to Lorimer |url=https://ensani.ir/fa/article/450986/%D9%88%D8%B6%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%AA-%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%AA%D9%85%D8%A7%D8%B9%DB%8C-%D8%A7%D9%82%D8%AA%D8%B5%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C-%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B4%D8%AA%D8%B1-%D8%A8%D9%87-%D8%B1%D9%88%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%AA-%D9%84%D9%88%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B1-%D8%AF%D8%B1-%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%87-%D9%82%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%87|عنوان=اقتصاد |url-status=live}}Layard and Selby write about the people of Shushtar that most of the people of Shushtar are Sadati who wear large green turbans.   Elsewhere, Lord Curzon says this about the people of Shushtar: They (the Shushtris) are a mixture of Persian and Arab descent and are considered a link between these two descents, and while the Arab gene seems to be stronger in them, it seems that they have acquired most of the lighter moral characteristics of both races.{{Cite web |title== Iran and the Iranian case, chapter 2, page 445 |url=https://yyjc.ir/book/%D8%B3%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C/%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%84%D9%88%D8%AF-%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86-%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%88-%D9%82%D8%B6%DB%8C%D9%87-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86.html|}} According to Henry Field, Shushtri are usually thought to be Assyrian, but their origin is mixed and they are called Shushtri.{{Cite web |title=Henry Field's Iran Anthropology book, page 222 |url=https://asmaneketab.ir/product/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85-%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%AF}} And in another place, she writes that the cities of Shushtar and Dezful have a population whose origin is unknown and they may be of the ancient Assyrian race who have mixed with Iranians.{{Cite web |title=Henry Field's Iran Anthropology book, page 223 |url=https://asmaneketab.ir/product/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8-%D9%85%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%85-%D8%B4%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%B3%DB%8C-%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%B1%D8%A7%D9%86-%D9%87%D9%86%D8%B1%DB%8C-%D9%81%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%AF}}

The majority of the cities' population are Persians who speak Shushtari, a dialect of the Persian language.{{cite web |archive-date=November 18, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201118190103/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/dezful-03-dialect |url-status=live |publisher=دانشنامه ایرانیکا |title=Shushtari-Dezfuli Dialects |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/dezful-03-dialect |accessdate=August 18, 2020}}{{cite web |archive-date=November 19, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201119013124/https://iranicaonline.org/articles/khuzestan-08-dialects |url-status=live |publisher=دانشنامه ایرانیکا |title=KHUZESTAN viii. Dialects |url=http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/khuzestan-08-dialects |accessdate=October 19, 2014}} The list of linguists has classified Shushtri-Dezfuli dialect independently from Persian.{{Cite web |date=2014-09-10 |title=Linguist List - Show languages in a Country |url=https://archive.today/20140910102525/http://linguistlist.org/forms/langs/get-language-by-country.cfm?country=116 |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=archive.ph}}

At the time of the 2006 National Census, the city's population was 94,124 in 21,511 households.{{cite report|title=Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1385 (2006): Khuzestan Province|language=fa|publisher=The Statistical Center of Iran|website=amar.org.ir|url=http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/06.xls|access-date=25 September 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110920093911/http://www.amar.org.ir/DesktopModules/FTPManager/upload/upload2360/newjkh/newjkh/06.xls|format=Excel|archive-date=20 September 2011}} The following census in 2011 counted 106,815 people in 26,639 households.{{cite report|title=Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1390 (2011): Khuzestan Province|language=fa|publisher=The Statistical Center of Iran|website=irandataportal.syr.edu|via=Iran Data Portal, Syracuse University|url=https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Khuzestan.xls|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230118191739/https://irandataportal.syr.edu/wp-content/uploads/Khuzestan.xls|archive-date=18 January 2023|access-date=19 December 2022|format=Excel}} The 2016 census measured the population of the city as 101,878 people in 28,373 households.{{cite report|title=Census of the Islamic Republic of Iran, 1395 (2016): Khuzestan Province|language=fa|publisher=The Statistical Center of Iran|website=amar.org.ir|url=https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_06.xlsx|access-date=19 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201021081917/https://www.amar.org.ir/Portals/0/census/1395/results/abadi/CN95_HouseholdPopulationVillage_06.xlsx|format=Excel|archive-date=21 October 2020}}

File:Shushtar handicrafts.JPG

The devoutness of Shushtar's people has led to it being nicknamed "Dar al-Mu'minin".

Local tradition attributes certain customs to ancient Roman colonists, as well as the construction of the Band-e Kaisar and the introduction of brocade manufacturing technique.

Shushtar has a hot semi-arid climate (Köppen climate classification BSh) with extremely hot summers and mild winters. Frost does occasionally occur at night during winter, but winters in Shushtar have no snow. Rainfall is higher than most of southern Iran, but is almost exclusively confined to the period from November to April.

{{Weather box

|width = auto

|location = Shushtar (1994-2005 normals and records)

|metric first = Y

|single line = Y

|Jan record high C = 24.8

|Feb record high C = 30.8

|Mar record high C = 35.0

|Apr record high C = 41.6

|May record high C = 48.0

|Jun record high C = 51.6

|Jul record high C = 51.8

|Aug record high C = 51.6

|Sep record high C = 48.8

|Oct record high C = 42.8

|Nov record high C = 34.8

|Dec record high C = 29.6

|Jan high C = 17.7

|Feb high C = 20.4

|Mar high C = 25.0

|Apr high C = 32.2

|May high C = 39.7

|Jun high C = 44.6

|Jul high C = 46.3

|Aug high C = 46.0

|Sep high C = 41.8

|Oct high C = 35.6

|Nov high C = 26.2

|Dec high C = 19.8

|Jan mean C = 13.6

|Feb mean C = 15.4

|Mar mean C = 19.4

|Apr mean C = 25.9

|May mean C = 32.4

|Jun mean C = 36.5

|Jul mean C = 38.6

|Aug mean C = 38.2

|Sep mean C = 34.1

|Oct mean C = 29.0

|Nov mean C = 20.7

|Dec mean C = 15.5

|Jan record low C = 1.2

|Feb record low C = -0.2

|Mar record low C = 3.6

|Apr record low C = 7.8

|May record low C = 17.2

|Jun record low C = 21.4

|Jul record low C = 20.2

|Aug record low C = 24.0

|Sep record low C = 19.8

|Oct record low C = 11.8

|Nov record low C = 3.4

|Dec record low C = 1.8

| precipitation colour = green

| Jan precipitation mm =92.5

| Feb precipitation mm =32.3

| Mar precipitation mm =58.6

| Apr precipitation mm =16.6

| May precipitation mm =2.5

| Jun precipitation mm =0.1

| Jul precipitation mm =0.0

| Aug precipitation mm =0.0

| Sep precipitation mm =0.0

| Oct precipitation mm =2.0

| Nov precipitation mm =46.3

| Dec precipitation mm =70.5

| year precipitation mm =

|Jan sun = 175.5

|Feb sun = 203.8

|Mar sun = 225.0

|Apr sun = 240.8

|May sun = 308.5

|Jun sun = 348.0

|Jul sun = 339.5

|Aug sun = 341.5

|Sep sun = 312.1

|Oct sun = 269.8

|Nov sun = 206.2

|Dec sun = 169.0

|Jan humidity = 71

|Feb humidity = 58

|Mar humidity = 48

|Apr humidity = 35

|May humidity = 22

|Jun humidity = 17

|Jul humidity = 19

|Aug humidity = 21

|Sep humidity = 21

|Oct humidity = 27

|Nov humidity = 45

|Dec humidity = 67

|source 1 = IRIMO,{{cite web

|url = http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir:80/stat/archive/iran/khz/SHOSHTAR/5.asp

|title = Form 5: Average of mean daily temperature Station: Shoshtar (99446)

|publisher = Iran Meteorological Organization

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20160222133857/http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/khz/SHOSHTAR/5.asp

|archive-date= 22 February 2016

|access-date = 22 February 2025}}{{cite web

|url = http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir:80/stat/archive/iran/khz/SHOSHTAR/3.asp

|title = Form 3: Average of maximum temperature Station: Shoshtar (99446)

|publisher = Iran Meteorological Organization

|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140909164730/http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/khz/SHOSHTAR/3.asp

|archive-date= 9 September 2014

|access-date = 22 February 2025}} (records*{{Cite web |title=Form 6: TEMPERATURE RECORDS LOWEST IN C. STATION: SHOSHTAR |url=http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir:80/stat/archive/iran/khz/SHOSHTAR/6.asp |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617034245/http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/khz/SHOSHTAR/6.asp |archive-date=17 June 2019 |access-date=22 February 2025 |website=Chaharmahalmet |publisher=Iran Meteorological Organization |type=asp}}

• {{Cite web |title=Form 7: TEMPERATURE RECORDS HIGHEST IN C. STATION: SHOSHTAR |url=http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir:80/stat/archive/iran/khz/SHOSHTAR/7.asp |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190617034250/http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/khz/SHOSHTAR/7.asp |archive-date=17 June 2019 |access-date=22 February 2025 |website=Chaharmahalmet |publisher=Iran Meteorological Organization |type=asp}}), (humidity{{Cite web |title=Form 14: Average of relative humidity in percent STATION: SHOSHTAR |url=http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir:80/stat/archive/iran/khz/SHOSHTAR/14.asp |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221144207/http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/khz/SHOSHTAR/14.asp |archive-date=21 February 2016 |access-date=22 February 2025 |website=Chaharmahalmet |publisher=Iran Meteorological Organization |type=asp}}), (precipitation{{Cite web |title=Form 25: Monthly total of precipitation in mm. STATION: SHOSHTAR |url=http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir:80/stat/archive/iran/khz/SHOSHTAR/25.asp |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221144432/http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/khz/SHOSHTAR/25.asp |archive-date=21 February 2016 |access-date=22 February 2025 |website=Chaharmahalmet |publisher=Iran Meteorological Organization |type=asp}}), (sun{{Cite web |title=Form 42: Monthly total of sunshine hours STATION: SHOSHTAR |url=http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir:80/stat/archive/iran/khz/SHOSHTAR/42.asp |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160221144512/http://www.chaharmahalmet.ir/stat/archive/iran/khz/SHOSHTAR/42.asp |archive-date=21 February 2016 |access-date=22 February 2025 |website=Chaharmahalmet |publisher=Iran Meteorological Organization |type=asp}})

|date=December 2012}}

• Sayyed Bozorg Mahmoody, anesthesiologist accused of taking his American wife Betty and their daughter Mahtob to Iran and allegedly keeping them hostage
• Mohammad Ali Mousavi Jazayeri, Twelver Shia cleric
• Mohammad-Ali Emam-Shooshtari, historian and religious scholar
• Sahl Shushtari, early classical Sufi mystic
• Qazi Nurullah Shustari, eminent Shia faqih (jurist) and scholar
• Nematollah Jazayeri, prominent Shia scholar
• Mohammad-Taqi Shoushtari, Iranian Twelver Shia scholar
• Sheikh Jafar Shooshtari, prominent Shia scholar

• Sahl al-Tustari, a medieval Islamic scholar and early Sufi mystic born in Shushtar
• Sheikh Jafar Shooshtari, a prominent Shia scholar
• Sohrab Gilani, the representative of Shushtar in Majles

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| isbn = 3-87919-145-X

}}

• [http://www.iranian.com/Arts/2002/January/Shushtar/ Visiting Shushtar Photo Essay]
• Hamid-Reza Hosseini, Shush at the foot of Louvre (Shush dar dāman-e Louvre), in Persian, Jadid Online, 10 March 2009, [http://www.jadidonline.com/story/10032009/frnk/susa_shush شوش در دامن لوور].
  Audio slideshow: [http://www.jadidonline.com/images/stories/flash_multimedia/Susa_shush_test/susa_high.html Untitled Document] (6 min 31 sec).
• [https://archive.today/20121209075344/http://www.fotopedia.com/en/Shushtar Pictures of Shushtar on Fotopedia].
• [http://www.shegeft.com/Picture of Shushtar Farsi]

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{{Khuzestan Province|state=collapsed}}

{{Shushtar County|state=collapsed}}

Category:Populated places in Shushtar County

Category:Cities in Khuzestan province

Category:Archaeology of Iran

Category:Roman sites in Asia