Shyamala Gopalan

{{short description|Indian-American biomedical scientist and researcher (1938–2009)}}

{{Infobox person

| image = Shyamala Gopalan Harris died 2009.jpg

| birth_date = {{birth date|1938|12|07|mf=y}}

| birth_place = Madras, Madras Province, British India
(present-day Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India)

| death_date = {{death date and age|2009|2|11|1938|12|7}}

| death_place = Oakland, California, U.S.

| other_names = Gopalan Shyamala, G. Shyamala, Shyamala Gopalan Harris

| education = {{plainlist|

}}

| parents = P. V. Gopalan (father)
Rajam Gopalan (mother)

| spouse = {{marriage|Donald J. Harris|1963|1971|end=div}}

| children = {{ubl|Kamala Harris|Maya Harris}}

| known_for = Progesterone receptor biology and applications to breast cancer, mother of U.S. vice president Kamala Harris

| module = {{Infobox scientist|child=yes|

| workplaces = {{plainlist|

}}

| thesis_title = The isolation and purification of a trypsin inhibitor from whole wheat flour

| thesis_url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14241616

| thesis_year = 1964

| doctoral_advisor = Richard L. Lyman

}}

Shyamala Gopalan{{Efn|As per the cited sources and the common naming conventions of her family, Gopalan Shyamala was her legal name in India,{{cite web|url=https://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/document/foia/Shyamala_Gopalan_Harris.pdf|title=Shyamala_Gopalan_Harris.pdf|publisher=United States Citizenship and Immigration Services|access-date=2024-03-23|page=14/154|quote=Gopalan Shyamala [Maiden]}}
Also see: {{cite web|url=https://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/document/foia/Shyamala_Gopalan_Harris.pdf|title=Shyamala_Gopalan_Harris.pdf|publisher=United States Citizenship and Immigration Services|access-date=2024-03-23|page=23/154}} which is an Indian government document that uses the form "G. Shyamala". while Shyamala Gopalan conforms to Western name order. Shyamala Gopalan Harris, as the first, middle and last names, was her legal name in the United States.{{cite web|url=https://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/document/foia/Shyamala_Gopalan_Harris.pdf|title=Shyamala_Gopalan_Harris.pdf|publisher=United States Citizenship and Immigration Services|access-date=2024-03-23|page=8/154}} In some U.S. government documents, she placed her given name in the surname field and her patronymic in the given name field. She worked jobs under her maiden name even after she married.{{cite web|url=https://www.uscis.gov/sites/default/files/document/foia/Shyamala_Gopalan_Harris.pdf|title=Shyamala_Gopalan_Harris.pdf|publisher=United States Citizenship and Immigration Services|access-date=2024-03-23|page=90/154}}}} (December 7, 1938 – February 11, 2009) was a biomedical scientist at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory,{{citation|last=Tabasko|first=Michael|journal=NIH Catalyst |publisher=National Institutes of Health, Office of the Director|volume=29|issue=4|pages=1, 6|date=July–August 2021|title=A Fortuitious Connection: Vice President Kamala Harris's Mother and Her NIH Collaborations|url=https://irp.nih.gov/sites/default/files/catalyst/v29i4-NIH-Catalyst_JULY-AUGUST-2021_3.pdf|quote=Gopalan eventually left Canada and returned to California to continue her work on the role of hormone receptors in breast-cancer development at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory (Berkeley, California). She was awarded several NIH grants supporting her research through 2001, and her lab published their findings in 2006 (Cancer Res 66:10391–10398, 2006). (Photo caption: Shyamala Gopalan Harris (left) in her lab at Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.)}} whose work in isolating and characterizing the progesterone receptor gene has stimulated advances in breast biology and oncology. She was the mother of Kamala Harris (former vice president of the United States who also served as attorney general of California and senator,) and Maya Harris, a lawyer and political commentator.{{Cite web |last1=Cadelago |first1=Christopher |last2=Oprysko |first2=Caitlin |title=Biden picks Kamala Harris as VP nominee |date=August 11, 2020 |publisher=Politico |url=https://www.politico.com/news/2020/08/11/joe-biden-vp-pick-kamala-harris-393768 |accessdate=August 31, 2020}}

Early life and education

Shyamala was born on December 7, 1938, in Madras, Madras Province, British India (present-day Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India) to Tamil Brahmin Iyer parents, P. V. Gopalan, a civil servant, and Rajam, her mother. Her parents were from two villages near the town of Mannargudi in Madras Province.{{citation |last1 = Bengali |first1=Shashank |last2=Mason |first2=Melanie |url=https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2019-10-25/how-kamala-harris-indian-family-shaped-her-political-career |title=The progressive Indian grandfather who inspired Kamala Harris |work=Los Angeles Times |date=25 October 2019 |accessdate=24 April 2020}} Gopalan had begun his professional life as a stenographer,{{citation |last1 = Bengali |first1 =Shashank |last2=Mason |first2=Melanie |url=https://www.latimes.com/politics/story/2019-10-25/how-kamala-harris-indian-family-shaped-her-political-career |title=The progressive Indian grandfather who inspired Kamala Harris | work=Los Angeles Times |date=25 October 2019 |accessdate=24 April 2020 |quote=He started out as a stenographer, and moved the family from New Delhi to Mumbai to Kolkata as he climbed the ranks of the civil service.}} and, as he rose through the ranks of the Imperial Secretariat Service and later Central Secretariat Service,{{cite web |title=Gazette of India, 1956, No. 34 (Archived)|page=56 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.gazette.1956.34/page/n7/mode/2up |work=Government of India |date=1956-02-04 |access-date=2024-07-27 |quote=No, A-5(16)/55.—The services of Shri P. V. Gopalan, permanent Grade I officer of the Central Secretariat Service and employed as Under Secretary in the Ministry of Transport (Roads Wing), were placed at the disposal of the Ministry of Rehabilitation with effect from the 31st December, 1955 (A.N.)}} he moved the family every few years between Madras (now Chennai), New Delhi, Bombay (now Mumbai), and Calcutta (now Kolkata). He and Rajam had an arranged marriage, but according to Shyamala's brother, Balachandran, their parents were broad-minded in raising the children, all of whom led somewhat unconventional lives. A gifted singer of Carnatic music, Shyamala won a national competition in it as a teenager.

Shyamala went to the MEA school in Delhi and received her Higher Secondary Certificate in 1955. She studied for a Bachelor of Science in Home Science at Lady Irwin College, University of Delhi. Her father thought the subject—which taught skills considered helpful in homemaking—was a mismatch for her abilities; her mother expected the children to seek careers in medicine, engineering, or law. In 1958, aged 19, Shyamala unexpectedly applied to the master's program in nutrition and endocrinology at the University of California, Berkeley, and was accepted. Her parents used some of their retirement savings to pay her tuition and board during the first year. Lacking a phone line at home, they communicated with her by aerogram after she arrived in the U.S. She earned a Ph.D. in nutrition and endocrinology at UC Berkeley in 1964. Shyamala's dissertation, which was supervised by Richard L. Lyman,{{cite book |last=Gopalan |first=Shyamala |date=1964 |title=The isolation and purification of a trypsin inhibitor from whole-wheat flour |publisher=University of California}} was titled The isolation and purification of a trypsin inhibitor from whole wheat flour.{{cite book |last=Shyamala |first=Gopalan |date=1964 |title=The isolation and purification of a trypsin inhibitor from whole-wheat flour |url=http://oskicat.berkeley.edu/record=b14935598~S1 |publisher=UC Berkeley}} Note: her given name "Shyamala" is put in the last name field, while her patronymic (father's name), "Gopalan", is put in the first name field. The name form given is "Shyamala, Gopalan".

Career

Shyamala conducted research in UC Berkeley's Department of Physiology and Cancer Research Lab. She worked as a breast cancer researcher at University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign and University of Wisconsin. She worked for 16 years at Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research and McGill University Faculty of Medicine. She served as a peer reviewer for the National Institutes of Health and as a site visit team member for the Federal Advisory Committee. She also served on the President's Special Commission on Breast Cancer. She mentored dozens of students in her lab. For her last decade of research, Shyamala worked in the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.{{Cite web |title=Dr. G. Shyamala |url=http://crea.berkeley.edu/shyamala-profile.shtml |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190123171257/http://crea.berkeley.edu/shyamala-profile.shtml |archive-date=2019-01-23 |access-date=2024-08-09 }}

= Research =

Shyamala's research led to advancements in the knowledge of hormones pertaining to breast cancer. Her work in the isolation and characterization of the progesterone receptor gene in mice changed research on the hormone-responsiveness of breast tissue.

Personal life

In the fall of 1962, at a meeting of the Afro-American Association—a students' group at Berkeley whose members would go on to give structure to the discipline of Black studies, propose the holiday of Kwanzaa, and help establish the Black Panther Party—Shyamala met a graduate student in economics from Jamaica, Donald J. Harris, who was that day's speaker.{{citation | last = Barry |first =Ellen |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/13/us/kamala-harris-parents.html| title=How Kamala Harris's Immigrant Parents Found a Home, and Each Other, in a Black Study Group | work=New York Times | date=13 September 2020 | accessdate=13 September 2020}} According to Donald Harris, who is now an emeritus professor of economics at Stanford University, "We talked then, continued to talk at a subsequent meeting, and at another, and another." In 1963, they were married without following the convention of introducing Harris to Shyamala's parents beforehand or having the ceremony in her hometown. In the later 1960s, Donald and Shyamala took their daughters, Kamala, then four or five years old, and Maya, two years younger, to newly independent Zambia, where Shyamala's father, P. V. Gopalan, was on an advisory assignment. After Shyamala and Donald divorced in the early 1970s, she took her daughters to India several times to visit her parents in Chennai, where they had retired.{{cite news|last1=Finnegan|first1=Michael|title=How race helped shape the politics of Senate candidate Kamala Harris|url=https://www.latimes.com/local/politics/la-me-pol-ca-harris-senate-20150930-story.html|accessdate=December 1, 2018|work=Los Angeles Times|date=September 30, 2015}}

The children also visited their father's family in Jamaica during their childhood.{{cite news|last1=Dolan|first1=Casey|title=How Kamala Harris' immigrant parents shaped her life—and her political outlook|url=https://www.mercurynews.com/2019/02/10/kamala-harris-president-parents-shyamala-gopalan-donald-harris-berkeley/|accessdate=August 14, 2020|work=The Mercury News|date=February 10, 2019}}

Wanda Kagan, one of Kamala's high school friends in Montreal, described how after she told Kamala her stepfather was molesting her, Shyamala insisted she move in with them for her final year of high school. Kagan said that Shyamala helped her navigate the system to get the support she needed to live independently of her family.

Death

Shyamala died of colon cancer in Oakland on February 11, 2009, at age 70. She requested that donations be made to the organization Breast Cancer Action. Later in 2009, Kamala Harris carried her mother's ashes to Chennai on the southeastern coast of peninsular India and dispersed them in the Indian Ocean waters.{{cite news | last1 = Gettleman |first1 = Jeffrey |last2=Raj |first2=Suhasini|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/08/16/world/asia/kamala-harris-india.html | title=How Kamala Harris's Family in India Helped Shape Her Values| work=New York Times | date=16 August 2020 | accessdate=17 August 2020|quote=One sunny morning, Ms. Harris and her uncle walked down to the beach in Besant Nagar where she used to stroll with her grandfather all those years ago, and scattered the ashes on the waves.}}

Notes

Selected publications

{{cite journal |pmid=11897499 |date=2002 |last1=Shyamala |first1=G. |last2=Chou |first2=Y. C. |last3=Louie |first3=S. G. |last4=Guzman |first4=R. C. |last5=Smith |first5=G. H. |last6=Nandi |first6=S. |title=Cellular expression of estrogen and progesterone receptors in mammary glands: Regulation by hormones, development and aging |journal=The Journal of Steroid Biochemistry and Molecular Biology |volume=80 |issue=2 |pages=137–148 |doi=10.1016/s0960-0760(01)00182-0 }}
{{cite journal |doi=10.1073/pnas.97.7.3044 |title=Impact of progesterone receptor on cell-fate decisions during mammary gland development |date=2000 |last1=Shyamala |first1=G. |last2=Yang |first2=X. |last3=Cardiff |first3=R. D. |last4=Dale |first4=E. |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=97 |issue=7 |pages=3044–3049 |doi-access=free |pmid=10737785 |pmc=16189 |bibcode=2000PNAS...97.3044S }}
{{cite journal |date=1999 |last1=Shyamala |first1=G. |title=Progesterone Signaling and Mammary Gland Morphogenesis |journal=Journal of Mammary Gland Biology and Neoplasia |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=89–104 |doi=10.1023/A:1018760721173 |pmid=10219909 }}
{{cite journal |doi=10.1006/mgme.1999.2897 |title=The Progesterone Receptor and Its Isoforms in Mammary Development |date=1999 |last1=Shyamala |first1=G. |last2=Louie |first2=Sharianne G. |last3=Camarillo |first3=Ignacio G. |last4=Talamantes |first4=Frank |journal=Molecular Genetics and Metabolism |volume=68 |issue=2 |pages=182–190 |pmid=10527668 }}
{{cite journal |doi=10.1073/pnas.95.2.696 |title=Transgenic mice carrying an imbalance in the native ratio of a to B forms of progesterone receptor exhibit developmental abnormalities in mammary glands |date=1998 |last1=Shyamala |first1=G. |last2=Yang |first2=X. |last3=Silberstein |first3=G. |last4=Barcellos-Hoff |first4=M. H. |last5=Dale |first5=E. |journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences |volume=95 |issue=2 |pages=696–701 |doi-access=free |pmid=9435255 |pmc=18483 |bibcode=1998PNAS...95..696S }}
{{cite journal |doi=10.1210/endo-126-6-2882 |title=Developmental Regulation of Murine Mammary Progesterone Receptor Gene Expression |date=1990 |last1=Shyamala |first1=G. |last2=Schneider |first2=W. |last3=Schott |first3=D. |journal=Endocrinology |volume=126 |issue=6 |pages=2882–2889 |pmid=2190799 }}
{{cite journal |pmc=362408 |date=1989 |last1=Shyamala |first1=G. |last2=Gauthier |first2=Y. |last3=Moore |first3=S. K. |last4=Catelli |first4=M. G. |last5=Ullrich |first5=S. J. |title=Estrogenic regulation of murine uterine 90-kilodalton heat shock protein gene expression |journal=Molecular and Cellular Biology |volume=9 |issue=8 |pages=3567–3570 |doi=10.1128/mcb.9.8.3567-3570.1989 |pmid=2796999 }}

References

{{reflist|refs=

{{Cite web|url=https://bcaction.org/2009/06/21/in-memoriam-dr-shyamala-g-harris/|title=In Memoriam: Dr. Shyamala G. Harris|date=2009-06-21|website=Breast Cancer Action|language=en-US|access-date=2019-01-23}}

{{Cite news|url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/27537248/the_gazette/|title=Men still dominate the scientific field|last=Carson|first=Susan|date=1985-06-21|work=The Gazette|access-date=2019-01-23|location=Montreal|pages=27|via=Newspapers.com}}

{{cite news

| url = https://cbc.ca/player/play/1816926275902

| title = Kamala Harris's friend reacts to her historic win

| work = CBC News

| date = 2020-11-07

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20201107212814/https://www.cbc.ca/player/play/1816926275902

| archive-date = 2020-11-07

| accessdate = 2020-11-07

| url-status = live

}}

Category:1938 births

Category:2009 deaths