Sigma Octantis
{{short description|Star in the constellation Octans}}
{{Starbox begin
| name = Sigma Octantis
}}
{{Starbox image
| image =
{{Location mark
| image=Octans IAU.svg | alt= | float=center | width=250
| label= | position=right
| mark=Red circle.svg | mark_width=10 | mark_link=σ Oct
| x=364 | y=484
}}
| caption=Location of σ Octantis (circled)
}}
{{Starbox observe
| epoch = J2000.0
| constell = Octans
| dec = {{DEC|−88|57|23.3983}}
}}
{{Starbox character
| variable = δ Sct
}}
{{Starbox astrometry
| parallax = 11.1005
| p_error = 0.0616
| absmag_v = {{Val|0.86|0.09}}
}}
{{Starbox detail
| source =
| temperature = {{Val|7415|252|fmt=commas}}
}}
{{Starbox catalog
| names = {{odlist | name=Polaris Australis | B=σ Oct | CP=−89°47 | FK5=923 | HD=177482 | HIP=104382 | HR=7228 | SAO=258857 }}
}}
{{Starbox reference
| Simbad = HD+177482
}}
{{Starbox end}}
Sigma Octantis is a solitary star in the Octans constellation that forms the pole star of the Southern Hemisphere. Its name is also written as σ Octantis, abbreviated as Sigma Oct or σ Oct, and it is officially named Polaris Australis ({{IPAc-en|p|ou|'|l|ɛər|I|s|_|ɔː|'|s|t|r|ei|l|I|s}}). The star is positioned one degree away from the southern celestial pole of the Southern Hemisphere, lying in nearly opposite direction to the North Star on the celestial sphere.
Located approximately {{val|294|ul=light-years}} from Earth, it is classified as a subgiant with a spectral type of F0 IV. Sigma Octantis has an apparent magnitude of 5.5, but is slightly variable and is classified as a Delta Scuti variable.
Nomenclature
File:SigOctLightCurve.png for Sigma Octantis, plotted from TESS data]]
σ Octantis (Latinised to Sigma Octantis) is the star's Bayer designation.
As the southern hemisphere's pole star it bore the name Polaris Australis, first applied in the 1700s. In 2016, the IAU organized a Working Group on Star Names (WGSN) to catalog and standardize proper names for stars. The WGSN approved the name Polaris Australis for this star on 5 September 2017 and it is now so included in the List of IAU-approved Star Names. It is the southernmost named star.
Properties
With a spectral class of F0IV, Sigma Octantis appears to be a subgiant, although it has also been classified as F0III. Evolutionary models place it at the very end of its main sequence life with an age of about 900 million years. It has expanded somewhat to a size 4.4 that of the Sun and emits 44 times as much electromagnetic radiation from its photosphere at an effective temperature of {{val|7,415|fmt=commas|ul=K}}.
Sigma Octantis is a Delta Scuti variable, varying by about 0.03 magnitudes every 2.33 hours. It is thought to pulsate only in the fundamental mode.
Southern pole star
Sigma Octantis is the current southern pole star, whose counterpart is Polaris, the current North Star. To an observer in the southern hemisphere, Sigma Octantis appears almost motionless and all the other stars in the Southern sky appear to rotate around it. It is part of a small "half hexagon" shape. It is slightly more than a degree away from the true south pole, and the south celestial pole is moving away from it due to precession of the equinoxes.
At magnitude +5.42, Sigma Octantis is barely visible to the naked eye, making it unusable for navigation, especially by comparison with the much brighter and more easily visible Polaris.
Because of this, the constellation Crux is often preferred for determining the position of the South Celestial Pole.
Once Sigma Octantis' approximate position has been determined, either by the major stars in Octans or using the Southern Cross (Crux) method, it can be positively verified using an asterism: Sigma, Chi, Tau, and Upsilon Octantis are all stars of around magnitude 5.6, and form the distinctive shape of a trapezoid.
In astrometrics
Sigma Octantis was used as a reference to measure the magnitudes of stars in the southern hemisphere for the 1908 Revised Harvard Photometry catalogue. The Pole Star and Lambda Ursae Minoris were used for the northern hemisphere. It was then noted that "Neither of these stars appears to vary perceptibly" but that, due to the procedures used "if they did, the variation would have no effect on the final measures."
In culture
Sigma Octantis is the dimmest star to be represented on a national flag. It appears on the flag of Brazil, symbolising the Brazilian Federal District.
{{clear left}}
See also
{{-}}
References
{{reflist|refs=
| url = http://www.csiro.au/helix/sciencemail/activities/crux.html
| title = Finding South | publisher = CSIRO | date = 26 July 2013
| accessdate = 26 July 2013 | url-status = dead
|archiveurl = https://web.archive.org/web/20130814041220/http://www.csiro.au/helix/sciencemail/activities/crux.html
|archivedate = 14 August 2013
}}
| url = http://jumk.de/astronomie/special-stars/sigma-octantis.shtml
| title = Sigma Octantis | publisher = Jumk.De | date = 26 July 2013
| accessdate = 26 July 2013}}
| url=https://www.iau.org/science/scientific_bodies/working_groups/280/
| title=IAU Working Group on Star Names (WGSN)|accessdate=22 May 2016}}
| url=https://www.iau.org/public/themes/naming_stars/ |title=Naming Stars
| publisher=IAU.org |access-date=16 December 2017}}
| title=MAST: Barbara A. Mikulski Archive for Space Telescopes
| url=https://mast.stsci.edu/portal/Mashup/Clients/Mast/Portal.html
| publisher=Space Telescope Science Institute |access-date=8 December 2021}}
| title=The Hundred Greatest Stars
| first1=James B. | last1=Kaler
| publisher=Springer Science & Business Media
| year=2006 | isbn=0387216251 | page=171
| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jmoQBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA171 }}
| last=Wilson | first=Ralph Elmer | year=1953
| title=General catalogue of stellar radial velocities
| journal=Washington | pages=0
| publisher=Carnegie Institution of Washington
| bibcode=1953GCRV..C......0W }}
| title=Luminosity and related parameters of δ Scuti stars from HIPPARCOS parallaxes. General properties of luminosity
| last1=Antonello | first1=E. | last2=Mantegazza | first2=L.
| journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics
| volume=327 | pages=240–244 | date=November 1997
| bibcode=1997A&A...327..240A }}
| last1=Eggleton | first1=P. P. | last2=Tokovinin | first2=A. A.
| title=A catalogue of multiplicity among bright stellar systems
| journal=Monthly Notices of the Royal Astronomical Society
| volume=389 | issue=2 | pages=869–879 | date=September 2008
| doi=10.1111/j.1365-2966.2008.13596.x | doi-access=free | bibcode=2008MNRAS.389..869E
| arxiv=0806.2878 | s2cid=14878976 }}
| last1=David | first1=Trevor J. | last2=Hillenbrand | first2=Lynne A.
| title=The Ages of Early-Type Stars: Strömgren Photometric Methods Calibrated, Validated, Tested, and Applied to Hosts and Prospective Hosts of Directly Imaged Exoplanets
| journal=The Astrophysical Journal
| volume=804 | issue=2 | pages=146 | year=2015
| bibcode=2015ApJ...804..146D | doi=10.1088/0004-637X/804/2/146
| arxiv=1501.03154 | s2cid=33401607 }}
| display-authors=1 | last1=Rodríguez | first1=E.
| last2=López-González | first2=M. J. | last3=López de Coca | first3=P.
| title=A revised catalogue of δ Sct stars
| journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics Supplement
| volume=144 | pages=469–474 | date=June 2000
| issue=3 | doi=10.1051/aas:2000221 | bibcode=2000A&AS..144..469R | doi-access=free | hdl=10261/226673 | hdl-access=free }}
{{cite journal | display-authors=1
| last1=Johnson | first1=H. L. | last2=Iriarte | first2=B.
| last3=Mitchell | first3=R. I. | last4=Wisniewskj | first4=W. Z.
| title=UBVRIJKL photometry of the bright stars
| journal=Communications of the Lunar and Planetary Laboratory
| volume=4 | issue=99 | year=1966
| page=99 | bibcode=1966CoLPL...4...99J }}
| title=Astronomy of the Brazilian Flag
| url=https://flagspot.net/flags/br_astro.html
| publisher=FOTW Flags Of The World website }}
| title=sig Oct | accessdate=2017-08-10 }}
{{cite Gaia DR3|6341181494973204096}}
| title=Revised Harvard Photometry
| last1=Pickering | first1=Edward Charles
| journal=Annals of the Astronomical Observatory of Harvard College
| volume=50 | pages=2 | year=1908
| bibcode=1908AnHar..50....1P }}
| title=Michigan catalogue of two-dimensional spectral types for the HD stars
| volume=1 | last1=Houk | first1=Nancy
| journal=University of Michigan Catalogue of Two-Dimensional Spectral Types for the Hd Stars. Volume I. Declinations -90_ to -53_Ƒ0 | location=Ann Arbor, Michigan
| publisher=Dept. of Astronomy, University of Michigan
| year=1975 | bibcode=1975mcts.book.....H }}
| last=Malaroda | first=S.
| title=Study of the F-type stars. I. MK spectral types
| journal=Astronomical Journal | postscript=.
| volume=80 | pages=637–641 |date=August 1975
| doi=10.1086/111786 | bibcode=1975AJ.....80..637M | doi-access=free }}
}}
{{Pole star}}
{{Stars of Octans|state=collapsed}}
{{Authority control}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Sigma Octantis}}
Category:Delta Scuti variables