Sir Hugh O'Donnell

Hugh McManus O'Donnell was born circa 1520. His parents were Manus O'Donnell, Lord of Tyrconnell, and Siobhan O'Neill ({{langx|ga|Siobhán Ó Néill}}), daughter of Conn O'Neill.{{harvnb|O'Byrne|2009a}}, 1st paragraph. Some sources have referred to Hugh McManus as Hugh Dubh{{Sfn|O'Clery|O'Clery|Murphy|1895|p=xxviii}}{{Cite book |last=Webb |first=Alfred |url=https://archive.org/details/compendiumofiris00webb/page/390/mode/2up |title=A compendium of Irish biography: comprising sketches of distinguished Irishmen, and of eminent persons connected with Ireland by office or by their writings |date=1878 |publisher=Dublin : M.H. Gill & son |others=Boston College Libraries |pages=391}}{{Cite journal |last=Silke |first=John J. |date=1988 |title=The Last Will of Red Hugh O'Donnell |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20496218?searchText=&searchUri=&ab_segments=&searchKey=&refreqid=fastly-default:e2df059397ab9bb8253e8c6f5e8a9fb5&initiator=recommender&seq=2 |journal=Studia Hibernica |issue=24 |pages=51–60 |issn=0081-6477}}{{Cite book |last=O'Donnell |first=Timothy T. |author-link=Timothy T. O'Donnell |title=Swords Around the Cross: Ireland's Defense of Faith and Fatherland 1594-1603 |publisher=Christendom Press |year=2001 |isbn=0-931888-78-6 |location=Front Royal, Virginia}}{{Citation |title=Table C - Last regnant mainline dynasty |postscript=. footnote vi. |url=https://img1.wsimg.com/blobby/go/f8fdbed9-d7ea-4c7f-9e66-f3dee60c117e/downloads/ODonnell%209-Table%20C%20-%20Last%20regnant%20mainline%20dyn.pdf?ver=1729277561127}} or Hugh Dubh McManus.{{Sfn|Ó Canann|2007|p=106}}

During 1542, O'Donnell was recorded campaigning for his father against the lords of north Connacht.{{sfn|O'Byrne|2009a}}

As identified by an old poem, O'Donnell's first wife was Nuala O’Neill,{{Cite web |last=O'Donnell |first=Francis Martin |author-link=Francis Martin O'Donnell |date=15 November 2018 |title=The O'Donnells of Tyrconnell – A Hidden Legacy (Maunsel Irish Research Series) |url=https://www.academicapress.com/node/330 |access-date=20 June 2024 |website=Academica Press}} a daughter of Shane O'Neill. Their children include Donal and Siobhán O'Donnell.{{sfn|O'Byrne|2009b}}{{sfn|Casway|2016|p=71}}{{Cite journal |last=Morgan |first=Hiram |date=September 2014 |title=O'Neill, Hugh |url=https://www.dib.ie/biography/oneill-hugh-a6962 |journal=Dictionary of Irish Biography |doi=10.3318/dib.006962.v1 |access-date=8 August 2024|url-access=subscription |doi-access=free }} This first wife probably died by 1566.

According to historian Robert Dunlop, "for a long time past there had existed two parties in Tyrconnell" – those who supported an alliance with the English, and those who preferred to side with the O'Neills.{{sfn|Dunlop|1894|p=436}} The O'Neill clan were hereditary rivals to the O'Donnells.{{sfn|Morgan|1993|p=124}}{{Sfn|Walsh|1930|p=37}}The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica (29 March 2024). [https://web.archive.org/web/20240701045142/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hugh-ODonnell "Hugh O'Donnell"]. Encyclopedia Britannica. Archived from [https://www.britannica.com/biography/Hugh-ODonnell the original] on 1 July 2024.

Around 1557, Hugh O'Donnell feuded with his half-brother Calvagh for control of Tyrconnell's lordship. He allied himself with the O’Neill family against Calvagh.

In May 1561, Shane O'Neill captured Calvagh and imprisoned him in Tír Eóghain, the O'Neills' kingdom. Hugh O'Donnell was set up as the effective ruler of Tyrconnell.{{sfn|O'Byrne|2009a}}

O'Donnell was initially a proactive ruler. In 1561 he defeated Cathal O'Connor at Sligo. With the assistance of the English, Calvagh was reinstated in September 1565. O'Donnell fled to his ally Shane O'Neill and the two returned with reinforcements.{{sfn|O'Byrne|2009a}}

Under brehon law, O'Donnell succeeded to the lordship upon Calvagh's death in October 1566.{{cite EB1911|wstitle=O'Donnell|display=O'Donnell s.v. Calvagh O'Donnell|volume=20|page=7|first=Ronald John|last=McNeill|author-link=Ronald McNeill, 1st Baron Cushendun}}{{sfn|Dunlop|1894|p=436}}{{sfn|O'Byrne|2009a}} O'Donnell raided Tír Eóghain. O'Neill invaded Tyrconnell in response, but O'Donnell managed to pin O'Neill's forces against the high tide of Lough Swilly and thus drowned them.{{sfn|O'Byrne|2009a}}

The same year, O'Donnell's claim to the lordship was disputed by Calvagh's son Hugh MacEdegany.{{sfn|Dunlop|1894|p=436}}{{sfn|Morgan|1993}}

O'Donnell's succession to the lordship of Tyrconnell was a triumph for the pro-O'Neill faction. However, O'Donnell attempted to appease both factions by avoiding overt political declarations. This greatly diminished the confidence his own party had in him as leader, and his indecision also failed to satisfy the English government.{{sfn|Dunlop|1894|p=436}} According to historian Emmett O'Byrne, O'Donnell was "always too weak politically and militarily to deal with the combined challenges of the power of the O'Neills in Ulster, the extension of English control into north Connacht, and the strength of his rivals in Tyrconnell".{{sfn|O'Byrne|2009a}}

O'Donnell later did an about-face and allied with the English to crush the O’Neills. In 1567, he defeated clan chief Shane O’Neill at Letterkenny. Shane lost 1,300 men, and was compelled to seek refuge with the MacDonnells of Antrim, who assassinated him.{{Cite journal |last=Brady |first=Ciaran |date=October 2009 |title=O'Neill, Shane (Seaán) |url=https://www.dib.ie/biography/oneill-shane-seaan-a6966 |journal=Dictionary of Irish Biography |doi=10.3318/dib.006966.v1 |access-date=2 July 2024|url-access=subscription |doi-access=free }}

O'Donnell's second wife was Scottish aristocrat Iníon Dubh of Clan MacDonald of Dunnyveg - they married in 1569.{{sfn|Morgan|1993|p=124}}{{Sfn|Walsh|1930|p=17}}{{sfn|O'Byrne|2009b}} At the time, marriage into the MacDonald family was particularly coveted due to their military might.{{Cite journal |last=Hill |first=J. Michael |date=1993 |title=The Rift within Clan Ian Mor: The Antrim and Dunyveg MacDonnells, 1590- 1603 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/2541605 |journal=The Sixteenth Century Journal |publisher=The University of Chicago Press |volume=24 |issue=4 |pages=865–879 |doi=10.2307/2541605 |jstor=2541605|url-access=subscription }}{{sfn|O'Byrne|2009b}} It was ultimately the influence of Iníon Dubh that pushed the O'Donnell clan further into opposition with the English – though publicly Sir O'Donnell maintained his loyalty to the Crown.{{sfn|Dunlop|1894|p=436}}

In June 1574, powerful O'Neill clansman Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone, married O'Donnell's daughter Siobhán.{{Sfn|Casway|2016|p=71}} In 1587, O'Donnell's son (and tanist) Hugh Roe O'Donnell was betrothed to Tyrone's daughter Rose O'Neill.{{Sfn|Walsh|1930|p=36}} These dynastic marriages would further cement a growing alliance between two Irish clans who had traditionally been mortal enemies for centuries.{{sfn|Morgan|1993|p=124}} The Description of Ireland (1598) makes reference to this alliance: "This controversie was taken away by a double marriage, Tyrone having married [Hugh Roe]'s sister, by whom he hath diverse sons, and [Hugh Roe] having married his daughter..."{{Sfn|Walsh|1930|p=37}}

In late 1588, 23 ships of the Spanish Armada were lost on Ireland's coast. Lord Deputy William FitzWilliam ordered the execution of Spanish survivors.{{sfn|Morgan|2013|page=5}} The Armada ship La Trinidad Valencera sank in Kinnagoe Bay, Inishowen.{{Cite web |title=Derry City & Strabane - An Armada Shipwreck - La Trinidad Valencera |url=https://www.derrystrabane.com/services/museums-and-visitor-service/tower-museum/an-armada-shipwreck-la-trinidad-valencera |access-date=2024-08-14 |website=Derry City & Strabane |language=en}}{{Sfn|Marshall|1907|p=8-9}} Upon hearing of the presence of Spanish fugitives there, Tyrone's mercenary forces, commanded by his foster-brothers Richard and Henry Hovenden, proceeded to Inishowen.{{Sfn|Marshall|1907|p=9}}{{Sfn|Morgan|1993|p=106}} Tyrone's instructions to the Hovendens are unknown;{{Sfn|Marshall|1907|p=10}} ultimately his forces committed the largest single massacre of Armada survivors in Inishowen.{{Sfn|Morgan|2013|p=5}}

File:Kinnagoe_Shore.jpg, Inishowen]]

Historians Marshall and Morgan characterise Tyrone as reluctantly ordering the massacre to keep in the English government's good graces.{{Sfn|Marshall|1907|p=10}}{{Cite journal |last=Morgan |first=Hiram |date=September 2014 |title=O'Neill, Hugh |url=https://www.dib.ie/biography/oneill-hugh-a6962 |journal=Dictionary of Irish Biography |doi=10.3318/dib.006962.v1 |access-date=3 May 2024|url-access=subscription |doi-access=free }} However, contemporary sources seem to imply that the massacre was carried out on the actions of the O'Donnell clan – O'Neill's forces were counselled by O’Donnell and Iníon Dubh.{{Sfn|Morgan|2013|p=5}} In a report from Inishowen prior to the massacre, the Hovendens wrote to FitzWilliam: "O'Donnell is willing to serve against [the Spaniards], and hath none of his country as yet come in to him passing thirty horsemen; he hath sent for all his forces, but it is doubtful whether they will come in to him or not".{{Sfn|Marshall|1907|p=9}} Government officials reported that Tyrone heavily reprimanded O'Donnell for betraying the Spaniards and their refuge; he contemptuously told O'Donnell to seek dwelling in another country.{{Sfn|Morgan|2013|p=5}}{{Sfn|Marshall|1907|p=10}} A 1614 history of Donegal Abbey references O'Donnell doing penance for his sins in his retirement, "the weightiest of which was a cruel raid on the wrecked Spaniards of the Armada, whom he slew in Innishowen, at the bidding of deputy Fitzwilliam".{{Sfn|Meehan|1870|p=13}}

In the 1580s, a violent succession dispute broke out amongst the O'Donnell family over who would succeed him.{{sfn|O'Byrne|2009a}} With the help of her Scottish kinsmen, Iníon Dubh had MacEdegany killed in May 1588, and Donal O'Donnell killed in September 1590.{{sfn|O'Byrne|2009b}} When Sir Hugh O'Donnell became senile in his old age, Iníon Dubh effectively took over leadership of the territory.{{citation |last=Highley |first=Christopher |title=Shakespeare, Spenser, and the Crisis in Ireland |date=1997 |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=aWRrU5r53z8C&pg=PA103 103] |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-58199-8}}{{sfn|O'Byrne|2009b}}{{Cite journal |last=Boyle |first=Michelle |date=20 December 2007 |title=Iníon Dubh - Forgotten heroine |url=https://www.anphoblacht.com/contents/17950 |journal=An Phoblacht}} The succession dispute was compounded by Hugh Roe's kidnapping from Tyrconnell in 1587. O'Donnell offered thirty Spanish officers, taken from the Inishowen shipwreck, as prisoners in the hope to exchange them for his son, but this was unsuccessful. Hugh Roe eventually returned in 1592; Tyrone had bribed officials in Dublin to secure his release.

In 1592, before an assembly of fellow nobles in Kilmacrennan,{{sfn|Morgan|1993|p=133}} Sir Hugh O'Donnell abdicated in favour of Hugh Roe.{{sfn|Burke|1866|p=409}}{{sfn|O'Byrne|2009a}} This was accepted by the nobility.{{sfn|Morgan|1993|p=133}} Though apparently voluntary, his abdication was largely organised by Iníon Dubh.{{sfn|Morgan|1993|p=133}}{{Cite web |last=Newmann |first=Kate |author-link=Kate Newmann |title=Finola MacDonald (c.1500 - ) |url=https://www.newulsterbiography.co.uk/index.php/home/viewPerson/967 |access-date=2024-04-13 |website=The Dictionary of Ulster Biography}}{{Cite journal |last=Morgan |first=Hiram |author-link=Hiram Morgan |date=October 2009 |title=O'Donnell, 'Red' Hugh (Ó Domhnaill, Aodh Ruadh) |url=https://doi.org/10.3318/dib.006343.v1 |journal=Dictionary of Irish Biography |doi=10.3318/dib.006343.v1|url-access=subscription |doi-access=free }} Hugh Roe was inaugurated as The O'Donnell on 3 May [O.S. 23 April] 1592.{{Sfnm|1a1=McGettigan|1a2=|1a3=|1y=2005|1p=54|2a1=Walsh|2y=1939|2p=237|2ps=: Old Style dating.|1ps=: New Style dating}}

File:Donegal Friary SE 2009 09 23.jpg, O'Donnell's burial place]]

According to Philip O'Sullivan Beare, "[O'Donnell], after the manner of Irish Chiefs, devoted the seven years which he lived after this, to prayer and meditation on holy things".{{Sfn|O'Sullivan Beare|1903|p=69}} He spent his final years living in retirement among the Franciscans at Donegal Abbey and doing penance for his sins.{{Sfn|Meehan|1870|p=13}}

During the Nine Years' War (1593–1603), Hugh Roe and Tyrone led an Irish confederacy against the government, in opposition to the Tudor conquest of Ireland. In October 1600, Niall Garve, a grandson of Calvagh, defected from the confederacy and began working with the royal army.McGettigan 2005.McGurk 2006, p. 83. During the Battle of Lifford, Niall fatally wounded Hugh McManus's son Manus. Manus was taken back to Donegal, where he died of his wounds. In his grief,{{sfn|O'Clery|O'Clery|Murphy|1895|p=}} Hugh McManus died from old age{{sfn|O'Byrne|2009a}} on 7 December 1600.{{sfn|O'Donnell|2020|p=4}}{{sfn|O'Clery|O'Clery|Murphy|1895|p=263}} His remains were clothed in the habit of a Franciscan monk and then buried underneath the Chapel of Donegal Abbey.{{Sfn|Meehan|1870|p=13}}

• Siobhán O'Donnell{{Sfnm|1a1=Walsh|1y=1930|1pp=17–18|2a1=McGettigan|2y=2005|2p=36|3a1=Casway|3y=2016|3p=71}} (died January 1591){{Sfnm|1a1=Walsh|1y=1922|1p=360|2a1=Walsh|2y=1930|2p=26|3a1=Casway|3y=2016|3p=72}}

• A daughter, who married a son of Turlough Luineach O'Neill{{Sfn|Walsh|1922|p=362}}
• Donal O'Donnell (died 14 September 1590){{sfn|Morgan|1993|pp=123, 130}}

• Hugh Roe O'Donnell ({{Circa}} 30 October 1572 – 9 September 1572), his successor, who led the Irish confederacy during the Nine Years' War.{{Sfn|Silke|2004}}
• Rory O'Donnell, 1st Earl of Tyrconnell (1575 – 28 July 1608); fled to continental Europe in the Flight of the Earls. He died of a fever in Rome.{{Cite journal |last=O'Byrne |first=Emmett |author-link=Emmett O'Byrne |date=October 2009c |title=O'Donnell (Ó Domhnall), Ruaidhrí |url=https://www.dib.ie/biography/odonnell-o-domhnall-ruaidhri-a6701|journal=Dictionary of Irish Biography |language=en |doi=10.3318/dib.006701.v1 |access-date=2024-04-15|url-access=subscription |doi-access=free }}
• Manus O'Donnell ({{Circa|1579}}{{harvnb|Concannon|1920|p=218|ps=. fn. 3.}} – October 1600{{Efn|The 17th-century historian Lughaidh Ó Cléirigh states that Manus died on 22 October [O.S. 12 October] 1600, from injuries sustained in the Battle of Lifford.{{sfn|O'Clery|O'Clery|Murphy|1895|p=261}} Contemporary English sources state that the Battle of Lifford occurred on [O.S. 24 October], which makes Ó Cléirigh's date incorrect.{{Cite journal |last=Clavin |first=Terry |date=October 2009 |title=O'Donnell, Sir Niall Garvach |url=https://www.dib.ie/biography/odonnell-sir-niall-garvach-a6345 |url-status= |journal=Dictionary of Irish Biography |doi=10.3318/dib.006345.v1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240103175741/https://www.dib.ie/biography/odonnell-sir-niall-garvach-a6345 |archive-date=3 January 2024|url-access=subscription |doi-access=free }}}}); died of injuries sustained in the Battle of Lifford.
• Cathbarr O'Donnell ({{Circa|1583}}{{Sfnm|1a1=Concannon|1y=1920|1p=218|2a1=FitzPatrick|2y=2007|2p=47}} – 15 September 1608); took part in the Flight of the Earls and similarly died in Rome of fever.{{Cite journal |last=McGettigan |first=Darren |date=October 2009 |title=O'Donnell, Caffar |url=https://www.dib.ie/biography/odonnell-caffar-a2288 |journal=Dictionary of Irish Biography |doi=10.3318/dib.002288.v1 |url-access=subscription|doi-access=free }}

• Nuala O'Donnell{{Sfnm|1a1=Walsh|1y=1922|2a1=Walsh|2y=1929}} ({{Circa|1575}} – {{Circa|1630}}); married Niall Garve O'Donnell, but separated from him after his defection. She took part in the Flight of the Earls.{{Cite journal |last=Casway |first=Jerrold |date=2009 |title=O'Donnell, Nuala |url=https://www.dib.ie/biography/odonnell-nuala-a6696 |journal=Dictionary of Irish Biography |doi=10.3318/dib.006696.v1 |access-date=18 April 2024|url-access=subscription |doi-access=free }}
• Mary O'Donnell{{Cite journal |last=Clavin |first=Terry |date=October 2009 |title=O'Cahan, Sir Donnell Ballach |url=https://www.dib.ie/biography/ocahan-sir-donnell-ballach-a6536 |url-status=live |journal=Dictionary of Irish Biography |doi=10.3318/dib.006536.v1 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424012041/https://www.dib.ie/biography/ocahan-sir-donnell-ballach-a6536 |archive-date=24 April 2024 |access-date=10 September 2024|url-access=subscription |doi-access=free }}{{Sfn|McGettigan|2005|p=}} (died 1662);{{sfnm|1a1=Ó Macháin|1y=1988|1p=98|2a1=O'Donnell|2y=2006|2p=38}} married to Donnell Ballagh O'Cahan in 1593. They separated around 1598{{Cite journal |last=Clavin |first=Terry |date=October 2009 |title=O'Cahan, Sir Donnell Ballach |url=https://www.dib.ie/biography/ocahan-sir-donnell-ballach-a6536 |url-status=live |journal=Dictionary of Irish Biography |doi=10.3318/dib.006536.v1 |url-access=subscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240424012041/https://www.dib.ie/biography/ocahan-sir-donnell-ballach-a6536 |archive-date=24 April 2024 |access-date=10 September 2024|doi-access=free }}{{Sfn|Walsh|1930|p=38}} and she remarried to Teigue O'Rourke.{{Cite journal |last=O'Byrne |first=Emmett |author-link=Emmett O'Byrne |date=October 2009 |title=O'Rourke (Ó Ruairc), Brian Óg |url=https://www.dib.ie/biography/orourke-o-ruairc-brian-og-a7028 |journal=Dictionary of Irish Biography |doi=10.3318/dib.007028.v1 |url-access=subscription |access-date=11 November 2024|doi-access=free }}{{Sfn|Walsh|1929|pp=569–571}}
• Margaret O'Donnell{{Sfn|Walsh|1996|p=|pp=62–63}} - she predeceased Mary.{{Sfn|Ó Macháin|1988|p=98}} She married Cormac MacBaron O'Neill.{{sfn|Walsh|1996|p=63}} She later arrived in Flanders in 1622.{{sfn|O'Donnell|2006|p=37}}{{sfn|Walsh|1996|p=63}}

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• {{Citation |last=Ó Macháin |first=Pádraig Carthach |title=Poems by Fearghal Óg Mac An Bhaird |date=1988 |url=https://era.ed.ac.uk/handle/1842/19201?show=full |publisher=The University of Edinburgh}}
• {{Cite book |last=O'Sullivan Beare |first=Philip |author-link=Philip O'Sullivan Beare |url=https://celt.ucc.ie/published/T100060.html |title=Chapters towards a History of Ireland in the reign of Elizabeth |publisher=CELT: Corpus of Electronic Texts |year=1903 |translator-last=Byrne |translator-first=Matthew J.}}
• {{Cite ODNB|title=O'Donnell, Hugh [Aodh Ó'Dónaill; known as Red Hugh, Hugh Roe, Aodh Rua], lord of Tyrconnell (1572–1602), chieftain and rebel|url=https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-20554|date=2004|language=en|doi=10.1093/ref:odnb/20554|last=Silke|first=John J.|archive-date=4 March 2025|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250304094936/https://www.oxforddnb.com/display/10.1093/ref:odnb/9780198614128.001.0001/odnb-9780198614128-e-20554}}
• {{Cite journal |last=Walsh |first=Paul |author-link=Paul Walsh (priest) |date=1922 |title=Hugh Roe O'Donnell's Sisters |url=https://archive.org/details/s5p1irishecclesi19dubluoft |journal=The Irish Ecclesiastical Record |location=Dublin |volume=XIX |pages=358–364}}
• {{Cite journal |last=Walsh |first=Paul |date=1929 |title=The Book of O'Donnell's Daughter |url=https://archive.org/details/irishecclesiasti33dubl/page/564/mode/2up |journal=The Irish Ecclesiastical Record |location=Dublin |volume=XXXIII |pages=561–575}}
• {{Cite book |last= |first= |author-link= |url=https://www.seekingmyroots.com/members/files/G004983.pdf |title=The Will and Family of Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone [with an Appendix of Genealogies] |date=1930 |publisher=Sign of the Three Candles |editor-last=Walsh |editor-first=Paul |location=Dublin|editor-link=}}
• {{Cite journal |last=Walsh |first=Paul |date=1939 |title=Historical Criticism of the Life of Hugh Roe O'Donnell |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/30005953 |journal=Irish Historical Studies |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=229–250 |doi=10.1017/S0021121400030819 |issn=0021-1214 |jstor=30005953|url-access=subscription }}
• {{Cite book |last=Walsh |first=Micheline Kerney |author-link= |url=https://archive.org/details/exileofirelandhu0000wals/mode/2up |title=An exile of Ireland, Hugh O'Neill, Prince of Ulster |date=1996 |publisher=Four Courts Press |others= |isbn=978-1-85182-234-8 |location=Dublin}}

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{{DEFAULTSORT:ODonnell, Hugh, Sir}}

Category:1600s deaths

Category:Kings of Tír Chonaill

Category:16th-century Irish monarchs

Category:People of Elizabethan Ireland

Category:People from County Donegal

Category:16th-century Irish people

Category:Irish chiefs of the name

Category:People of the Nine Years' War (Ireland)