Skeuomorph#Virtual skeuomorphs

The term skeuomorph is compounded from the Greek skeuos (σκεῦος), meaning "container or tool", and morphḗ (μορφή), meaning "shape". It has been applied to material objects since 1890.{{cite book|last=March|first=H. Colley|chapter=The Meaning of Ornament; or its archaeology and its psychology|title=Transactions of the Lancashire and Cheshire Antiquarian Society|year=1889| publication-date=1890 |volume=VII|editor=Charles W. Sutton|pages=172, 187|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=910vAAAAMAAJ&q=%22skeuomorph%22&pg=PA172|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180202165310/https://books.google.com/books?id=910vAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA172&dq=%22skeuomorph%22&hl=en&sa=X&ei=JjzCUP2UB7T9iQLl_YGIDw&redir_esc=y#v=onepage&q=%22skeuomorph%22&f=false|archive-date=2018-02-02}} With the advent of graphical computer systems in the 1980s, skeuomorph is used to characterize the many "old fashioned" icons utilized in graphic user interfaces.{{cite web|last=Gessler|first=Nicholas|title=Skeuomorphs and Cultural Algorithms|url=http://www.skeuomorph.com/|access-date=7 December 2012|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120624065316/http://www.skeuomorph.com/|archive-date=24 June 2012}}

A similar alternative definition of skeuomorph is "a physical ornament or design on an object made to resemble another material or technique".{{cn|date=June 2023}} This definition is broader in scope, as it can be applied to design elements that still serve the same function as they did in a previous design.

Skeuomorphs may be deliberately employed to make a new design more familiar and comfortable or may be the result of cultural influences and norms on the designer. They may be the artistic expression on the part of the designer. The usability researcher and academic Don Norman describes skeuomorphism in terms of cultural constraints: interactions with a system that are learned only through culture. Norman also popularized perceived affordances, where the user can tell what an object provides or does based on its appearance, which skeuomorphism can make easy.{{cite web | title=Affordances and Design | last=Norman | first=Donald | url=http://www.jnd.org/dn.mss/affordances_and.html | access-date=2012-12-03 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120145620/http://www.jnd.org/dn.mss/affordances_and.html | archive-date=2012-11-20 }}

The concept of skeuomorphism overlaps with other design concepts. Mimesis is an imitation, coming directly from the Greek word.{{cite web | last=Janusheske | first=Jeffrey | title=Thesis: Mimesis to Skeuomorph? | url=http://www.jfree-design.com/2012/02/14/thesis-mimesis-to-skeuomorph/ | access-date=2012-12-03 | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130215081556/http://www.jfree-design.com/2012/02/14/thesis-mimesis-to-skeuomorph/ | archive-date=2013-02-15 }} Archetype is the original idea or model that is emulated, where the emulations can be skeuomorphic.{{cite web | last=Sen | first=Rahul | title=Archetypes and Their Use in Mobile UX | date=5 May 2010 | url=http://johnnyholland.org/2010/05/archetypes-and-their-use-in-mobile-ux/ | access-date=2012-12-03 | url-status=live | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121226223052/http://johnnyholland.org/2010/05/archetypes-and-their-use-in-mobile-ux/ | archive-date=2012-12-26 }} Skeuomorphism is parallel to, but different from, path dependence in technology, where an element's functional behavior is maintained even when the original reasons for its design no longer exist.

File:Doric-order-labeled (cropped).jpg and guttae in the Doric order; traditionally seen as recreating in stone functional features of the wooden Greek temples that preceded them.]]

Many features of wooden buildings were repeated in stone by the Ancient Greeks when they transitioned from wood to masonry construction. Decorative stone features in the Doric order of classical architecture in Greek temples such as triglyphs, mutules, guttae, and modillions are supposed to be derived from true structural and functional features of the early wooden temples. The triglyph and guttae are seen as recreating, respectively, the carved beam-ends and six wooden pegs driven in to secure the beam in place.{{cite book |title=Artful Crafts: Ancient Greek Silverware and Pottery |last1=Vickers |first1=Michael |last2=Gill |first2=David |year=1996 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=0-198-15070-9 }}Summerson, John, The Classical Language of Architecture, pp. 128, 133, 1980 edition, Thames and Hudson World of Art series, {{ISBN|0500201773}}

Historically, high-status items such as the Minoans' elaborate and expensive silver cups were recreated for a wider market using pottery, a cheaper material. The exchange of shapes between metalwork and ceramics, often from the former to the latter, is near-constant in the history of the decorative arts. Sometimes pellets of clay are used to evoke the rivets of the metal originals.{{cite web | last=Knappet | first=Carl | title=Photographs, Skeuomorphs and Marionettes | url=http://mcu.sagepub.com/content/7/1/97 | archive-url=https://archive.today/20130201184641/http://mcu.sagepub.com/content/7/1/97 | url-status=dead | archive-date=2013-02-01 }}

There is also evidence of skeuomorphism in material transitions. Leather and pottery often carry over features from the wooden counterparts of previous generations. Clay pottery has also been found bearing rope-shaped protrusions, pointing to craftsmen seeking familiar shapes and processes while working with new materials.{{cite book | last=Manby | first=T.G. | title=Unbaked Urns of Rudely Shape: essays on British and Irish pottery for Ian Longworth | year=1995 | publisher=Oxbow Books and others | location=Oxford | isbn=0946897948 | pages=81–84}} Another example is the tiny, non-functional handle on glass maple syrup bottles, which evoke stoneware jug handles.{{Cite web |title=Why Do Maple Syrup Containers Have Tiny Handles? |author=Jen Messier |work=Brooklyn Brainery |date=21 Jun 2012 |access-date=25 February 2023 |url= https://brooklynbrainery.com/blog/why-do-maple-syrup-containers-have-tiny-handles}} In this context, skeuomorphs exist as traits sought in other objects, either for their social desirability or psychological comforts.

In the modern era, cheaper plastic items often attempt to mimic more expensive wooden and metal products,{{cite book |last1=Norman |first1=Don |author1-link=Don Norman |title=The Design of Everyday Things: Revised & Expanded Edition |date=2013 |publisher=Basic Books |isbn=978-0-465-05065-9 |page=159 |ref=Norman 2013}} though they are only skeuomorphic if new ornamentation references the original functionality,{{Citation |last=Bullock |first=Alan |title=The Norton Dictionary of Modern Thought |pages=[https://archive.org/details/nortondictionary0000unse/page/795 795–796] |year=1999 |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |isbn=978-0-393-04696-0 |url=https://archive.org/details/nortondictionary0000unse/page/795 }} such as molded screw heads in molded plastic items.{{Cite book |title=Totally weird and wonderful words |last1=Winchester |first1=Simon |last2=Lederer |first2=Richard |date=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0195312120 |editor-last=McKean |editor-first=Erin |location=Oxford |chapter=Foreword |oclc=70060979 |chapter-url-access=registration |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/totallyweirdwond0000unse }} The lever on a mechanical slot machine, or "one-armed bandit", is a skeuomorphic throwback feature when it appears on a modern video slot machine, since it is no longer required to set physical mechanisms and gears into motion. Articles of clothing are also given skeuomorphic treatment; for example, faux buckles on certain strap shoes such as Mary Janes for small children, which permit the retention of the original aesthetic but otherwise use velcro fastening for children to wear more easily.

Automotive design has historically been full of physical skeuomorphisms, such as the transformation from wooden framed and bodied early vehicles produced by coachworks to those which incorporated both functional wood and steel (referred to as "woodies") to, ultimately, simulated vinyl woodgrain cladding entirely for style by the 1960s. Other examples include thinly faux chrome-plated plastic components and imitation leather, gold, interior wood, pearl, or crystal jeweled elements. In The Design of Everyday Things, Don Norman notes that early automobiles were designed after horse-drawn carriages. Indeed, the early automobile design Horsey Horseless even included a wooden horse head on the front to try to minimize scaring the real animals.{{Cite magazine |title=Well That Didn't Work: The 1899 Car With a Full-Size Wooden Horse Head Stuck to the Front |author=Alex Davies |magazine=WIRED |date=10 Feb 2015 |access-date=6 November 2019 |url= https://www.wired.com/2015/02/well-didnt-work-1899-car-full-size-wooden-horse-head-stuck-front/}} In the 1970s, opera windows and vinyl roofs on many luxury sedan cars similarly imitated carriage work from the horse and buggy era. {{Asof|2019}}, most electric cars feature prominent front grilles, even though there is little need for intake of air to cool an absent internal combustion engine.{{cite web |last1=Torchinsky |first1=Jason |title=Why Do All These Electric Cars Have Grilles? |url=https://jalopnik.com/why-do-all-these-electric-cars-have-grilles-5964070 |website=Jalopnik |date=29 November 2012 |publisher=Vox Media |access-date=2019-04-05}}

File:Redstair GEARcompressor.pngs for manipulating digital audio in the Redstair GEARcompressor Audio Unit-Plugin]]

Many computer programs have a skeuomorphic graphical user interface that emulates the aesthetics of physical objects. Examples include a digital contact list resembling a Rolodex{{cite web |last=Worstall |first=Tim |title=The Real Problem With Apple: Skeuomorphism In iOS |url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/timworstall/2012/09/12/the-real-problem-with-apple-skeuomorphism-in-ios/ |work=Forbes |access-date=8 December 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121204021844/http://www.forbes.com/sites/timworstall/2012/09/12/the-real-problem-with-apple-skeuomorphism-in-ios/ |archive-date=4 December 2012 }} and IBM's 1998 RealThings package.{{cite conference |last=Mullay |title=IBM RealThings|date=April 1998 |book-title=CHI 98 conference summary on Human factors in computing systems|publisher=ACM Press |doi=10.1145/286498.286505 |isbn=1-58113-028-7|pages=13–14 }} A more extreme example is found in some music synthesis and audio processing software packages, which closely emulate physical musical instruments and audio equipment complete with buttons and dials.{{cite news|last1=G.F.|title=User interfaces: Skeu you|url=https://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2012/11/user-interfaces|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=3 March 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308015117/http://www.economist.com/blogs/babbage/2012/11/user-interfaces|archive-date=8 March 2016|date=2012-11-08}} On a smaller scale, the icons of GUIs may remain skeuomorphic representations of physical objects, such as an image of a physical paper folder to represent computer files in the desktop metaphor. This is even the case for items that are no longer directly applicable to the task they represent (such as a drawing of a floppy disk to represent "save").

Apple Inc., while under the direction of Steve Jobs, was known for its wide usage of skeuomorphic designs in various applications. This changed after Jobs's death when Scott Forstall, described as "the most vocal and high-ranking proponent of the visual design style favored by Mr. Jobs", resigned. Apple designer Jonathan Ive took over some of Forstall's responsibilities and had "made his distaste for the visual ornamentation in Apple's mobile software known within the company".{{cite journal|last2=Bilton|first2=Nick|date=2012-10-31|title=Apple Shake-Up Could Lead to Design Shift|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/01/technology/apple-shake-up-could-mean-end-to-real-world-images-in-software.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0|journal=The New York Times|volume=CLXII|issue=55,941|last1=Wingfield|first1=Nick|access-date=2012-11-05|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121104084356/http://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/01/technology/apple-shake-up-could-mean-end-to-real-world-images-in-software.html?pagewanted=all&_r=0|archive-date=2012-11-04}} With the announcement of iOS 7 at WWDC in 2013, Apple officially shifted from skeuomorphism to a more simplified design, thus beginning the so-called "death of skeuomorphism" at Apple.{{cite journal|date=2013-06-11|title=A Eulogy for Skeuomorphism|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/a-eulogy-for-skeumorphism/|journal=Motherboard|last1=Evans|first1=Claire|access-date=2013-06-11|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130613043144/http://motherboard.vice.com/read/a-eulogy-for-skeumorphism|archive-date=2013-06-13}} Skeuomorphism is a key component of Frutiger Aero, an Internet aesthetic derived from mid-2000s user interface designs.{{Cite news |last=Bramley |first=Ellie Violet |date=2023-12-14 |title=Frutiger Aero: the Windows screen saver design trend taking TikTok by storm |url=https://www.theguardian.com/fashion/2023/dec/14/frutiger-aero-the-windows-screen-saver-design-trend-taking-tiktok-by-storm |access-date=2024-07-19 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}

Other virtual skeuomorphs do not employ literal images of some physical object; but rather allude to ritual human heuristics or heuristic motifs, such as slider bars that emulate linear potentiometers and visual tabs that behave like physical tabbed file folders. Another example is the swiping hand gesture for turning the "pages" or screens of a tablet display.{{cite web |title=An E-Book UI That Lets You Flip Digital Pages, Just Like A Real Book |date=31 May 2012 |url=http://www.fastcodesign.com/1669802/an-e-book-ui-that-lets-you-flip-digital-pages-just-like-a-real-book |publisher=Co.Design |access-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160322193502/http://www.fastcodesign.com/1669802/an-e-book-ui-that-lets-you-flip-digital-pages-just-like-a-real-book |archive-date=22 March 2016 }}{{cite web |last1=Baker |first1=Justin |title=Skeuomorphic Design — A controversial UX approach that is making a comeback |url=https://medium.muz.li/skeuomorphic-design-a-controversial-ux-approach-that-is-making-a-comeback-a0b6e93eb4bb |website=Muzli – Design Inspiration |publisher=Medium |access-date=2019-04-05 |date=20 November 2017}}

Virtual skeuomorphs can also be auditory. The shutter-click sound emitted by most camera phones when taking a picture is an auditory skeuomorph.{{cite web |last1=McNeil |first1=Joanne |title=Skeuomorphic Sounds: Digital Camera Shutter Clicks and Car Door Clunks |date=14 July 2011 |url=https://rhizome.org/editorial/2011/jul/14/skeuomorphic-sounds/ |publisher=Rhizome |access-date=3 March 2016 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307014351/https://rhizome.org/editorial/2011/jul/14/skeuomorphic-sounds/ |archive-date=7 March 2016 }} Other familiar examples are the paper-crumpling sound when a document is trashed{{cite magazine | url=https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2022/08/08/what-should-a-nine-thousand-pound-electric-vehicle-sound-like | title=What Should a Nine-Thousand-Pound Electric Vehicle Sound Like? | magazine=The New Yorker | date=August 2022 }} and sound engines in an electric car mimicking the sound of an internal combustion engine.{{Cite web|url=https://www.pentagram.com/news/electric-car-sound-design|title=Electric Car Sound Design|website=Pentagram}}

File:Bakelittelefon knappar.jpg

Retrofuturism incorporates visual motifs from old predictions of the future, especially {{clarify|text=visions of electro-industrialism.|date=January 2022}}{{cite web |title=21 examples of skeuomorphism |url=https://www.popicon.com/blogs/iconography/21-examples-of-skeuomorphism |website=Popicon |access-date=2019-04-05 |language=en |author1=Popicon }}{{failed verification|date=January 2022}} Skeuomorphic design is frequently incorporated in retrowave or synthwave illustrations. Skeuomorphic design is closely linked with metamodernism.

Skeuomorphic design seems to be preferred by older recipient groups, often referred to as "digital immigrants", while "digital natives" tend to favor flat design over skeuomorphisms. However, younger people are still able to understand the signifiers that skeuomorphic design employs. A better user experience could be measured for each respective design philosophy among digital natives and immigrants.{{Cite journal|last1=Spiliotopoulos|first1=Konstantinos|last2=Rigou|first2=Maria|last3=Sirmakessis|first3=Spiros|date=2018-06-04|title=A Comparative Study of Skeuomorphic and Flat Design from a UX Perspective|journal=Multimodal Technologies and Interaction|language=en|volume=2|issue=2|pages=31|doi=10.3390/mti2020031|issn=2414-4088|doi-access=free}}

An argument in favor of skeuomorphic design in digital devices is that signifiers to affordances help those familiar with the original item learn to use the digital version. Interaction paradigms for computer devices are culturally entrenched; proposals for change often spawn debate. Don Norman describes this process as a form of cultural heritage, and credits skeuomorphism with easing transitions to newer technology, stating that it "gives comfort and makes learning easier" until the newer devices no longer need to resemble their predecessors.

Compared to flat design, skeuomorphic design seems to facilitate a fast navigation through graphic user interfaces, because icons are more easily recognized and less abstract than their minimalistic counterparts found in flat design.

The arguments against virtual skeuomorphic design are that skeuomorphic interface elements are harder to operate and take up more screen space than standard interface elements, that this breaks operating system interface design standards, that it causes an inconsistent look and feel between applications,{{cite magazine|last=Carr|first=Austin|title=Will Apple's Tacky Software-Design Philosophy Cause A Revolt?|url=http://www.fastcodesign.com/1670760/will-apples-tacky-software-design-philosophy-cause-a-revolt|magazine=Fast Company|access-date=11 December 2012|quote=The issue is two-fold: first, that traditional visual metaphors no longer translate to modern users; and second, that excessive digital imitation of real-world objects creates confusion among users.|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121215043327/http://www.fastcodesign.com/1670760/will-apples-tacky-software-design-philosophy-cause-a-revolt|archive-date=15 December 2012}} that skeuomorphic interface elements rarely incorporate numeric input or feedback for accurately setting a value, that many users may have no experience with the original device being emulated, that skeuomorphic design can increase cognitive load with visual noise that after a few uses gives little or no value to the user, that skeuomorphic design limits creativity by grounding the user experience to physical counterparts,{{cite book |last1=Sharp |first1=Helen |last2=Rogers |first2=Yvonne |last3=Preece |first3=Jenny

|title=Interaction Design: Beyond Human–Computer Interaction |edition=2nd |page=62 |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |year=2007 }} and that skeuomorphic designs often do not accurately represent underlying system state or data types due to inappropriate mimesis. For example, an analog gauge interface may be read less precisely than a digital one.

File:Aeg peter-behrens03.jpg|Electric kettle in the form of a traditional stovetop kettle

File:Lincoln Continental Town Coupe roof.jpg|1970s opera window and vinyl landau roof imitating horse and buggy design, in particular the landaulet

File:Digital safe.jpg |Digital keypad of an electronic safe, on a circular escutcheon mimicking a mechanical combination dial

File:Rainlendar Skins.jpg|Virtual skeuomorph­ic imitations of pieces of paper

File:1986 Dodge Caravan Smithsonian National Museum of American History.jpg|A 1986 Dodge Caravan with simulated woodgrain meant to evoke the wooden body pieces of some older cars

File:Off-brand Mary Jane shoes on AG doll.jpg|Velcro straps on a pair of Mary Jane shoes worn by an American Girl doll; the buckles used on the straps are purely for aesthetic purposes.

File:Trackless train in Braga.jpg|A trackless train with its tractor unit resembling a steam locomotive

{{Portal|Electronics}}

• Anachronism
• Facadism
• Flat design
• Human interface guidelines
• Intuition
• Spandrel
• Trompe-l'œil, 2D artwork using realistic optical illusions to simulate three dimensions
• Vestigiality
• Frutiger Aero

{{reflist|30em}}

{{Refbegin}}

• Flecker, M., "An Age of Intermateriality: Skeuomorphism and Intermateriality between the Late Republic and Early Empire", in: A. Haug – A. Hielscher – T. Lauritsen (Hrsg.), Materiality in Roman Art and Architecture: Aesthetics, Semantics and Function (Berlin 2021) 265–283 (Open Access).
• Freeth, C. M., & Taylor, T. F. (2001). Skeuomorphism in Scythia: Deference and Emulation, Olbia ta antichnii svit. Kiev: British Academy; Ukrainian Academy of Sciences. p. 150.

{{Refend}}

{{Commons category|Skeuomorphism}}

{{Wiktionary}}

• {{cite web |last1=Moon |first1=Jessica |title=A Showcase of 50 Skeuomorphic Designs |url=https://www.dtelepathy.com/blog/inspiration/50-skeuomorphic-designs |website=Telepathy |access-date=2019-04-05 |archive-date=2019-04-05 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190405213051/https://www.dtelepathy.com/blog/inspiration/50-skeuomorphic-designs |url-status=dead }}
• [https://flatisbad.com/ flatisbad.com] a selection of user experience studies on skeuomorphism maintained by Lomonosov Moscow State University, Laboratory of Work Psychology

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