Smooth-billed ani
{{Short description|Species of bird}}
{{Speciesbox
| image = Smooth-billed ani (Crotophaga ani) GC.JPG
| image_caption = in Grand Cayman
| status = LC
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| genus = Crotophaga
| species = ani
| range_map = Distribution.crotophaga.ani.png
}}
The smooth-billed ani (Crotophaga ani) is a bird in the cuckoo family. It is a resident breeding species from southern Florida, the Caribbean, parts of Central America, south to western Ecuador, Brazil, northern Argentina and southern Chile.{{Cite web|title=Maracaballos de pico liso - AVES DE CHILE|url=https://www.avesdechile.cl/585.htm|access-date=2020-08-17|website=www.avesdechile.cl}} It was introduced to Galápagos around the 1960s and is potentially impacting native and endemic species across the archipelago.{{cite journal |last1=Cooke |first1=Sophia C. |last2=Haskell |first2=Lucy E. |last3=van Rees |first3=Charles B. |last4=Fessl |first4=Birgit |title=A review of the introduced smooth-billed ani Crotophaga ani in Galápagos |journal=Biological Conservation |date=January 2019 |volume=229 |pages=38–49 |doi=10.1016/j.biocon.2018.11.005 |bibcode=2019BCons.229...38C |url=https://www.repository.cam.ac.uk/handle/1810/287084 }}
Taxonomy
The smooth-billed ani was described and illustrated in 1648 by the German naturalist Georg Marcgrave in his Historia Naturalis Brasiliae.{{ cite book | last=Marcgrave | first=Georg | author-link=Georg Marcgrave | year=1648 | title=Historia Naturalis Brasiliae: Liber Quintus: Qui agit de Avibus | language=Latin | location=Lugdun and Batavorum (London and Leiden) | publisher=Franciscum Hackium and Elzevirium | page=193 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/289286 }} He used the name "Ani" but did not explain the origin of the word. It probably comes from the word Anim in the Tupi language which means "social bird".{{sfn|Jobling|2010|p=48}} In 1756 the Irish physician Patrick Browne used the name Crotophaga for the species in his The Civil and Natural History of Jamaica.{{ cite book | last=Browne | first=Patrick | author-link=Patrick Browne (physician) | year=1756 | title=The Civil and Natural History of Jamaica | location=London | publisher=Printed for the author, and sold by T. Osborne and J. Shipton | page=474 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11267995 }} Browne's name combines the Ancient Greek {{Transliteration|grc|krotōn}} meaning "tick" with {{Transliteration|grc|-phagos}} meaning "-eating".{{sfn|Jobling|2010|p=123}} Browne wrote that the smooth-billed anis "live chiefly upon ticks and other small vermin; and may be frequently seen jumping about all cows and oxen in the fields". When the Swedish naturalist Carl Linnaeus updated his Systema Naturae for the tenth edition in 1758 he included the smooth-billed ani. He placed it in its own genus Crotophaga and coined the binomial name Crotophaga ani.{{cite book | last=Linnaeus | first=Carl | author-link=Carl Linnaeus | year=1758 | title= Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis | volume=1 | edition=10th | page=105 | publisher=Laurentii Salvii | location=Holmiae (Stockholm) | language=Latin | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/727010 }} The type locality is Jamaica.{{ cite book | editor-last=Peters | editor-first=James Lee | editor-link=James L. Peters | year=1940 | title=Check-List of Birds of the World | volume=4 | publisher=Harvard University Press | location=Cambridge, Massachusetts | page=57 | url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14476528 }} The species is monotypic: no subspecies are recognised.{{cite web| editor1-last=Gill | editor1-first=Frank | editor1-link=Frank Gill (ornithologist) | editor2-last=Donsker | editor2-first=David | editor3-last=Rasmussen | editor3-first=Pamela | editor3-link=Pamela Rasmussen | date=January 2022 | title=Turacos, bustards, cuckoos, mesites, sandgrouse | work=IOC World Bird List Version 12.1 | url=https://www.worldbirdnames.org/new/bow/turacos/ | publisher=International Ornithologists' Union | access-date=7 August 2022}}
Description
The smooth-billed ani is a mid-sized species, larger on average than the groove-billed ani but smaller than the greater ani. It measures approximately {{cvt|35|cm}} in overall length. Males weigh around {{cvt|115|g}} while females are lighter and with a weight of around {{cvt|95|g}}. The adult is mainly glossy black, with a long tail, deep ridged black bill and a brown iris.{{ cite book | last=Payne | first=R.B. | year=1997 | chapter=Smooth-billed ani | editor1-last=del Hoyo | editor1-first=J. | editor2-last=Elliott | editor2-first=A. | editor3-last=Sargatal | editor3-first=J. | title=Handbook of the Birds of the World | volume=4: Sandgrouse to Cuckoos | location=Barcelona, Spain | publisher=Lynx Edicions | isbn=978-84-87334-22-1 | page=602 | chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/handbookofbirdso0004unse/page/602/mode/1up | chapter-url-access=registration }} The flight is weak and wobbly, but the bird runs well and usually feeds on the ground. This species is called "el pijul" in Venezuelan folklore.{{Citation needed|date=November 2020}} The calls include a whining ooo-leeek.
Distribution and habitat
This ani is found in open and semi-open country and areas under cultivation. This common and conspicuous species has greatly benefited from deforestation.
Behaviour
File:Smooth billed ani, Santa Cruz Island, Galápagos (49538463062).jpg.]]
This is a very gregarious species, always found in noisy groups.
=Breeding=
The nest, built communally by several pairs, is a deep cup lined with leaves and placed usually {{convert|2|-|6|m|ft|abbr=on}} high in a tree. A number of females lay their chalky blue eggs in the nest and then share incubation and feeding. Each female is capable of laying up to seven eggs, and nests have been found containing up to 29 eggs, but it is rare for more than ten to hatch. Incubation is 13–15 days, with another 10 days to fledging. Up to three broods may be raised in a season, with the young of earlier broods helping to feed more recent chicks.
=Food and feeding=
The smooth-billed ani feeds on termites, large insects, other invertebrates{{cite web|url=https://sta.uwi.edu/fst/lifesciences/sites/default/files/lifesciences/documents/ogatt/Crotophaga_ani%20-%20Smooth-billed%20Ani.pdf|title=Crotophaga ani (Smooth-billed Ani) |website=Sta.uwi.edu|access-date=27 March 2022}} and even lizards, frogs, eggs and hatchlings of other birds, and fruit. They will occasionally remove ticks and other parasites from grazing animals.
Conservation status
The smooth-billed ani is considered Least Concern according to the IUCN Red List. Declines in the South Florida population were recorded as the state delayed its protection decision for the species.{{Cite web|title=Rare bird declines in South Florida as state delays protection decision|author=David Fleshler|url=https://www.sun-sentinel.com/local/palm-beach/fl-bird-disappears-20150924-story.html|website=Sun Sentinel|date=25 September 2015 |language=en}}
Gallery
Crotophaga ani MWNH 1214.JPG|Egg, Collection Museum Wiesbaden
Smooth-billed_ani_(Crotophaga_ani)_To.jpg|In Tobago
Smooth-billed ani (Crotophaga ani).jpg|In Jamaica
Smooth-billed ani.jpg| In Dominica
Crotophaga.ani.colombia.cali.jpg| In Colombia
References
{{Reflist}}
Sources
- {{Cite book |last=Jobling |first=James A. |year=2010 |title=The Helm Dictionary of Scientific Bird Names |url=https://archive.org/details/Helm_Dictionary_of_Scientific_Bird_Names_by_James_A._Jobling |location=London |publisher=Christopher Helm |isbn=978-1-4081-2501-4}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q256046}}
Category:Birds described in 1758
Category:Birds of Central America
Category:Birds of the Caribbean
Category:Birds of the Dominican Republic