Societal and cultural aspects of Tourette syndrome#Samuel Johnson

There is no reason to believe that persons with Tourette's have diminished capacity in regards to understanding legal issues. Examples of federal legislation which protects some rights of individuals with TS in the United States include the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA) and the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA). Legal and other advocacy information regarding the challenges associated with TS can be found on the website of the Tourette Association of America.[http://www.tsa-usa.org/aPeople/LivingWithTS/LivingTS.htm Living with TS:Adult Issues]. Tourette Syndrome Association. Retrieved 7 October 2013.

A review of all cases tried in state and federal courts in the US between 1985 and 2003 (civil rights, criminal, education, family, labor, and social security) found that TS was implicated in only about 150 cases, 21 of which were criminal, over 18 years. The authors concluded that TS "rarely leads to criminal behavior, but patients with TS who have behavioral comorbidities are at risk of being involved with the legal system".{{Cite journal | doi=10.1176/appi.neuropsych.18.1.86| title=Tourette's Syndrome and the Law| journal=Journal of Neuropsychiatry| volume=18| pages=86–95| year=2006|vauthors= Jankovic J| issue=1| pmid=16525075}}

File:Dr-Johnson.jpg in 1755, and was a prolific writer, poet, and critic. ]]

Discussions with adults who have Tourette syndrome reveal that not everyone wants treatment or a "cure", especially if that means they may "lose" something else in the process. Some believe that there may even be latent advantages associated with the genetic vulnerability.Leckman JF, Cohen DJ. [https://web.archive.org/web/20050303223505/http://info.med.yale.edu/chldstdy/tsocd/tsbook.htm Tourette's Syndrome—Tics, Obsessions, Compulsions: Developmental Psychopathology and Clinical Care.] John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1999, p. 408. {{ISBN|0-471-16037-7}} Research supports some advantages associated with Tourette syndrome.

A controlled study on a small (13) group of individuals with TS found that cognitive control may be enhanced in young people with Tourette's because the need to suppress tics results in more efficient control of inhibitions.{{cite journal |vauthors=Mueller SC, Jackson GM, Dhalla R, Datsopoulos S, Hollis CP |title=Enhanced cognitive control in young people with Tourette's syndrome |journal=Curr. Biol. |volume=16 |issue=6 |pages=570–3 |date=March 2006 |pmid=16546080 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2006.01.064 |doi-access=free }} A subsequent study confirmed and extended the paradoxical result that individuals with Tourette's exhibit greater levels of cognitive control than age-matched healthy peers.{{cite journal |vauthors=Jackson GM, Mueller SC, Hambleton K, Hollis CP |title=Enhanced cognitive control in Tourette Syndrome during task uncertainty |journal=Exp Brain Res |volume=182 |issue=3 |pages=357–64 |date=September 2007 |pmid=17569034 |doi=10.1007/s00221-007-0999-8 |s2cid=8056683 }} There is some evidence to support the clinical lore that children with "TS-only" (Tourette syndrome in the absence of other comorbid conditions) are unusually gifted: neuropsychological studies have identified advantages in children with TS-only. A study of full-scale intelligence quotient (IQ) testing showed that children with TS-only had higher IQ scores, relative to their parents, than predicted by statistical models.{{Cite journal |pmid = 16536349|year = 2006|vauthors = Denckla MB|title = Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: The childhood co-morbidity that most influences the disability burden in Tourette syndrome|journal = Advances in Neurology|volume = 99|pages = 17–21}}{{cite journal |vauthors=Schuerholz LJ, Baumgardner TL, Singer HS, Reiss AL, Denckla MB |title=Neuropsychological status of children with Tourette's syndrome with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder |journal=Neurology |volume=46 |issue=4 |pages=958–65 |date=April 1996 |pmid=8780072 |doi=10.1212/wnl.46.4.958 |s2cid=20711062 }} Another neurological examination of motor function found that 76% of children with TS-only were faster than average on timed motor coordination,{{cite journal |vauthors=Schuerholz LJ, Cutting L, Mazzocco MM, Singer HS, Denckla MB |title=Neuromotor functioning in children with Tourette syndrome with and without attention deficit hyperactivity disorder |journal=J. Child Neurol. |volume=12 |issue=7 |pages=438–42 |date=October 1997 |pmid=9373800 |doi=10.1177/088307389701200705 |s2cid=29033853 }} although similar results were not found among children with TS who also had ADHD. In a study of eight children, ages 8–17, those with Tourette syndrome were found to be much quicker at processing certain mental grammar skills than children without the condition. The abnormalities that lead to tics may also lead to "other rapid behaviors, including the cognitive processing of rule-governed forms in language and other types of procedural knowledge".{{cite journal |vauthors=Walenski M, Mostofsky SH, Ullman MT |title=Speeded processing of grammar and tool knowledge in Tourette's syndrome |journal=Neuropsychologia |volume=45 |issue=11 |pages=2447–60 |date=June 2007 |pmid=17493643 |pmc=1955429 |doi=10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2007.04.001 }} The investigator, Michael Ullman, PhD, said, "These children were particularly fast, as well as largely accurate, in certain language tasks. This tells us that their cognitive processing may be altered in ways we have only begun to explore, and moreover in a manner that may provide them with performance that is actually enhanced compared [to] that of typically developing children".{{cite press release| title = Research Finds Faster Grammar Skills in Children with Tourette's | url = http://www.webwire.com/ViewPressRel.asp?aId=42244 | date = 13 July 2007 | publisher = Georgetown University Medical Center | access-date =29 July 2007}}

There are many individuals with Tourette's, living and deceased, recognized in their fields, or for whom obsessive-compulsive tendencies associated with Tourette's may have helped fuel their success.

An example of a person who may have used obsessive-compulsive traits to advantageStein G, Wilkinson G, eds (2007). Seminars in General Adult Psychiatry. RCPsych Publications. p. 366. {{ISBN|978-1904671442}}. is Dr. Samuel Johnson, lexicographer, who had Tourette syndrome as evidenced by the writings of James Boswell.[https://web.archive.org/web/20050210205714/http://www.tsa-usa.org/what_is/johnson.html Samuel Johnson.] Tourette Syndrome Association. Retrieved 10 February 2005. Johnson wrote A Dictionary of the English Language in 1747, and was a prolific writer, poet, and critic. The "case of Dr Johnson accords well with current criteria for the Tourette syndrome; he also displayed many of the obsessional-compulsive traits and rituals which are associated with this syndrome".{{cite journal |vauthors=Pearce JM |title=Doctor Samuel Johnson: 'the great convulsionary' a victim of Gilles de la Tourette's syndrome |journal=J R Soc Med |volume=87 |issue=7 |pages=396–9 |date=July 1994 |doi=10.1177/014107689408700709 |pmid=8046726 |pmc=1294650 }}

According to Boswell,

... while talking or even musing as he sat in his chair, he commonly held his head to one side towards his right shoulder, and shook it in a tremulous manner, moving his body backwards and forwards, and rubbing his left knee in the same direction, with the palm of his hand. In the intervals of articulating he made various sounds with his mouth; sometimes giving a half whistle, sometimes making his tongue play backwards from the roof of his mouth, as if clucking like a hen, and sometimes protruding it against his upper gums in front, as if pronouncing quickly under his breath, 'Too, too, too.' All this accompanied sometimes with a thoughtful look, but more frequently with a smile. Generally when he had concluded a period, in the course of a dispute, by which time he was a good deal exhausted by violence and vociferation, he used to blow out his breath like a Whale.Hibbert, Christopher (1971). The Personal History of Samuel Johnson. New York: Harper & Row. p. 203. {{ISBN|0-06-011879-2}}.

There are many similar accounts; in particular, Johnson was said to act in such a manner at the thresholds of doors, and Frances Reynolds—younger sister of artist Joshua Reynolds—said that, "with poor Mrs Williams, a blind lady who lived with him, he would quit her hand, or else whirl her about on the steps as he whirled and twisted about to perform his gesticulations".Hibbert 1971, p. 202. When asked by English poet Christopher Smart's niece, a young child at the time, why he made such noises and acted in that way, Johnson responded: "From bad habit."

File:Johnson 1769.jpg

Johnson had a number of tics and other involuntary movements.{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1136/bmj.1.6178.1610|pmid = 380753|pmc = 1599158|title = Dr Samuel Johnson's movement disorder|journal = BMJ|volume = 1|issue = 6178|pages = 1610–1614|year = 1979|vauthors= Murray TJ}} In 1994, Pearce analysed the details provided by Boswell and others; based on the anecdotal evidence, Pearce compiled a list of movements and tics which Johnson was said to have demonstrated. From that list, he determined it was possible that Johnson had Tourette syndrome.

Pearce was not alone in diagnosing Johnson as having Tourette syndrome; in 1967 McHenry Jr{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1093/jhmas/XXII.2.152|pmid = 5341871|title = Samuel Johnson's Tics and Gesticulations|journal = Journal of the History of Medicine and Allied Sciences|volume = 22|issue = 2|pages = 152–168|year = 1967|vauthors = McHenry LC}} was the first to diagnose Johnson with the syndrome.Wiltshire J (1991). Samuel Johnson in the Medical World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 29. {{ISBN|0-521-38326-9}}.

It was not until Arthur K. Shapiro's Gilles de la Tourette Syndrome that the diagnosis was made clear, with Shapiro declaring, "Samuel Johnson ... is the most notable example of a successful adaptation to life despite the liability of Tourette syndrome".Shapiro AK. (1978). Gilles de la Tourette syndrome. New York: Raven Press. p. 361. {{ISBN|0-89004-057-5}}. Murray had come to the same conclusion in a 1979 British Medical Journal paper. Murray based his diagnosis on various accounts of Johnson displaying physical tics, "involuntary vocalisations" and "compulsive behaviour".

In a 2007 analysis, Kammer discussed the "documented evidence" of Johnson's tics, saying that Johnson was "known to have suffered from TS".{{cite book |doi=10.1159/000102880|pmid=17495512|chapter=Mozart in the Neurological Department – Who Has the Tic?|title=Neurological Disorders in Famous Artists - Part 2|volume=22|pages=184–192|series=Frontiers of Neurology and Neuroscience|year=2007|author=Kammer T|isbn=978-3-8055-8265-0|s2cid=34127687}} According to neurologist Oliver Sacks, "the case for Samuel Johnson having the syndrome, though [...] circumstantial, is extremely strong and, to my mind, entirely convincing".{{Cite journal | doi=10.1136/bmj.305.6868.1515| pmid=1286364| pmc=1884721| title=Tourette's syndrome and creativity| journal=BMJ| volume=305| issue=6868| pages=1515–1516| year=1992| vauthors= Sacks O}} He continues by generally describing the "enormous spontaneity, antics, and lightning quick wit" that featured prominently in Johnson's life. However, Pearce goes further into Johnson's biography and traces particular moments in Johnson's life which reinforced his diagnosis, concluding:

It is not without interest that periodic boundless mental energy, imaginative outbursts of inventiveness and creativity, are characteristic of certain Tourette patients. It may be thought that without this illness Dr Johnson's remarkable literary achievements, the great dictionary, his philosophical deliberations and his conversations may never have happened; and Boswell, the author of the greatest of biographies would have been unknown.

Other speculative posthumous diagnoses of TS, for example Mozart, are not "... as entirely convincing ... [as] the case for Samuel Johnson having TS ...".[https://web.archive.org/web/20050407060420/http://www.tsa-usa.org/what_is/Mozart.html Did Mozart really have TS?] and [https://web.archive.org/web/20050407083830/http://www.tsa-usa.org/what_is/johnson.html Samuel Johnson.] Tourette Syndrome Association, Archived version of 7 April 2005. {{cite journal |doi=10.1136/bmj.305.6868.1515|pmid=1286364|title=Tourette's syndrome and creativity|journal=BMJ|volume=305|issue=6868|pages=1515–1516|year=1992|vauthors = Sacks O |pmc=1884721|doi-access=free}}

File:Tim Howard Portland Timbers vs Colorado Rapids 2016-10-16.jpg, 2003[https://web.archive.org/web/20090531063322/http://www.tsa-usa.org/news/Tim_Howard_Press_Release.html Soccer Goalie with Tourette Syndrome Gains International Attention as Role Model.] Tourette Syndrome Association of America, 25 July 2003. Retrieved on 31 May 2009.]]

French author, adventurer, and statesman André Malraux is thought to have had Tourette syndrome.[https://web.archive.org/web/20090330111927/http://www.tourette.ca/whatists.php What is TS.] Tourette Syndrome Foundation of Canada. Retrieved 30 March 2009.Todd, Olivier. Malraux: A Life. Knopf, 2005.{{Cite journal |pmid = 3886907|pmc = 1289723|year = 1985|last1 = Guidotti|first1 = T. L.|title = André Malraux: A medical interpretation|journal = Journal of the Royal Society of Medicine|volume = 78|issue = 5|pages = 401–6|doi = 10.1177/014107688507800511}} American millionaire Howard Ahmanson, Jr also has Tourette's,Doward, J. [http://observer.guardian.co.uk/uk_news/story/0,6903,1431557,00.html Anti-gay millionaire bankrolls Caravaggio spectacular.] The Observer. 6 March 2005. Retrieved on 23 November 2007. as does teacher and author Brad Cohen.VanderWyk & Burnham Authors. [http://www.vandb.com/authorcohen.html Brad Cohen]. Retrieved 10 June 2006.[http://www.tsa-usa.org/news/FrontoftheClass.htm Front of the Class wins independent publisher award.] Tourette Syndrome Association. Retrieved 3 June 2006. Catalan writer Quim Monzó has Tourette's and is the Honorary President of the Spanish Tourette Syndrome Association (APTT).{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20110707180420/http://www.astourette.com/en/noticias/quim-monz-presidente-de-honor-de-la-aptt.html Quim Monzó.]}} APTT web page. Retrieved 3 January 2009.{{in lang|es}} Puyod, Carmina. [http://www.elperiodicodearagon.com/noticias/noticia.asp?pkid=59075 "Síndrome de Tourette: el capricho del cerebro".] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110718084041/http://www.elperiodicodearagon.com/noticias/noticia.asp?pkid=59075 |date=18 July 2011 }} El Periódico de Aragón (23 May 2003). Retrieved on 3 January 2009. Miss Iowa winner and Miss America 2013 contestant Mariah Cary (not the singer of a similar name) has Tourette's.[http://www.desmoinesregister.com/viewart/20130112/NEWS/301120057/Miss-Iowa-finishes-fifth-Miss-America-pageant ."Miss Iowa finishes fifth at Miss America pageant".] Des Moines Register (12 January 2012). Retrieved on 13 January 2012.

Recognized athletes and figures in the sports world diagnosed with Tourette syndrome include American former soccer goalkeeper Tim Howard,[https://web.archive.org/web/20100728125708/http://www.tsa-usa.org/news/TimHowardPSA.htm Public Service Announcement for Tourette Syndrome awareness features soccer star Tim Howard.] Tourette Syndrome Association. Retrieved on 28 July 2010. American former NBA player Mahmoud Abdul-Rauf,Wall, James M. "Prayer time: Abdul-Rauf takes a stand." Christian Century. 10 April 1996. [http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m1058/is_n12_v113/ai_18188255 Find Articles]. Retrieved 23 November 2007. American three-time Olympic skeleton champion Eric Bernotas,[https://web.archive.org/web/20070320085009/http://www.nbcolympics.com/athletes/5058693/detail.html?ib_oll=Headline Eric Bernotas.] NBCOlympics.com Profiles. Retrieved 20 March 2007. American former MLB player Jim Eisenreich,[http://www.tourettes.org/ Jim Eisenreich Foundation.] Retrieved on 18 February 2006. American former MLB player Mike Johnston,[http://mlb.mlb.com/NASApp/mlb/team/player.jsp?player_id=430635 Mike Johnston.] Major League Baseball. Retrieved on 18 February 2006. See [http://www.altoonamirror.com/page/content.detail/id/503011.html Altoona mirror.] American motocross rider Jeremy Stenberg (nicknamed "Twitch"),Brown, C.L. [http://www.courier-journal.com/apps/pbcs.dll/article?AID=/20050610/NEWS0104/506100377/0/SPORTS "Rider with Tourette's shows no fear on bike."] The Courier-Journal. 10 June 2005. and American NASCAR driver Steve Wallace.NASCAR.com (26 July 2006). [http://www.nascar.com/2006/news/headlines/cup/07/26/kwallace.swallace.qa/index.html Q&A: Kenny Wallace/Steve Wallace.] Retrieved on 31 July 2006.

Recognized figures in the entertainment industry with Tourette syndrome include American singer-songwriter Billie Eilish,Engelman, Nicole (27 November 2018). [https://www.billboard.com/articles/columns/pop/8486878/billie-eilish-tourette-syndrome-diagnosis Billie Eilish Reveals She Has Tourette Syndrome After Compilation of Her Tics Emerges Online.] Billboard. Retrieved 8 May 2019. Swedish singer, music producer and DJ Basshunter,{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/chartblog/2008/07/basshunter_tourettes.shtml|title=A Serious Interview With Basshunter About Tourette's Syndrome|website=BBC}} American composer Tobias Picker,[http://www.tsanj.org/tsanj/in-action/nl/docs/tsanj_nl6.pdf Mentoring program (PDF).] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060215135240/http://www.tsanj.org/tsanj/in-action/nl/docs/tsanj_nl6.pdf |date=15 February 2006 }} Tourette Syndrome Association of New Jersey, Inc., Spring/Summer 2000. Retrieved on 4 January 2007. English classical pianist Nick van Bloss,[https://www.independent.co.uk/life-style/health-and-wellbeing/health-news/nick-van-bloss-on-living-with-tourettes-syndrome-474639.html Nick van Bloss on living with Tourette's syndrome.]{{dead link|date=August 2021|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}} The Independent 18 April 2006. Retrieved on 29 March 2008. American jazz musician Michael Wolff,[https://web.archive.org/web/20101225101018/http://tsa-usa.org/People/LivingWithTS/Images/FamPor_Fall98_MWolff.pdf Jazz musician Michael Wolff (PDF).] Tourette Syndrome Association. Retrieved on 25 December 201. English singer-songwriter Nick Tatham,[http://www.cdtimes.co.uk/content.php?contentid=636 Nick Tatham.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060309045315/http://www.cdtimes.co.uk/content.php?contentid=636 |date=9 March 2006 }} CD Times. Retrieved 20 February 2006. American singer James Durbin,Cerbasi, Jennifer (3 June 2011). [https://www.foxnews.com/health/dealing-with-tourette-syndrome/ Dealing with Tourette Syndrome.] Fox News. Retrieved on 7 June 2011. Venezuelan internet personality Lele Pons,{{Cite web|author= Spangler T|title=Lele Pons Opens Up About Mental Health Struggles in YouTube Original Series (Exclusive)|url=https://variety.com/2020/digital/news/lele-pons-mental-health-struggles-secret-life-youtube-1234587046/|work=Variety|date=22 April 2020| access-date= 11 June 2020}} Scottish singer-songwriter Lewis Capaldi,{{cite web |title=Lewis Capaldi reveals Tourette syndrome diagnosis: 'It's something I am living with' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/music/2022/sep/07/lewis-capaldi-reveals-tourette-syndrome-diagnosis-its-something-i-am-living-with |website=The Guardian |access-date=22 October 2022 |date=7 September 2022}} American internet personality Ethan Klein,{{cite web |title=YouTube Host Ethan Klein Accuses Guest Marc Elliot of Faking Tourette's, 750,000 Views in Two Days |url=https://frankreport.com/2023/02/23/youtube-host-ethan-klein-accuses-guest-marc-elliot-of-faking-tourettes-750000-views-in-two-days/ |website=Frank Report |access-date= 6 May 2023 |date=23 February 2023}} and Icelandic actor Stefán Karl Stefánsson.{{cite web |title="Pabbi, þú ert ekki með túrett" |url=https://www.mbl.is/born/frettir/2018/09/02/pabbi_thu_ert_ekki_med_turett/ |website=mbl.is |access-date=31 January 2023 |language=Icelandic |date=2 September 2018}} The Tourettes awareness project called Touretteshero was set up by Jess Thom as a place to "celebrate the humour and creativity of Tourettes".{{cite web|url=https://www.comedy.co.uk/tv/news/3189/touretteshero_tv_series/ |title= Touretteshero TV series in development |date=July 19, 2018 |publisher= British Comedy Guide |access-date= February 17, 2022}}{{Cite news|url=https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2016/oct/18/backstage-in-biscuit-land-review-tourettes-makes-for-unpredictable-joyous-must-watch-theatre|title=Backstage in Biscuit Land review – Tourette's makes for unpredictable, joyous, must-watch theatre|last=Harmon|first=Steph|date=October 18, 2016|work=The Guardian|access-date=February 17, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161018070223/https://www.theguardian.com/culture/2016/oct/18/backstage-in-biscuit-land-review-tourettes-makes-for-unpredictable-joyous-must-watch-theatre |archive-date=October 18, 2016}}

Author and neurologist Oliver Sacks once described the case of a drummer with Tourette's who used his tics to give him a certain "flair" or "special sound" to his drumming.Sacks O. The Man Who Mistook His Wife for a Hat: And Other Clinical Tales. Touchstone, New York, 1998. Sacks used the pseudonym Carl Bennett to describe real-life Canadian Mort Doran, M.D., a pilot and surgeon with severe Tourette's, whose tics remit almost completely while he is performing surgery.Doran, Morton L. The Tourette Syndrome Association, Inc., Connecticut Chapter 1998 Educators' Conference; 6 November 1998; Danbury, CT.Sacks O. An Anthropologist on Mars. Knopf, New York, 1995. Australian astrophysicist Rodney Marks had Tourette syndrome.Booker, Jarrod. [http://www.nzherald.co.nz/section/1/story.cfm?c_id=1&objectid=10415310&ref=rss South Pole scientist may have been poisoned.] The New Zealand Herald (14 December 2006). Retrieved 19 December 2006.

In a radio interview with Terry Gross, comedian Dan Aykroyd once described himself as having mild Tourette's that was successfully treated with therapy when he was a preteen,[https://www.npr.org/dmg/dmg.php?prgCode=FA&showDate=22-Nov-2004&segNum=1&NPRMediaPref=WM&getAd=1 Fresh Air, NPR, Media Player file] Retrieved on 20 February 2006. as well as mild Asperger syndrome.[http://www.dr-bob.org/babble/psycho/20041113/msgs/419044.html Aykroyd, Terry Gross interview excerpt.] Retrieved on 20 February 2006. The latter was not recognized in the 1960s when Aykroyd was a preteen, and the term was coined in 1981, later becoming a recognized diagnosis in the 1994 DSM. Tics can be caused by other disorders, including autism disorders such as Asperger's.{{Cite journal |pmid = 15867978|year = 2005|last1 = Mejia|first1 = N. I.|title = Secondary tics and tourettism|journal = Revista Brasileira de Psiquiatria|volume = 27|issue = 1|pages = 11–7|last2 = Jankovic|first2 = J.|doi = 10.1590/s1516-44462005000100006|doi-access = free}} It is unclear if Aykroyd received the diagnoses from a medical source, whether he was speaking in his role as a comic, or if the diagnoses were self-made.

File:Martini bologna mozart 1777.jpg in 1777, aged twenty-one. Speculation that he may have had Tourette's is not based on reliable evidence.]]

Although some authors have speculated that Mozart had Tourette syndrome,[https://web.archive.org/web/20051227035118/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/arts/main.jhtml?xml=%2Farts%2F2004%2F10%2F13%2Fbmoz12.xml&sSheet=%2Farts%2F2004%2F10%2F13%2Fixartleft.html "I know what made Mozart tic".] telegraph.co.uk (13 October 2004). Retrieved on 15 December 2006. the evidence for this hypothesis is lacking.{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1136/jnnp.2007.114520|pmid = 17940168|pmc = 2117611|title = Mozart's movements and behaviour: A case of Tourette's syndrome?|journal = Postgraduate Medical Journal|volume = 84|issue = 992|pages = 313–317|year = 2008|last1 = Ashoori|first1 = A.|last2 = Jankovic|first2 = J.}} Benjamin Simkin, a medical doctor, argues in his book Medical and Musical Byways of Mozartiana that Mozart had Tourette syndrome.Simkin, Benjamin. [http://www.danielpublishing.com/books/suppl/simkin.html Medical and Musical Byways of Mozartiana.] Fithian Press. Retrieved 28 October 2006.{{Cite journal | doi=10.1136/bmj.305.6868.1563| pmid=1286388| pmc=1884718| title=Mozart's scatological disorder| journal=BMJ| volume=305| issue=6868| pages=1563–1567| year=1992| last1=Simkin| first1=B.}} Simkin is an endocrinologist—not a psychiatrist or a neurologist, the medical fields which specialize in the neurological disorder. His claim was picked up by newspapers worldwide, causing an international sensation, and internet websites have fueled the speculation.[https://web.archive.org/web/20020814021030/http://www.tsa-usa.org/what_is/Mozart.html Did Mozart really have TS?] Tourette Syndrome Association Retrieved on 14 August 2002. Letters Mozart wrote to his cousin Maria Anna Thekla ("Bäsle") between 1777 and 1781 contain scatological language; he wrote canons titled Leck mich im Arsch ("Lick my arse") or variations thereof (including the pseudo-Latin Difficile lectu mihi mars). While the term "Leck mich am Arsch", when literally translated, conjures up images of sexual practices, the more accurate English meaning of this phrase is simply "Kiss my ass". The additional phrase "... recht fein schön sauber", while colorful, is still only an emphasis: that is to say, "Kiss my ass real good!". The use of this written language alone is not necessarily indicative of coprolalia, a rare symptom present in a minority of people with TS, and there are cultural explanations for Mozart's use of language. The German phrase was popularized by the Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749–1832) drama about the historical figure of Götz von Berlichingen. Coprolalia encompasses words and phrases that are culturally taboo or generally unsuitable for acceptable social use; it is usually expressed out of social or emotional context, and may be spoken in a louder tone or different cadence or pitch than normal conversation. The phrases uttered by a person with coprolalia do not necessarily reflect the thoughts or opinions of the person, and are embarrassing to the person uttering them.Cohen, J.E. and Levi-Pearl, S. Understanding Coprolalia – A misunderstood symptom. Available from the [http://store.tsa-usa.org/for-families--general-interest--professionals.html Tourette Syndrome Association]. Retrieved 30 October 2006.

A German psychiatrist examined the question of Mozart's diagnoses and concluded that "Tourette’s syndrome is an inventive but implausible diagnosis in the medical history of Mozart". Evidence of motor tics was found lacking and the notion that involuntary vocal tics are transferred to the written form was labeled "problematic". Neurologist and author Oliver Sacks published an editorial disputing Simkin's claim,{{Cite journal | doi=10.1136/bmj.305.6868.1515| pmid=1286364| pmc=1884721| title=Tourette's syndrome and creativity| journal=BMJ| volume=305| issue=6868| pages=1515–1516| year=1992| last1=Sacks| first1=O.}} and the Tourette Syndrome Association pointed out the speculative nature of this information. No Tourette's syndrome expert or organization has voiced concurrence that there is credible evidence to conclude that Mozart had Tourette's. One TS specialist stated that, "although some web sites list Mozart as an individual who had Tourette's and/or OCD, it's not clear from the descriptions of his behavior that he actually had either."Packer, L. [http://www.schoolbehavior.com/inspiration.htm Famous People with Tourette's syndrome and/or Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder.] SchoolBehavior.com. Retrieved on 20 May 2006.

The video media—notably the Internet, movies, and television—have been criticized for sensationalizing the symptoms of Tourette syndrome, and for creating inaccurate perceptions about people with TS in the minds of the public.{{cite journal |title= Tourette syndrome in film and television |vauthors= Calder-Sprackman S, Sutherland S, Doja A |journal= The Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences |volume= 41 |issue= 2 |date= March 2014 |pages= 226–32|doi= 10.1017/S0317167100016620 |pmid= 24534035 |s2cid= 39288755 |doi-access= free }}{{cite journal |title= Public perception of Tourette syndrome on YouTube |vauthors= Lim Fat MJ, Sell E, Barrowman N, Doja A | journal= Journal of Child Neurology |volume= 27 |issue= 8 |date= 2012 |pages= 1011–16|citeseerx = 10.1.1.997.9069|doi = 10.1177/0883073811432294|pmid = 22821136|s2cid= 21648806 }}Holtgren, Bruce. [https://archive.today/20130131190429/http://pqasb.pqarchiver.com/enquirer/access/1735651561.html?FMT=ABS&FMTS=ABS:FT&date=Jan+11,+2007&author=Bruce+Holtgren&pub=Cincinnati+Enquirer&edition=&startpage=C.7&desc=The+truth+about+Tourette's+is+more+ordinary+than+you+think "The truth about Tourette's is more ordinary than you think"] Cincinnati Enquirer, 11 January 2007. Retrieved on 28 May 2010.

According to Collado-Vázquez and Carrillo (2013), film representations of tics and Tourette's, "have not been adjusted to reality, and have been used to ridicule a character, [and to] exaggerate symptoms in a comic or grotesque tone, or [display them] as a characteristic trait of a cruel and evil individual".{{cite journal |language=es |pmid=3881617|quote=... la representación no se ha ajustado a la realidad y se ha empleado para ridiculizar a un personaje, exagerando la sintomatología, en tono cómico y grotesco, o como rasgo característico de algún individuo cruel y malvado ...|year=1985|last1=Fletcher|first1=C.|title=Radial keratotomy findings released; some still wary|journal=JAMA|volume=253|issue=8|pages=1103–4|doi=10.1001/jama.1985.03350320023003}}

Television shows that are credited with helping to advance accurate information about TS include Quincy, M.E.,Folstad, Kim (23 January 2001). [http://www.tsanj.org/tsanj/about/ts-word.shtml Getting Word Out About Tourette Syndrome.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110717121203/http://www.tsanj.org/tsanj/about/ts-word.shtml |date=17 July 2011 }} The Palm Beach Post, reprinted by the Tourette Syndrome Association New Jersey. Retrieved on 1 June 2001. The Practice,[http://tsa-usa.org/Publications/TSANewsletter/covers/c_Summer99.pdf Media Focus on TS: Bringing New Awareness & New Problems] (PDF). Tourette Syndrome Association, Summer 1999. Retrieved on 19 July 2009. and 7th Heaven.[https://www.usatoday.com/news/health/spotlight/2001-02-15-kelley-tourette.htm David E. Kelley's hit program: Tourette awareness.] USA Today, 15 February 2001. Retrieved on 19 July 2009. A March 1981 episode of Quincy was devoted to Tourette's and orphan drugs; it "not only educated the American public about Tourette's as an organic disorder, but also helped get the then stalled 'Orphan Drug Bill' passed ... into legislation".Kushner, HI. [https://books.google.com/books?id=9dQEB_MbhKEC A cursing brain?: The histories of Tourette syndrome.] Harvard University Press, 2000. {{ISBN|0-674-00386-1}}. p. 185.

The entertainment industry has been accused of depicting those with TS as being social misfits whose only tic is coprolalia, which has furthered stigmatization and the general public's misunderstanding of persons with TS. The symptoms of Tourette syndrome are fodder for radio and television talk shows. Some talk shows (for example, Oprah) have focused on accurate portrayals of people with TS, while others (for example, Dr. Phil) have been accused of furthering stigmatization, focusing on rare and sensational aspects of the condition.[https://web.archive.org/web/20080410203145/http://www.tsa-usa.org/news/DrPhil.htm Letter of response to Dr. Phil.] Tourette Syndrome Association. Retrieved 10 April 2008.

An incident of disinformation about coprolalia and Tourette's involved Dr. Laura Schlessinger. According to the former Tourette Syndrome Association (name changed to Tourette Association of America in 2015), she berated a caller inquiring whether a child with TS should attend a family wedding, declaring that a majority of those with the condition exhibited coprolalia and should be excluded from many social situations, provoking numerous angry calls about the misinformation.[https://web.archive.org/web/20011006192716/http://tsa-usa.org/drlaura.html Oprah and Dr. Laura – Conflicting Messages on Tourette Syndrome. Oprah Educates; Dr. Laura Fosters Myth of TS as "Cursing Disorder".] Tourette Syndrome Association, (31 May 2001). Retrieved on 6 October 2001. Garrison Keillor, radio show host of NPR's A Prairie Home Companion, produced a segment in 2006, titled "Broadway Tourette's", about segregating people with stereotypical TS from other passengers on a cruise ship, prompting a press release from the Tourette Syndrome Association.[https://web.archive.org/web/20090802184449/http://www.tsa-usa.org/news/Garrison-Keillor.htm Letter of response to Garrison Keillor radio show.] Tourette Syndrome Association. Retrieved 2 August 2009.

Other television and film productions depicting persons with TS, or using coprolalia as a plot device, include an episode of Ally McBeal, in which Anne Heche portrays a woman with Tourette's whose leg tic causes her to run over and kill her boyfriend; "An Angel on my Tree", an episode of Touched by an Angel in which a father commits manslaughter in reaction to an event that involved his son who had Tourette's; an episode of The Simpsons, in which Bart Simpson is mentioned to claimed to have Tourette's to excuse himself from a test; and an episode of South Park, "Le Petit Tourette", in which Eric Cartman pretends to have Tourette's to get away with saying offensive things. The episode received a mixed reaction from the Tourette Syndrome Association, which commented that it provided useful information, while at the same time perpetuating outright myths about coprolalia and Tourette syndrome.{{cite news|url=http://www.tsa-usa.org/news/1007ConcernSouthPark.html|title=TSA Voices Concern Over "South Park" 3 October Episode|publisher=Tourette Syndrome Association|date=2 October 2007|access-date=3 October 2007|archive-date=24 April 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120424215701/http://www.tsa-usa.org/news/1007ConcernSouthPark.html|url-status=dead}}{{cite news|url=http://www.tsa-usa.org/news/1007responseTSA_SouthParkTourettes.html|title=TSA responds to "South Park" Episode|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120427100429/http://www.tsa-usa.org/news/1007responseTSA_SouthParkTourettes.html |archive-date=27 April 2012|publisher=Tourette Syndrome Association|date=4 October 2007|access-date=4 October 2007|url-status=dead}}

In the film Matchstick Men, the protagonist (Nicolas Cage) is a neurotic con artist with Tourette's and obsessive compulsive disorder. Other examples are The Big White, The Boondock Saints, Curb Your Enthusiasm, Deuce Bigalow: Male Gigolo, Maze, Niagara, Niagara, Not Another Teen Movie, The Predator, Phoebe in Wonderland, Son of the Sunshine, Wedding Crashers, Motherless Brooklyn,The Road Within, Vincent Wants To Sea, The Wedding Singer, The West Wing, and What About Bob?. The British comedic drama Shameless features Marty Fisher, a character with Tourette syndrome who is an arsonist.[http://www.jamesmcavoy.com/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=100 Shameless bid to translate success to US screens.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070928000831/http://www.jamesmcavoy.com/modules.php?op=modload&name=News&file=article&sid=100 |date=28 September 2007 }} Jamesmcacoy.com. Retrieved 15 May 2007.

Several documentaries have attemptedGuldberg, Helene. [http://www.spiked-online.com/index.php?/site/article/321/ Stop celebrating Tourette's.] Spiked, 26 May 2006. Retrieved 2 December 2006. to portray Tourette's syndrome accurately and to advocate for greater understanding of persons with Tourette's, while others focus on sensationalizing coprolalia. The Emmy Award-winning television documentary film I Have Tourette's but Tourette's Doesn't Have Me was produced by HBO, in conjunction with the Tourette Syndrome Association, featuring children between the ages of six and 13.[https://web.archive.org/web/20100706113033/http://www.tsa-usa.org/ZHBO/VideoPlayer_EMMY.html "I Have Tourette's but Tourette's Doesn't Have Me" Wins an Emmy.] Tourette Syndrome Association. Retrieved 4 January 2007. It was described by the Cincinnati Enquirer as "the best simple overview yet of Tourette's". John's Not Mad (1989) and The Boy Can't Help It (2000) are documentaries about a young man from Scotland, who has severe Tourette's and coprolalia.[http://www.dvdtimes.co.uk/content.php?contentid=10423 John's Not Mad.] DVD Times. Retrieved 9 May 2006. Twitch and Shout examines a society that is quick to judge a person who strays outside the limits of conventional behavior, and was nominated for an Emmy Award.[https://www.pbs.org/pov/pov1995/twitchandshout/twitchandshout_press.pdf Twitch and Shout Press Release] (PDF). PBS. Retrieved on 8 May 2006. A 2007 British documentary, Tourette De France, followed a group of teenagers with Tourette's on a trip to Paris;[http://www.channel4.com/health/microsites/0-9/4health/mind/wwr_tourettes.html Tourette de France.] Channel 4.com (July 2003). Retrieved on 12 January 2007. many of the teenagers featured in the program had coprolalia.Dowell, Ben. "The Swearbox". Sunday Mirror, 29 October 2006. Available at [http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4161/is_20061029/ai_n16811923 FindArticles.com]. Retrieved 13 January 2007. Movements and Madness: Gusti Ayu is a documentary about the struggles of a young woman with severe Tourette's in a small village in Indonesia.[http://www.lemyngfilms.com/normal_films.html Movements & Madness: a young woman's struggle with an illness no one believed in.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071009024014/http://www.lemyngfilms.com/normal_films.html |date=9 October 2007 }} LemYng Films. Retrieved on 15 May 2007. A 2011 BBC documentary, Tourettes: I Swear I Can Sing, followed aspiring musician Ruth Ojadi as she explains her experience of TS, and her struggle to find self-confidence in her singing.Wallis, Lucy (12 December 2011). [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-16086531 "The singer who finds freedom from Tourette's".] BBC News Magazine. The Canadian documentary film 75 Watts (2011) profiled Matt Giordano, a drummer with Tourette syndrome who uses music to cope with the challenges of the condition.Kathy Giordano and Matt Giordano, A Family's Quest for Rhythm: Living with Tourette, ADD, OCD & Challenging Behaviors. Lulu.com, 2012. {{ISBN|9781105978487}}. p. 70.

A movie released on video, The Tic Code, stars Gregory Hines as a saxophone player with TS who befriends a 10-year-old boy with TS. It was written by Polly Draper, and produced with her husband, jazz musician Michael Wolff, who has Tourette's, and on whose life the script was loosely based.[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0165986/ The Tic Code.] IMDb. Retrieved on 9 May 2006. The UK movie Dirty Filthy Love tells the story of Mark Furness (Michael Sheen) with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) and Tourette's.[https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0411291/ Dirty Filthy Love.] IMDb. Retrieved 9 May 2006.

Singer Pete Bennett, the winner of the 2006 edition of British TV reality show, Big Brother 7, has Tourette syndrome.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/entertainment/5265412.stm Profile: Big Brother winner Pete Bennett.] BBC News (18 August 2006). The show has been accused of exploiting Bennett's Tourette's syndrome; and the British Psychological Society (BPS) expressed concern and the possibility that BPS members involved in the series could face censure.[http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/entertainment/5281684.stm Psychologists voice Brother worry.] BBC News. (24 August 2006). His condition was reported to have been aggravated by drug use.Parr, Charlotte. [http://iccroydon.icnetwork.co.uk/news/showbiz/tm_objectid=17112988&method=full&siteid=50102&headline=bbundefineds-tourette-lad-has-undefinedfried-his-mindundefined-name_page.html BB's Tourette lad has "fried his mind".] Retrieved on 22 May 2006. Some viewers expressed concern that the show had exploited Tourette's, while others felt it was educational.Allen, Liam. [http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/5259916.stm BB Pete: Exploitation or education?] BBC News (18 August 2006).

Teacher Brad Cohen wrote a book about his experiences with Tourette syndrome, which was made into a Hallmark Hall of Fame film, Front of the Class. A Bollywood remake, Hichki (meaning hiccup in Hindi), opened in 2018.Jamkhandikar, Shilpa. [https://www.reuters.com/article/hichki-review-rani-mukerji/movie-review-hichki-idUSKBN1GZ1SU Movie Review: Hichki.] Reuters (23 March 2018). Retrieved 9 April 2018

Social media campaigns supported by the Tourette Association of America have been used to encourage engagement with legislative representatives for advocacy, further tolerance and knowledge of tic disorders, and help improve self-esteem among young people with tics.{{Cite book|title=The Clinician's Guide to Treatment and Management of Youth with Tourette Syndrome and Tic Disorders|vauthors= Schreck MC, Conolea CA |veditors= McGuire JF, Murphy TK, Piacentini J, Storch EA |date=2018-06-13|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-12-811981-5|pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=y6RBDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22tourette%22+%22social+media%22&pg=PA129 128–29]|language=en|chapter=Improving self-esteem for Youth With Tourette Syndrome and Tic Disorders}}

A 2012 study of YouTube videos on TS found that, while most had positive or accurate portrayals of the condition, few could be useful for education, and those with negative portrayals were more highly viewed. The negative portrayals emphasized coprolalia, and furthered stigma and stereotype for entertainment value.

Bartholomew, Wessely, and Rubin questioned in 2012 whether interaction on social media (Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, and Internet blogs) contributed to mass psychogenic illness in 2011, when adolescent girls in Le Roy, New York reported tic-like movements.{{cite journal |vauthors=Bartholomew RE, Wessely S, Rubin GJ |title=Mass psychogenic illness and the social network: is it changing the pattern of outbreaks? |journal=J R Soc Med |volume=105 |issue=12 |pages=509–12 |date=December 2012 |pmid=23288084 |pmc=3536509 |doi=10.1258/jrsm.2012.120053 }} (Movement disorders without an organic cause have been referred to over time using terms such as hysterical, psychogenic and psychogenic movement disorders;{{cite journal |vauthors=Baizabal-Carvallo JF, Fekete R |title=Recognizing uncommon presentations of psychogenic (functional) movement disorders |journal=Tremor Other Hyperkinet Mov (N Y) |volume=5 |issue= |pages=279 |date=2015 |pmid=25667816 |pmc=4303603 |doi=10.7916/D8VM4B13 }}{{cite journal |vauthors=Thenganatt MA, Jankovic J |title=Psychogenic (functional) movement disorders |journal=Continuum (Minneap Minn) |volume=25 |issue=4 |pages=1121–1140 |date=August 2019 |pmid=31356296 |doi=10.1212/CON.0000000000000755 |s2cid=198984465 }} DSM-5 classifies them under functional neurological symptom disorder/conversion disorder{{cite journal |vauthors=Espay AJ, Aybek S, Carson A, et al. |title=Current concepts in diagnosis and treatment of functional neurological disorders |journal=JAMA Neurol |volume=75 |issue=9 |pages=1132–1141 |date=September 2018 |pmid=29868890 |pmc=7293766 |doi=10.1001/jamaneurol.2018.1264}} and they are also referred to as functional movement disorders.{{cite journal |vauthors=Ganos C, Martino D, Espay AJ, Lang AE, Bhatia KP, Edwards MJ |title=Tics and functional tic-like movements: Can we tell them apart? |journal=Neurology |volume=93 |issue=17 |pages=750–758 |date=October 2019 |pmid=31551261 |doi=10.1212/WNL.0000000000008372 |s2cid=202761321 |url=http://openaccess.sgul.ac.uk/111278/1/WNL.0000000000008372.full.pdf }}) Bartholomew et al reported twitching epidemics in the US as early as 1939, and wrote that the Le Roy outbreak was the "third recorded school outbreak of conversion disorder with motor disturbances to occur in the USA since 2002", but the first in which reports of affected individuals spread via social networks.

During the COVID-19 pandemic, a dramatic increase in individuals reporting tics or tic-like movements in specialty clinics—but often assessed as functional (psychogenic) movement disorder related to YouTube and TikTok videos—was reported by researchers from Canada,{{cite journal |vauthors=Pringsheim T, Martino D |title=Rapid onset of functional tic-like behaviours in young adults during the COVID-19 pandemic |journal=Eur J Neurol |date=July 2021 |volume=28 |issue=11 |pages=3805–3808 |pmid=34293224 |doi=10.1111/ene.15034 |pmc=8444872 |doi-access=free }} Germany,{{cite journal |vauthors=Müller-Vahl KR, Pisarenko A, Jakubovski E, Fremer C |title=Stop that! It's not Tourette's but a new type of mass sociogenic illness |journal=Brain |date=August 2021 |volume=145 |issue=2 |pages=476–480 |pmid=34424292 |doi=10.1093/brain/awab316 |pmc=9014744 |doi-access=free}} See [https://www.wired.com/story/they-watched-youtuber-with-tourettes-then-adopted-his-tics/ lay summary] from wired.com, September 2, 2021. the UK,

{{cite journal |vauthors=Szejko N, Robinson S, Hartmann A, et al |title=European clinical guidelines for Tourette syndrome and other tic disorders-version 2.0. Part I: assessment |journal=Eur Child Adolesc Psychiatry |date=October 2021 |volume=31 |issue=3 |pages=383–402 |pmid=34661764 |pmc=8521086 |doi=10.1007/s00787-021-01842-2}}{{cite journal |vauthors=Heyman I, Liang H, Hedderly T |title=COVID-19 related increase in childhood tics and tic-like attacks |journal=Arch Dis Child |date=March 2021 |volume=106 |issue=5 |pages=420–421 |pmid=33677431 |doi=10.1136/archdischild-2021-321748 |url=https://adc.bmj.com/content/106/5/420.long|doi-access=free }} and the US.{{cite journal |vauthors=McGuire JF, Bennett SM, Conelea CA, Himle MB, Anderson S, Ricketts EJ, Capriotti MR, Lewin AB, McNulty DC, Thompson LG, Espil FM, Nadeau SE, McConnell M, Woods DW, Walkup JT, Piacentini J |title=Distinguishing and managing acute-onset complex tic-like behaviors in adolescence |journal=J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry |date=August 2021 |volume=60 |issue=12 |pages=1445–1447 |pmid=34391859 |doi=10.1016/j.jaac.2021.07.823 |s2cid=237092939 |pmc=10895863 }} Available from the Tourette Association of America [https://tourette.org/distinguishing-and-managing-acute-onset-complex-tic-like-behaviors-in-adolescence/ here.]{{cite journal |vauthors= Hull M, Parnes M, Jankovic J |title= Increased incidence of functional (psychogenic) movement disorders in children and adults amidst the COVID-19 pandemic: a cross-sectional study|journal= Neurology |date= 2021|volume= 11|issue= 5|pages= e686–e690|doi= 10.1212/CPJ.0000000000001082|pmid= 34840884|pmc= 8610548|url= https://cp.neurology.org/content/neurclinpract/early/2021/04/13/CPJ.0000000000001082.full.pdf|doi-access= free}}{{cite journal |vauthors= Olvera C, Stebbins GT, Goetz CG, Kompoliti K |title= TikTok tics: a pandemic within a pandemic |journal= Movement Disorders |date= July 2021|volume= 8 |issue= 8 |pages= 1200–1205 |doi=10.1002/mdc3.13316|pmid= 34765687 |pmc= 8564823 }}

The Manic Street Preachers recorded a song on the Gold Against The Soul album titled "Symphony Of Tourette". A musical about Tourette's, In My Life, opened on Broadway in October 2005, and closed quickly due to poor reviews.[http://www.ibdb.com/production.asp?ID=397825 In My Life.] Internet Broadway Database. Retrieved 30 October 2006.Brantley, Ben. Where an Angel Fearlessly Treads. The New York Times, 21 October 2005.

In 1979, composer Robert Ashley recorded a work called "Automatic Writing", based on his involuntary speeches.[https://www.rdsjournal.org/index.php/journal/article/view/269 Robert Ashley and the Tourettic Voice]

Pre-dating Gilles de la Tourette's 1885 publication which defined TS, likely portrayals of TS or tic disorder in fictional literature are Mr. Pancks in Little Dorrit by Charles Dickens and Nikolai Levin in Anna Karenina by Leo Tolstoy.{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1136/jnnp-2012-302716|pmid = 22752692|title = The representation of movement disorders in fictional literature: Table 1|journal = Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery & Psychiatry|volume = 83|issue = 10|pages = 994–999|year = 2012|last1 = Voss|first1 = Hendrik|s2cid = 27902880}} According to Hendrik Voss, Mr. Pancks displays vocal tics, including snorting and blowing, and obsessive behaviors. Voss says that Nikolai is portrayed as having numerous motor tics ("head, neck, and body jerks, facial wrinkling, eyebrow twitching, and grimacing"), as well as the vocal tic of shouting. The description may have been based on Tolstoy's brother, Dmitry Tolstoy, who is described as having "peculiar movements of head and neck plus inappropriate shouts".

Quit It is a 2002 novel by Marcia Byalic, targeted at teens, about a seventh-grade girl recently diagnosed with TS.[https://web.archive.org/web/20100620102041/http://tsa-usa.org/quitit.html Quit It.] Tourette Syndrome Association. Retrieved on 20 June 2010. A protagonist with Tourette's is presented in Jonathan Lethem's detective novel, Motherless Brooklyn.[http://www.tsa-usa.org/People/LivingWithTS/Images/FamPor_Sum09_CLaro.pdf A Family Portrait] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620085459/http://tsa-usa.org/People/LivingWithTS/Images/FamPor_Sum09_CLaro.pdf |date=20 June 2010 }} (PDF). Tourette Syndrome Association. Retrieved on 1 June 2010. The Gwyn Hyman Rubio novel Icy Sparks was an Oprah's Book Club selection about a teenage girl who may have TS.[http://www.oprah.com/oprahsbookclub/Icy-Sparks-by-Gwyn-Hyman-Rubio Icy Sparks by Gwyn Hyman Rubio.] Oprah.com (8 March 2001). Retrieved on 1 June 1010.[http://www.tsa-usa.org/Publications/TSANewsletter/covers/c_Fall2001.pdf TS on Oprah: Millions of viewers learn about TS] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100620114702/http://tsa-usa.org/Publications/TSANewsletter/covers/c_Fall2001.pdf |date=20 June 2010 }} (PDF). Tourette Syndrome Association (Fall 2001). Retrieved on 1 June 2010. The World's Strongest Librarian by Josh Hanagarne is an autobiographical 2014 book about a Salt Lake City, Utah librarian with TS.Michaud, Jon (26 April 2013). [https://www.newyorker.com/books/page-turner/the-worlds-strongest-librarian-tells-all "The World’s Strongest Librarian Tells All".] The New Yorker. Michael Vey: The Prisoner of Cell 25 by Richard Paul Evans is a 2011 novel whose main character, Michael Vey, has TS.{{cite web |url= https://www.deseret.com/2011/8/6/20207930/richard-paul-evans-new-hero-is-something-special#author-richard-paul-evans-talks-monday-march-28-2011-about-his-news-book-miles-to-go |title= Richard Paul Evans' new hero is 'something special' |author= Wadley, Carmen |date= August 6, 2011 |work= Deseret News |access-date= March 7, 2021}}

{{Reflist|30em}}

• [https://web.archive.org/web/20130916081906/http://www.tourette.ca/resources-adults.php Adults with TS] – Tourette Syndrome Foundation of Canada

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