Solano language
{{short description|Extinct Native American language}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Solano
| nativename = Olelato
| region = near Mission San Francisco Solano
| extinct = 18th century
| familycolor = American
| family = unclassified (language isolate?)
| iso3 = xso
| linglist = xso
| glotto = sanf1266
| glottorefname = San Francisco Solano
| map = Solano lang.png
| mapcaption = Pre-contact distribution of Solano language
| ethnicity = Solano people
| states = Northeast Mexico
}}
Solano is an unclassified extinct language formerly spoken in northeast Mexico and perhaps also in the neighboring U.S. state of Texas. It is a possible language isolate.{{Cn|date=August 2024}}
Background
Solano is known only from a 21-word vocabulary list that appears at the end of a 1703–1708 baptism book from the San Francisco Solano Mission,{{cite web |last=Association |first=Texas State Historical |title=San Francisco Solano Mission |website=Texas State Historical Association |date=2019-02-12 |url=https://www.tshaonline.org/handbook/entries/san-francisco-solano-mission |access-date=2024-01-30}} which hosted at least four different peoples, including the Xarame, Payuguan, Papanac, and Siaguan. Supposedly the language is of the Indians of this mission – perhaps the Terocodame band cluster. The Solano peoples are associated with the 18th-century missions near Eagle Pass, Texas.
Word list
The 21 known Solano words, as reproduced in Swanton (1940), are:Swanton, John R. 1940. "Words from a dialect spoken near the mission of San Francisco Solano, below Eagle Pass on the Rio Grande". Linguistic material from the tribes of Southern Texas and Northeastern Mexico. (Bureau of American Ethnology Bulletin 127). Washington: Government Printing Office. pp. 54-55.
:
| class="wikitable sortable"
! Solano !! English | |
| {{lang|xso|aapag}} | yes |
| apam | water |
| genin, genint | three |
| hikomeya, hycomeya | is she your sister? |
| hipayō, hypayô | to wish; Spanish: quiere (?) |
| kainika, cainica | tortilla |
| krisen, crisen; krigen, crigen | bad |
| nabaog | I am hungry |
| naha | mother |
| namō | eat it |
| nikaog, nicaog | meat |
| no | fur |
| paam | there is none |
| papam | father |
| saath | four |
| sieh | give me |
| sihik, sihic | tobacco |
| sopaam | sister |
| soyā | brother |
| tciene, chiene | salt |
| taapam | there are |
Lexical comparison
Below is a comparison of selected words from Zamponi (2024). There are no obvious cognates with other neighboring languages.{{cite book |last=Zamponi |first=Raoul |title=The Languages and Linguistics of Indigenous North America |chapter=Unclassified languages |publisher=De Gruyter |date=2024 |isbn=978-3-11-071274-2 |doi=10.1515/9783110712742-061 |pages=1627–1648 |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783110712742-061/html}}
:
See also
Bibliography
- Campbell, Lyle. (1997). American Indian languages: The historical linguistics of Native America. New York: Oxford University Press. {{ISBN|0-19-509427-1}}.
- Goddard, Ives (Ed.). (1996). Languages. Handbook of North American Indians (W. C. Sturtevant, General Ed.) (Vol. 17). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. {{ISBN|0-16-048774-9}}.
- Sturtevant, William C. (Ed.). (1978–present). Handbook of North American Indians (Vol. 1–20). Washington, D. C.: Smithsonian Institution. (Vols. 1–3, 16, 18–20 not yet published).
References
{{Reflist}}
{{North American languages}}
{{Native American Tribes in Texas}}
Category:Unclassified languages of North America
Category:Extinct languages of North America
Category:Indigenous languages of Mexico
Category:Indigenous languages of the Southwestern United States
Category:Indigenous languages of the North American Southwest