Solar System belts

{{main|Formation and evolution of the Solar System|Grand tack hypothesis}}

The Solar System belts were formed in the formation and evolution of the Solar System.{{cite journal|last1=Deienno|first1=Rogerio|last2=Gomes|first2=Rodney S.|last3=Walsh|first3=Kevin J.|last4=Morbidelli|first4=Alessandro|last5=Nesvorný|first5=David|title=Is the Grand Tack model compatible with the orbital distribution of main belt asteroids?|journal=Icarus|date=2016|volume=272|pages=114–124|doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2016.02.043|bibcode = 2016Icar..272..114D |arxiv = 1701.02775 |s2cid=119054790}}{{cite web| last1=Raymond| first1=Sean| title=The Grand Tack| url=http://planetplanet.net/2013/08/02/the-grand-tack/| website=PlanetPlanet| date=2 August 2013| accessdate=7 November 2015}} The Grand tack hypothesis is a model of the unique placement of the giant planets and the Solar System belts.{{cite web |last1=Fesenmaier |first1=Kimm |title=New research suggests Solar system may have once harbored super-Earths |date=23 March 2015 |url=http://www.caltech.edu/news/new-research-suggests-solar-system-may-have-once-harbored-super-earths-46017| publisher=Caltech |access-date=5 November 2015}} Most giant planets found outside our Solar System, exoplanets, are inside the snow line, and are called Hot Jupiters.{{cite web| last1=Choi| first1=Charles Q.| title=Jupiter's 'Smashing' Migration May Explain Our Oddball Solar System| date=23 March 2015| url=http://www.space.com/28901-wandering-jupiter-oddball-solar-system.html| publisher=Space.com| accessdate=4 November 2015}} Thus in normal planetary systems giant planets form beyond snow line and then migrated towards the star. A small percent of giant planets migrate far from the star. In both types of migrations, the Solar System belts are lost in these planetary migrations. The Grand tack hypothesis explains how in the Solar System giant planets migrated in unique way to form the Solar System belts and near circular orbit of planets around the Sun.{{cite journal| last1=O'Brien| first1=David P.| last2=Walsh| first2=Kevin J.| last3=Morbidelli| first3=Alessandro| last4=Raymond| first4=Sean N.| last5=Mandell| first5=Avi M.| title=Water delivery and giant impacts in the 'Grand Tack' scenario| journal=Icarus| date=2014| volume=239| pages=74–84| doi=10.1016/j.icarus.2014.05.009|arxiv = 1407.3290 |bibcode = 2014Icar..239...74O | s2cid=51737711}}{{cite journal|last1=Matsumura|first1=Soko|last2=Brasser|first2=Ramon|last3=Ida|first3=Shigeru|title=Effects of Dynamical Evolution of Giant Planets on the Delivery of Atmophile Elements during Terrestrial Planet Formation|journal=The Astrophysical Journal|date=2016|volume=818|issue=1|page=15|doi=10.3847/0004-637X/818/1/15|arxiv=1512.08182|bibcode = 2016ApJ...818...15M |s2cid=119205579 |doi-access=free }} The Solar System's belts are one key parameters for a Solar System that can support complex life, as circular orbits are a parameter needed for the Habitable zone for complex life.{{Cite web|url=https://science.nasa.gov/missions/hubble/asteroid-belts-of-just-the-right-size-are-friendly-to-life/|title=Asteroid Belts of Just the Right Size are Friendly to Life|website=science.nasa.gov|date=31 October 2012 }}{{Cite web|url=https://www.space.com/18326-asteroid-belt-evolution-alien-life.html|title=Alien Life May Require Rare 'Just-Right' Asteroid Belts|author1=Space com Staff|date=November 2, 2012|website=Space.com}}

{{Cite journal|title=A Complex Life Habitable Zone Based On Lipid Solubility Theory|first=Ramses M.|last=Ramirez|date=May 4, 2020|journal=Scientific Reports|volume=10|issue=1|pages=7432|doi=10.1038/s41598-020-64436-z|pmid=32366889 |pmc=7198600 |bibcode=2020NatSR..10.7432R }}{{Cite web|url=https://www.npl.washington.edu/av/altvw102.html|title=

The "Rare Earth" Hypothesis, by John G. Cramer|website=www.npl.washington.edu}}

The asteroid and comet belts orbit the Sun from the inner rocky planets into outer parts of the Solar System, interstellar space.{{Cite web|url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/videos/asteroid-and-comet-census-from-wise|title=Asteroid and Comet Census from WISE|via=www.jpl.nasa.gov}}{{Cite web|url=https://ssd.jpl.nasa.gov/tools/sbdb_lookup.html#/|title=Small-Body Database Lookup|website=ssd.jpl.nasa.gov}}[http://www.iau.org/static/resolutions/Resolution_GA26-5-6.pdf RESOLUTION B5 – Definition of a Planet in the Solar System] (IAU) An astronomical unit, or AU, is the distance from Earth to the Sun, which is approximately 150 billion meters (93 million miles).{{cite conference |title=On the re-definition of the astronomical unit of length |id=Resolution B2 |conference=XXVIII General Assembly of International Astronomical Union |publisher=International Astronomical Union |place=Beijing, China |date=31 August 2012 | url = http://www.iau.org/static/resolutions/IAU2012_English.pdf |quote=... recommends ... 5. that the unique symbol "au" be used for the astronomical unit.}} Small Solar System objects are classified by their orbits:{{Cite web|url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/asteroid-watch|title=Asteroid Watch|website=NASA Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL)}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/solar-system/asteroids/asteroid-fast-facts/|title=Asteroid Fast Facts - NASA|date=March 31, 2014}}

• Main Asteroid belt (main belt), between Mars and Jupiter, in near circular orbit, 2.2 to 3.2 AU
• Hungaria asteroids, small group, 1.78 to 2.00 AU
• Alinda asteroids, small group, 2.5 AU in elliptical orbits
• Hilda asteroid small group just inside Jupiter, 4.0 AU
• Kuiper belt large belt, 43 to 64.5 AU
• Scattered disc small group, 21.5 to 215 AU
• Sednoid (inner Oort cloud objects) small group of four or more, high elliptical orbits, 47.8 to 80 AU
• Extreme trans-Neptunian objects 150 to 250 AU
• Hills cloud a large hypothetical circumstellar disc

file:Planet collage to scale.jpg

file:10 Largest Trans-Neptunian objects (TNOS).pngs]]

Solar System planets and dwarf planets listed for distances comparison to belts. The Solar System planets all orbit in near circular orbits.{{Cite web|url=https://www.jpl.nasa.gov/edu/pdfs/scaless_reference.pdf|title=Solar System Sizes and Distances, jpl.nasa.gov|website=Jet Propulsion Laboratory }}{{Cite web|url=https://www.sciencenews.org/article/pluto-planet-vote-status-definition-demotion|title=The definition of planet is still a sore point – especially among Pluto fans|date=24 August 2021|first=Lisa|last=Grossman|website=Science News|access-date=10 July 2022|archive-date=10 July 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220710033107/https://www.sciencenews.org/article/pluto-planet-vote-status-definition-demotion|url-status=live}}{{cite web |first=Emily |last=Lakdawalla |author-link=Emily Lakdawalla |url=https://www.planetary.org/worlds/what-is-a-planet |title=What Is A Planet? |website=The Planetary Society |date=21 April 2020 |access-date=3 April 2022 |archive-date=22 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220122142140/https://www.planetary.org/worlds/what-is-a-planet |url-status=live }}

Planets:

• Mercury 0.39 AU
• Venus 0.72 AU
• Earth 1 AU
• Mars 1.52 AU
• Jupiter 5.2 AU
• Saturn 9.54 AU
• Uranus 19.2 AU
• Neptune 30.06 AU

Dwarf planets:

Dwarf planets, other than Ceres, are plutoids that have elliptical orbits:{{Cite web|url=https://science.nasa.gov/solar-system/planets/|title=Planets|website=science.nasa.gov|date=10 July 2023 }}{{Cite web|url=https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/asteroids-comets-and-meteors/asteroids/4-vesta/in-depth|title=In Depth | 4 Vesta|website=NASA Solar System Exploration|date=10 November 2017 |access-date=February 29, 2020|archive-date=February 29, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200229050949/https://solarsystem.nasa.gov/asteroids-comets-and-meteors/asteroids/4-vesta/in-depth/|url-status=live}}{{cite news |url=https://hubblesite.org/contents/news-releases/2004/news-2004-14.html/ |date=April 14, 2004 |title=Hubble Observes Planetoid Sedna, Mystery Deepens |publisher=NASA's Hubble Space Telescope home site |access-date=January 26, 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210113110507/https://hubblesite.org/contents/news-releases/2004/news-2004-14.html |archive-date=2021-01-13 |url-status=live}}

• Ceres, 2.8 AU in the asteroid belt
• Orcus 39.4 AU, Trans-Neptunian-Kuiper belt object
• Pluto 39 AU, Kuiper belt (a planet until 2006)
• Haumea 43 AU, Kuiper belt
• Makemake 45.8 AU, Kuiper belt
• Eris 95.6 AU, Kuiper belt
• Gonggong Scattered disc object, 34 to 101 AU
• Quaoar Kuiper belt object, 41.9 to 45.4 AU
• Sedna 76 to 506 AU

{{Portal|solar system|outer space|astronomy}}

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• List of Solar System objects by size
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• Outline of the Solar System

{{Reflist}}

• [https://web.stanford.edu/~pavone/papers/Castillo.Pavone.ea.Aero12.pdf Expected Science Return of Spatially-Extended In-Situ Exploration at Small Solar System Bodies]

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