Soleb

Soleb is also the location of a vast necropolis with small tomb chapels decorated with pyramids. The earliest royal tombs date to the 18th dynasty, whereas some belong to the Ramesside and Meroitic periods.

File:Soleb2.jpg of Amenhotep III in the Soleb temple]]

During the Amarna Period (Mid 18th Dynasty), several pharaohs attended to Soleb, such as Amenhotep III, Akhenaten, Tutankhamun, and Ay.

A large temple made of sandstone was founded here by Amenhotep III. It is the southernmost temple currently known to have been built by this pharaoh. The temple was consecrated to the deity Amun Re and to the pharaoh

depicted deified with ram-horns. The architect may have been Amenhotep, son of Hapu.

At Sedeinga, a companion temple was built by Amenhotep III to Queen Tiye as a manifestation of the Eye of Ra.

The so-called Prudhoe Lions originally stood as guardian figures at this temple inscribed with the name of Amenhotep III. They depict a lioness, as symbols of Sekhmet, a major deity who protected the pharaohs.[http://sfdas.com/IMG/pdf/soleb_sedeinga.pdf Soleb & Sedeinga] Retrieved 2018-11-01.

During the reign of Akhenaten, he initially is shown worshipping his father and Amen at the temple. But later, he re-dedicates the temple to Aten.{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}}

During the reign of Tutankhamen, the religious reforms of his father (Akhenaten) were reversed and re-dedicated the temple to Amen-Ra. He finished the second granite lion and inscribed his name on the Prudhoe Lions.

H. W. Fairman, "Tutankhamun and the end of the 18th Dynasty" Antiquity 1972{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/tutankhamun.shtml |title=BBC - History - Historic Figures: Tutankhamun (1336 BC - 1327 BC)|access-date=2017-11-20}}

During the reign of Ay, he also inscribed his name on the Prudhoe Lions.{{Citation needed|date=November 2017}}

File:Soleb3.jpg of the Soleb temple]]

Major Felix in 1829 realized an expedition of the site and recognized the inscriptions of prisoners on visible columns commemorated the victories of Amenhotep III. Jude Flurry argues that these prisoner lists may be an exaggeration or a lie about Egyptian victories, but they do show who the Egyptians' enemies were.{{sfn|Flurry|2022}} However, sector IV of the hypostyle hall was in ruins, demolished and partially covered by sand, and was discovered centuries later.{{sfn|Kennedy|2019|pp=175}} In the 1957-1963 excavation expedition led by Michela Schiff Giorgini, other parts of the temple, including the remaining inscriptions of the prisoners, were reconstructed with the identified pieces.{{sfn|Kennedy|2019|pp=175}}

On the columns of the hypostyle hall, there is a list of the peoples that the Egyptians had conquered.{{sfn|Fleming|2020|pp=23}} A total of three lists are preserved with the names of foreign places and surviving people.{{sfn|Berlejung|2017|pp=96}} Each list depicts the figure of a prisoner soldier with his arms tied, and with his shield. On each shield there is an inscription describing to which town and place the soldier belongs.

File:Solebinscription.png

;Lists{{sfn|Adrom|Müller|2017|pp=97}}

1. tꜣ šꜣsw Trbr
2. tꜣ šꜣsw Yhwꜣ
3. tꜣ šꜣsw Smt
4. (destroyed)

;Column N4{{sfn|Adrom|Müller|2017|pp=97}}

1. Btꜥn/f?[...]
2. (destroyed)

File:Amarawestinscription.png

;Lists of Amarah-West (50 km north of Soleb){{sfn|Adrom|Müller|2017|pp=98}}

1. tꜣ šꜣsw Sꜥrr
2. tꜣ šꜣsw Rbn
3. tꜣ šꜣsw Pyspys
4. tꜣ šꜣsw Smt
5. tꜣ šꜣsw Yhwꜣ
6. tꜣ šꜣsw rbr

{{main|Shasu|Tetragrammaton}}

The transcription of one of the conquered people is 'tꜣ šꜣsw Yhwꜣ', translated as "land of the Shasu, those of Yhwꜣ",{{sfn|Gertoux|2002|pp=75}} or "land of the nomads of Yhwꜣ".{{sfn|Kennedy|2019|pp=177}} Thomas Schneider vocalizes the word as Yahwa,{{sfn|Fleming|2020|pp=39}} though other vocalizations, such as Yehua, have been proposed.{{sfn|Gertoux|2002|pp=75}} Fleming reports that this Yhwꜣ was located in Palestine and Syria.{{sfn|Fleming|2020|pp=28}} According to Kennedy, exactly what the name Yhwꜣ refers to has been "a matter of debate", but he concludes that it "logically follows" that the Shasu of could be identified with the Israelites, given the similarity of the term with the name of the Israelite god Yahweh.{{sfn|Kennedy|2019|pp=177-178}} Shalomi Hen, while noting the scholarly discourse around the subject, considers the evidence too scanty to allow such an identification.{{harvnb|Shalomi Hen|2021}}

File:Lepsius-Projekt tw 1-2-117.jpg|Plan of the site by Lepsius

File:Lepsius-Projekt tw 1-2-116.jpg|View of the temple's ruins in the 19th century

File:F. Frith - The Temple of Soleb, Ethiopia.jpg|View of the temple's colonnades in the 19th century

{{Reflist}}

• {{cite book|last1=Adrom|first1=Faried|last2=Müller|first2=Matthias|date=2017|chapter=The Tetragrammaton in Egiptian Sources - Facts and Fictions § Egiptian Attestation of Names Associated with the Tetragrammaton|editor-last1=Van Oorschot|editor-first1=Jürgen|editor-last2=Witte|editor-first2=Markus|title=The Origins of Yahwism|volume=484|series=Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft|publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8LtGDwAAQBAJ|isbn=9783110448221|pages=96–99}}
• {{cite book|last=Berlejung|first=Angelika|date=2017|chapter=The Tetragrammaton in Egyptian Sources Facts and Fiction|editor-last1=Van Oorschot|editor-first1=Jürgen|editor-last2=Witte|editor-first2=Markus|title=The Origins of Yahwism|volume=484|series=Beihefte zur Zeitschrift für die alttestamentliche Wissenschaft|publisher=Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8LtGDwAAQBAJ|isbn=9783110448221|pages=81–103}}
• {{cite book |last=Fleming|first=Daniel E.|date=2020|title=Yahweh before Israel: Glimpses of History in a Divine Name|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9781108835077}}
• {{cite web |last=Flurry |first=Jude |date=2022-10-10 |title=The Soleb Inscription: Earliest-Discovered Use of the Name 'Yahweh' |publisher=Armstrong Institute of Biblical Archaeology |url=https://armstronginstitute.org/768-the-soleb-inscription-earliest-discovered-use-of-the-name-yahweh |access-date=2025-02-25}}
• {{cite book|last=Gertoux|first=Gérard|date=2002|chapter=From Moses to David|title=The Name of God Y.eH.oW.aH which is Pronounced as it is Written I_Eh_oU_Ah: Its Story|series=G - Reference, Information and Interdisciplinary Subjects Series|location=Lanham, Maryland|publisher=University Press of America|isbn=978-0-7618-2204-2}}
• {{cite web|last=UNESCO|date=2022|title=The Temple of Soleb|website=UNESCO World Heritage Convention|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/tentativelists/6596/}}
• {{cite journal|last=Kennedy|first=Titus|date=2019|title=The Land of the š3sw (Nomads) of yhw3 at Soleb|editor-first1=Simmons|editor-last1=Adam|journal=Dotawo: A Journal of Nubian Studies|volume=6|publisher=UC Santa Barbara|doi=10.5070/D66146256|pages=175–192|doi-access=free}}
• {{cite journal |last = Shalomi Hen |first = Racheli |title = Signs of YHWH, God of the Hebrews, in New Kingdom Egypt? |journal = Entangled Religions |volume = 12 |year = 2021 |issue = 2 |doi = 10.46586/er.12.2021.9463 |issn = 2363-6696 |doi-access = free }}

• David O'Connor, Eric H. Cline (Editor): [https://books.google.com/books?id=MzVszHxO3JoC&dq=Soleb+Nubia+Amenophis+III&pg=PA264 Amenhotep III: Perspectives on His Reign], University of Michigan Press, October 2001, Paperback. {{ISBN|978-0-472-08833-1}}
• Joann Fletcher: [https://books.google.com/books?id=MD1yAAAAMAAJ Chronicle of a Pharaoh: The Intimate Life of Amenhotep III], Oxford University Press, USA, November 2000. {{ISBN|978-0-19-521660-8}}
• [https://www.coursera.org/course/ancientnubia/ The Art and Archaeology of Ancient Nubia] by Peter Lacovara

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Category:History of Nubia

Category:Archaeological sites in Sudan