Solid-state storage

Historically, computer system secondary storage has been implemented to leverage magnetic properties of surface coatings applied to rotating platters (in hard disk drives and floppy disks) or linearly moving strips of plastic film (in tape drives). Pairing such magnetic media with read/write heads allows data to be written by separately magnetizing small sections of the ferromagnetic coating, and read later by detecting the transitions in magnetization. For the data to be read or written, exact sections of the magnetic media need to pass under the read/write heads that flow closely to the media surface; as a result, reading or writing data imposes delays required for the positioning of magnetic media and heads, with the delays differing depending on the actual technology.{{cite web|url=https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-US/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux/3/html/Introduction_to_System_Administration/s1-storage-perf.html|title=Red Hat Enterprise Linux 3: Introduction to System Administration, Chapter 5. Managing Storage|date=November 2, 2013|publisher=Red Hat|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160321221036/https://access.redhat.com/documentation/en-US/Red_Hat_Enterprise_Linux/3/html/Introduction_to_System_Administration/s1-storage-perf.html|archive-date=2016-03-21|access-date=July 11, 2015}}

File:NAND Flash Pages and Blocks.svg phenomenon in flash-based storage devices]]

Over time, advancements in central processing unit (CPU) speed has driven innovation in secondary storage technology.{{cite web

| url = http://www.lsi.com/downloads/Public/RAID%20Controllers/RAID%20Controllers%20Common%20Files/FinancialApp_SolutionBrief_113011.pdf

| title = Accelerating Financial Applications Using Solid State Storage

| date = November 2011 | access-date = July 11, 2015

| publisher = LSI Corporation

| pages = 1–2

}} One such innovation, flash memory, is a non-volatile storage medium that can be electrically erased and reprogrammed.

Solid-state storage typically uses the NAND type of flash memory, which can be accessed in chunks smaller than the entire capacity of the device. The minimal chunk size (page) for a read operation is much smaller than the minimal chunk size (block) for a write/erase operation, resulting in an undesirable phenomenon called write amplification that limits the random write performance and write endurance of a flash-based storage device.

Some solid-state storage devices use (volatile) RAM and a battery that preserves the contents of the RAM without system power as long as the battery continues to provide power. Flash-based storage does not suffer the limitation of a battery, but RAM-backed storage is faster and does not experience write amplification.{{cite web

| url = http://www.computerweekly.com/news/2240234587/Flash-storage-101-How-solid-state-storage-works

| title = Flash storage 101: How solid state storage works

| date = November 2014 | access-date = July 11, 2015

| author = Chris Evans | website = computerweekly.com

}}{{cite CiteSeerX

| title = Write Amplification Analysis in Flash-Based Solid State Drives

| year = 2009 | author1 = Xiao-yu Hu | author2 = Evangelos Eleftheriou | author3 = Robert Haas

| author4 = Ilias Iliadis | author5 = Roman Pletka

|citeseerx = 10.1.1.154.8668}}

As a result of having no moving mechanical parts, solid-state storage has no data access latency required to move the media as in an electromechanical storage device. This allows for significantly higher I/O operation rates (IOPS). Additionally, solid-state storage consumes less power, has better physical shock resistance, and produces less heat and no vibration.

Compared to electromechanical, solid-state devices tend to cost more for the same capacity, and generally are not available in the larger capacities available for electromechanical.

Also, flash-based devices experience memory wear that reduces service life resulting from limitations of flash memory that impose a finite number of program–erase cycles used to write data. Due to this, solid-state storage is frequently used for hybrid drives, in which solid-state storage serves as a cache for frequently accessed data instead of being a complete substitute for traditional secondary storage.{{cite web

| url = https://www.pcmag.com/article2/0,2817,2404258,00.asp

| title = SSD vs. HDD: What's the Difference?

| date = February 17, 2015 | access-date = July 11, 2015

| author = Joel Santo Domingo | website = pcmag.com

}}

{{Multiple image

| image1 = Intel DC S3700 SSD series, top side of a 100 GB SATA 3.0 model.jpg

| caption1 = An SSD, in form of a 2.5-inch bay device that uses Serial ATA (SATA) interface

| width1 = 180

| image2 = SD CARD moteur et stockage.jpg

| caption2 = Internals of an SD card, showing the flash memory and controller integrated circuits

| width2 = 195

}}

A solid-state drive (SSD) provides secondary storage for relatively complex systems including personal computers, embedded systems, portable devices, large servers and network-attached storage (NAS). To satisfy such a wide range of uses, SSDs are produced with various features, capacities, interfaces and physical sizes and layouts.

Solid-state storage is also available as removable media. A memory card, such as MMC and SD, is shaped to fit into a special port for the card. A USB flash drive connects via USB and is not constrained by shape and size as a card is.{{cite web

| url = http://www.igcseict.info/theory/3/solid/

| title = Solid-State Storage Devices

| date = April 25, 2015 | access-date = July 11, 2015

| website = igcseict.info

}}

In general, an SSD uses a relatively fast interface such as Serial ATA (SATA) or PCI Express (PCIe) paired with a logical device interface such as AHCI or NVM Express (NVMe). Removable devices use simpler, slower interfaces such as the one-bit SD interface or SPI.{{cite web

| url = http://www.howtogeek.com/196541/emmc-vs.-ssd-not-all-solid-state-storage-is-equal/

| title = eMMC vs. SSD: Not All Solid-State Storage is Equal

| date = September 19, 2014

| access-date = July 11, 2015

| author = Chris Hoffman

| website = howtogeek.com

| archive-date = July 14, 2015

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20150714161457/http://www.howtogeek.com/196541/emmc-vs.-ssd-not-all-solid-state-storage-is-equal/

| url-status = dead

}}{{cite web

| url = http://www.computerweekly.com/feature/PCIe-SSD-What-it-is-and-how-you-can-use-it

| title = PCIe SSD: What it is and how you can use it

| date = June 2010 | access-date = July 11, 2015

| website = computerweekly.com

}}

{{Clear}}

{{Portal|Electronics}}

• Drum memory{{snd}} a magnetic data storage device used as the main working memory in many early computers
• i-RAM{{snd}} a DRAM-based solid-state storage device produced by Gigabyte, operating as a SATA hard disk drive
• {{annotated link|Mass storage}}
• Magnetic storage{{snd}} the concept of storing data on a magnetised medium using different patterns of magnetisation
• RAM drive{{snd}} a block of random-access memory that the operating system treats as if it were secondary storage
• Sequential access memory{{snd}} a class of data storage devices that read stored data in a sequence
• Wear leveling{{snd}} a technique for prolonging the service life of some kinds of erasable computer storage media, such as flash memory

{{Reflist|30em}}

• [http://static.usenix.org/event/fast10/tutorials/T2.pdf Solid-State Storage: Technology, Design and Applications], IBM, May 4, 2010, by Richard Freitas and Lawrence Chiu
• [https://web.archive.org/web/20071013150729/http://www.corsair.com/_faq/FAQ_flash_drive_wear_leveling.pdf USB Flash Wear Leveling and Life Span FAQ], Corsair, June 2007, archived from the original on October 13, 2007

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Category:Solid-state computer storage