South Terras mine

South Terras Mine was first worked by the South Terras Tin Mining Company Limited from 1872 to 1888, but returns of tin were small and iron ore and ochre were the main products. Uranium was discovered in about 1885 when a lode was cut that produced an unusual apple-green mineral: at first this was thought to be copper ore, but was later identified as torbernite. The adit level where the uranium minerals had been discovered had a door placed on it for security. The torbernite was locally nicknamed "Green Jim" after the name of the then managing director of the mine James Harris-James.{{Cite web |title=South Terras |url=http://dangerouslaboratories.org/rcw3.html |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=dangerouslaboratories.org}}

The company was reformed in 1889 as the Uranium Mines Ltd and Harris-James stepped down as a director. In 1889 the mine was acquired by the Minerals Research Syndicate Limited and the workforce was tripled to about thirty. All uranium ores were sold to Bettmann & Kupfer in Brunswick, Germany, mainly for uranium glass manufacture.

British Metalliferous Mines Limited succeeded the Minerals Research Syndicate as operators of South Terras in 1905, the objective being to reopen the mine principally for its radium, with uranium as a byproduct. King Edward VII of England developed a skin cancer on his right naso-labial fold in 1906. There were no radium factories in the UK at the time and he was treated and cured with radium from Paris. The King, Colonel Ashley and Lord Iveagh through donations helped to establish the London Radium Institute.{{Cite book |url=https://link.springer.com/book/10.1007/978-3-319-11830-7 |title=Mining and Selling Radium and Uranium |date=2015 |language=en |doi=10.1007/978-3-319-11830-7 |last1=Robison |first1=Roger F. |isbn=978-3-319-11829-1 }} The "Kingsway Syndicate" purchased ore from South Terras, a contract having been agreed to supply 7.5g of radium bromide worth over £30,000 for the London Radium Institute. The institute began the treatment of patients in 1906/1907, South Terras having supplied the 7.5g of radium bromide from over 100 tons of pitchblende ore.{{Cite book |last1=Burt |first1=Roger |title=Mining in Cornwall and Devon: mines and men |last2=Burnley |first2=Ray |last3=Gill |first3=Michael |last4=Neill |first4=Alasdair |date=2014 |publisher=University of Exeter Press |isbn=978-0-85989-889-8 |location=Exeter}}

Societe Industrielle du Radium Limited was registered in 1912 to acquire South Terras mine, working it to provide ores for its subsidiary company - Societe Francaise du Radium - to process in France. There were eight directors, four English and four French. These included Jacque Danne and Sydney Fawns. The outbreak of World War I ended the company's activities.

Operations were recommenced in 1921; this time the mine was equipped for radium extraction on site, the first and only mine in the United Kingdom to do so. The mine was managed by Marcel Pochon, an ex-student of Pierre Curie, who moved to Cornwall to live in a bungalow next to the South Shaft. A description of the processing plant appears in 1925.{{Cite journal |last=Gregory |first=Maurice |date=1925 |title=The Production of Cornish Radium at South Terras Mine |journal=Transactions of the Cornish Institute of Mining, Mechanical and Metallurgical Engineers |volume=10 |pages=62–70}}

The mine had closed before 1928 when the British & General Radium Corporation Limited acquired it from the previous lessee; the company was a German syndicate managed by a Swiss director, Dr I. Strauss. Marcel Pochon remained on site with his family throughout these changes, presumably as a technical engineer and scientist. The mine was abandoned in the early 1930s and Pochon left for Canada in 1932 to establish the radium refinery for the Eldorado Mining Company in Port Hope, Ontario. Pochon operated that refinery from 1933 to 1945 and it became a key component of the Manhattan Project.

South Terras was the subject of diamond drilling investigations by the Atomic Energy Division of the British Geological Survey in 1953.https://earthwise.bgs.ac.uk/index.php/Cloak_and_dagger:_geochemistry_and_the_Atomic_Energy_Division

In 1996, South Terras Mine was designed a site of special scientific interest, particularly for its rare uranium minerals.{{Cite journal |last1=Davis |first1=R. J. |last2=Hey |first2=M. H. |last3=Kingsbury |first3=A. W. G. |date=March 1965 |title=Xanthiosite and aerugite |url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/mineralogical-magazine-and-journal-of-the-mineralogical-society/article/abs/xanthiosite-and-aerugite/4A2B6C326111F770E00EB4427F8A8033 |journal=Mineralogical Magazine and Journal of the Mineralogical Society |language=en |volume=35 |issue=269 |pages=72–83 |doi=10.1180/minmag.1965.035.269.10 |bibcode=1965MinM...35...72D |issn=0369-0148}} Those mentioned on the [https://designatedsites.naturalengland.org.uk/PDFsForWeb/Citation/2000096.pdf citation]are:

• Rammelsbergite
• Smaltite
• Skutterudite
• Gersdorffite
• Lollingite
• Bismutoferrite
• Native Bismuth
• Xanthiosite
• Aerugite

Xanthiosite, aerugite, and bismutoferrite were removed from the Mindat listing "due to the high probability of fraudulent recording of discovery by A.W.G. Kingsbury".{{Cite web |last=Anon. |date=2024-04-29 |title=South Terras Mine |url=https://www.mindat.org/loc-1327.html |access-date=2024-04-29 |website=Mindat.org}}{{Cite journal |last1=Kampf |first1=Anthony R. |last2=Nash |first2=Barbara P. |last3=Plášil |first3=Jakub |last4=Smith |first4=Jason B. |last5=Feinglos |first5=Mark N. |date=2020-06-30 |title=Niasite and johanngeorgenstadtite, Ni2+4.5(AsO4)3 dimorphs from Johanngeorgenstadt, Germany |url=https://ejm.copernicus.org/articles/32/373/2020/ |journal=European Journal of Mineralogy |language=English |volume=32 |issue=3 |pages=373–385 |doi=10.5194/ejm-32-373-2020 |doi-access=free |issn=0935-1221}}{{Cite book |last=Tindle |first=A. G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=EvwFEQAAQBAJ&dq=%22south+terras%22&pg=PR5 |title=Minerals of Britain and Ireland |date=2023-11-16 |publisher=Liverpool University Press |isbn=978-1-78046-685-9 |language=en}}

File:The South Terras Uranium Mine, St. Stephen, Cornwall, UK.svg

Measurements of radiation at South Terras mine are amongst the highest for non-nuclear facilities in Europe, owing to uranium ores decaying to form radon gas.{{Cite journal |last1=Gillmore |first1=Gavin K |last2=Pearce |first2=Gillian |last3=Denman |first3=Anthony |last4=Phillips |first4=Paul |date=2001 |title=Two abandoned metalliferous mines in Devon and Cornwall , UK : radon hazards and geology |journal=International Radon Symposium |pages=94–105|s2cid=15660281 }}{{Cite journal |last1=Gillmore |first1=Gavin K. |last2=Phillips |first2=Paul |last3=Denman |first3=Antony |last4=Sperrin |first4=Malcolm |last5=Pearce |first5=Gillian |date=2001-07-01 |title=Radon Levels in Abandoned Metalliferous Mines, Devon, Southwest England |url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0147651301920627 |journal=Ecotoxicology and Environmental Safety |volume=49 |issue=3 |pages=281–292 |doi=10.1006/eesa.2001.2062 |pmid=11440482 |bibcode=2001EcoES..49..281G |issn=0147-6513}} Measurements from inside the adit were taken by Gillmore et al (2002):{{Cite book |last1=Gillmore |first1=Gavin K. |last2=Grattan |first2=John |last3=Pyatt |first3=F. Brian |last4=Phillips |first4=Paul S. |last5=Pearce |first5=Gillian |chapter=Radon, water and abandoned metalliferous mines in the UK: Environmental and Human Health implications |date=2002 |editor-last=Merkel |editor-first=Broder J. |editor2-last=Planer-Friedrich |editor2-first=Britta |editor3-last=Wolkersdorfer |editor3-first=Christian |title=Uranium in the Aquatic Environment |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-642-55668-5_7 |language=en |location=Berlin, Heidelberg |publisher=Springer |pages=65–76 |doi=10.1007/978-3-642-55668-5_7 |isbn=978-3-642-55668-5}}

• Mining in Cornwall and Devon
• Uranium mining
• Eldorado Mine (Northwest Territories)
• Port Radium
• Uranium mining in Canada

{{Reflist}}

• Smale, C. (1993) ‘[http://dangerouslaboratories.org/rcw3.html South Terras: Cornwall’s Premier Uranium and Radium Mine]’, Journal of the Royal Institution of Cornwall: New Series II, 1, pt.3, pp. 304–322.
• [https://designatedsites.naturalengland.org.uk/PDFsForWeb/Citation/2000096.pdf SSSI Citation] ([https://web.archive.org/web/20240429140140/https://designatedsites.naturalengland.org.uk/PDFsForWeb/Citation/2000096.pdf archived]), Natural England [https://designatedsites.naturalengland.org.uk/SiteDetail.aspx?SiteCode=S2000096&SiteName=south%20terras&countyCode=&responsiblePerson=&SeaArea=&IFCAArea= listing] and [https://magic.defra.gov.uk/MagicMap.aspx?startTopic=Designations&activelayer=sssiIndex&query=HYPERLINK%3D%272000096%27 map]
• [https://www.mindat.org/loc-1327.html Mindat listing]

Category:Cornish mining organisations

Category:Mines in Cornwall

Category:Radium

Category:Uranium mines