Southern Kayapó language
{{Short description|Jê language of Brazil}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2021}}
{{Infobox language
| name = Southern Kayapó
| nativename =
| pronunciation =
| states = Brazil
| region = Triângulo Mineiro, Goiás, Mato Grosso, Mato Grosso do Sul, São Paulo
| era = attested 19th century
| ethnicity = Southern Kayapó
| speakers =
| date =
| ref =
| familycolor = macro-je | fontcolor = white
| fam1 = Macro-Jê
| fam2 = Jê
| fam3 = Cerrado
| fam4 = Jê of Goyaz
| isoexception = historical
| glotto = pana1307
| glottoname = (as Panará)
| altname = Kayapó do Sul
| speakers2 = developed into Panará
| dia1 = Mossâmedes
| iso3 = kre
| iso3comment = (as Panará)
}}
Kayapó do Sul is a Jê language formerly spoken by the Southern Kayapó people of Brazil in a vast region that comprised Triângulo Mineiro, Goiás, southeastern Mato Grosso, northeastern Mato Grosso do Sul, and northeastern São Paulo (Brazil), in particular on the rivers Rio Turvo, Corumbá, Meia Ponte, Tijuco, Rio das Velhas, Rio Pardo, Sucuriju, Aparé, Rio Verde, and Taquari.{{cite thesis|last=Nikulin |first=Andrey |date=2020 |url=http://etnolinguistica.wdfiles.com/local--files/tese%3Anikulin-2020/Nikulin_2020_Proto-Macro-Je.pdf |title=Proto-Macro-Jê: um estudo reconstrutivo |type=PhD dissertation |location=Brasília |publisher=Universidade de Brasília}}{{rp|12}} It can be considered to have developed into the Panará language.{{cite thesis|last=Vasconcelos |first=Eduardo Alves |date=2013 |url=http://repositorio.unicamp.br/bitstream/REPOSIP/268987/1/Vasconcelos_EduardoAlves_D.pdf |title=Investigando a hipótese Cayapó do Sul-Panará |type=PhD dissertation |location=Campinas |publisher=Universidade Estadual de Campinas}}
Dialects
Two dialects have been identified based on the scarce documentation of the language. The variety spoken in São José de Mossâmedes (as attested by Johann Baptist Emanuel PohlPOHL, J. E. Reise im Innern von Brasilien: auf allerhoechsten Befehl seiner Majestät des Kaisers von Österreich, Franz des Ersten, in den Jahren 1817–1821 unternommen. Vol. 1. Viena: A. Strauss’s Sel. Witwe e J. B. Wallishausser, 1832. 448 pp. and Augustin Saint-Hilaire in short wordlists) is characterized by the retention of the Proto-Goyaz Jê rhotic *r. In contrast, the variety spoken in Santana do Paranaíba (as attested by Kupfer,KUPFER, Dr. Die Cayapo-Indianer in der Provinz Matto-Grosso. Zeitschrift für der Gesellschaft für Erdkunde zu Berlin, Berlim, n. 5, p. 244–254, 1870. Carl Nehring,NEHRING, C. Sud-Cayapo: Wörterlisten. In: EHRENREICH, P. Materialen Zur Sprachekunde Brasiliens. Zeitschrift fur Ethnologie, n. 26, p. 136–137, 1894. and Joaquim Lemos da Silva in short wordlists) and in the Triângulo Mineiro region (as documented by Barbosa in an extensive wordlist) innovated by palatalizing the rhotic (i.e. *r > j) in certain environments and is thought to be the ancestor of Panará.
Phonology
class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Vowels ! !Back |
Close
|i, ĩ |ɨ, ɨ̃ |u, ũ |
---|
Mid
|e, ẽ |ə |o, õ |
Open
| |a, ã | |
class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Consonants ! ! |
rowspan="2" |Stop
!voiceless |p |t | |k | |
---|
prenasal
|ᵐp |ⁿt | |ᵑk | |
rowspan="2" |Affricate
!voiceless | |t͡s | | | |
prenasal
| |ⁿt͡s | | | |
colspan="2" |Fricative
| |(s) |ʃ | | |
colspan="2" |Nasal
|m |n |ɲ |ŋ | |
colspan="2" |Sonorant
|w |ɾ |j | |h |
/ʃ/ exists only in the Mossâmedes dialect. /ɲ, ŋ, h/ exist only in the Santana dialect.
References
{{Reflist}}
{{Macro-Jê languages}}
{{Macro-Jê-lang-stub}}