Soyuz-T
{{Short description|Third-generation of the Soyuz spacecraft}}
{{distinguish|Soyuz 7K-T}}
{{Infobox spacecraft class
| image = Soyuz-T drawing.png
| caption = Soyuz-T spacecraft
| name = Soyuz-T
| manufacturer = Korolev
| country = USSR
| applications = Carry three cosmonauts to Salyut and Mir space stations and back
| operator = Soviet space program
| orbits = Low Earth orbit
| lifetime =
| derivedfrom = Soyuz 7K-TM
Soyuz 7K-T
Soyuz 7K-S
| derivatives = Soyuz-TM
| status = Out of service
| launched = 18
| first = 4 April 1978
Kosmos 1001
| last = 16 March 1986
Soyuz T-15
}}
The Soyuz-T ({{langx|ru|Союз-T}}, Union-T) spacecraft was the third generation Soyuz spacecraft, in service for seven years from 1979 to 1986. The T stood for transport ({{lang|ru|транспортный}}, {{lang|ru-Latn|Transportny}}). The revised spacecraft incorporated lessons learned from the Apollo Soyuz Test Project, Soyuz 7K-TM and Military Soyuz.
The Soyuz-T was a major upgrade over previous Soyuz spacecraft, sporting solid-state electronics for the first time and a much more advanced onboard computer to help overcome the chronic docking problems that affected cosmonauts during space station missions. In addition, solar panels returned, allowing the Soyuz-T to fly up to 11 days independently as well as a redesigned propulsion system, the KTDU-426. Finally, it could carry three cosmonauts with pressure suits.
Missions
{{main|List of Soviet human spaceflight missions}}
Between 1979 and 1986, a total of 18 Soyuz T spacecraft were launched into LEO, 13 of which carried cosmonauts to and from the space stations Salyut 6, Salyut 7, and Mir.
| class="wikitable" | |||||
| Mission | Crew | Launch | Landing | Duration | Notes |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Kosmos 1001 | style= "width: 195px"| None | 4 Apr 1978 | 15 Apr 1978 | {{time interval|4 Apr 1978|15 Apr 1978|show=dhm}} | |
| Kosmos 1074 | style= "width: 195px"| None | 31 Jan 1979 | 1 Apr 1979 | {{time interval|31 Jan 1979|1 Apr 1979|show=dhm}} | Last Soyuz spacecraft with a Kosmos designation |
| Soyuz T-1 | style= "width: 195px"| None | 16 Dec 1979 | 25 Mar 1980 | {{time interval|16 Dec 1979|25 Mar 1980|show=dhm}} | Uncrewed test flight to Salyut 6 |
| Soyuz T-2 | style= "width: 195px"| Salyut 6 EP-6: {{flagicon|URS}} Yury Malyshev {{flagicon|URS}} Vladimir Aksyonov | 5 Jun 1980 | 9 Jun 1980 | {{time interval|5 Jun 1980|9 Jun 1980|show=dhm}} | Crewed test flight |
| Soyuz T-3 | style= "width: 195px"| Salyut 6 EO-5: {{flagicon|URS}} Leonid Kizim {{flagicon|URS}} Oleg Makarov {{flagicon|URS}} Gennady Strekalov | 27 Nov 1980 | 10 Dec 1980 | {{time interval|27 Nov 1980|10 Dec 1980|show=dhm}} | First Soyuz mission with a three cosmonaut crew since the fatal flight of Soyuz 11 |
| Soyuz T-4 | style= "width: 195px"| Salyut 6 EO-6: {{flagicon|URS}} Vladimir Kovalyonok {{flagicon|URS}} Viktor Savinykh | 12 Mar 1981 | 26 May 1981 | {{time interval|12 Mar 1981|26 May 1981|show=dhm}} | |
| Soyuz T-5 | style= "width: 195px"| Salyut 7 EO-1: {{flagicon|URS}} Anatoli Berezovoy {{flagicon|URS}} Valentin Lebedev | 13 May 1982 | 27 Aug 1982 | {{time interval|13 May 1982|27 Aug 1982|show=dhm}} | Both Berezovoy and Lebedev returned to Earth aboard Soyuz T-7 after 211 days in space |
| Soyuz T-6 | style= "width: 195px"| Salyut 7 EP-1: {{flagicon|URS}} Vladimir Dzhanibekov {{flagicon|URS}} Aleksandr Ivanchenkov {{flagicon|France}} Jean-Loup Chrétien | 24 Jun 1982 | 2 Jul 1982 | {{time interval|24 Jun 1982|2 Jul 1982|show=dhm}} | Chrétien becomes the first French citizen in space |
| Soyuz T-7 | style= "width: 195px"| Salyut 7 EP-2: {{flagicon|URS}} Leonid Popov {{flagicon|URS}} Aleksandr Serebrov {{flagicon|URS}} Svetlana Savitskaya | 19 Aug 1982 | 10 Dec 1982 | {{time interval|19 Aug 1982|10 Dec 1982|show=dhm}} | Savitskaya becomes the second woman in space after Valentina Tereshkova in 1963. All cosmonauts returned to Earth aboard Soyuz T-5 after 8 days in space |
| Soyuz T-8 | style= "width: 195px"| {{flagicon|URS}} Vladimir Titov {{flagicon|URS}} Gennady Strekalov {{flagicon|URS}} Aleksandr Serebrov | 20 Apr 1983 | 22 Apr 1983 | {{time interval|20 Apr 1983|22 Apr 1983|show=dhm}} | Failed to reach Salyut 7 after its Igla docking system was damaged during launch |
| Soyuz T-9 | style= "width: 195px"| Salyut 7 EO-2: {{flagicon|URS}} Vladimir Lyakhov {{flagicon|URS}} Aleksandr Aleksandrov | 27 Jun 1983 | 23 Nov 1983 | {{time interval|27 Jun 1983|23 Nov 1983|show=dhm}} | |
| Soyuz T-10-1 | style= "width: 195px"| {{flagicon|URS}} Vladimir Titov {{flagicon|URS}} Gennadi Strekalov | colspan=2 | 26 Sept 1983 | {{time interval|26 Sept 1983 19:37:49|26 Sept 1983 19:43:02|show=hms}} | Failed to reach Salyut 7 after its carrier rocket caught fire and exploded, thus activating its launch escape system | |
| Soyuz T-10 | style= "width: 195px"| Salyut 7 EO-3: {{flagicon|URS}} Leonid Kizim {{flagicon|URS}} Vladimir Solovyov {{flagicon|URS}} Oleg Atkov | 8 Feb 1984 | 11 Apr 1984 | {{time interval|8 Feb 1984|11 Apr 1984|show=dhm}} | All cosmonauts returned to Earth aboard Soyuz T-11 after 237 days in space |
| Soyuz T-11 | style= "width: 195px"| Salyut 7 EP-3: {{flagicon|URS}} Yuri Malyshev {{flagicon|URS}} Gennady Strekalov {{flagicon|India}} Rakesh Sharma | 3 Apr 1984 | 2 Oct 1984 | {{time interval|3 Apr 1984|2 Oct 1984|show=dhm}} | Sharma becomes first Indian citizen in space. All cosmonauts returned to Earth aboard Soyuz T-10 after 8 days in space |
| Soyuz T-12 | style= "width: 195px"| Salyut 7 EP-4: {{flagicon|URS}} Vladimir Dzhanibekov {{flagicon|URS}} Svetlana Savitskaya {{flagicon|URS}} Igor Volk | 17 Jul 1984 | 29 Jul 1984 | {{time interval|17 Jul 1984|29 Jul 1984|show=dhm}} | |
| Soyuz T-13 | style= "width: 195px"| Salyut 7 EO-4a: {{flagicon|URS}} Vladimir Dzhanibekov {{flagicon|URS}} Viktor Savinykh | 6 Jun 1985 | 26 Sept 1985 | {{time interval|6 Jun 1985|26 Sept 1985|show=dhm}} | Repaired the crippled station during their stay. Savinykh returned to Earth aboard Soyuz T-14 after 168 days in space |
| Soyuz T-14 | style= "width: 195px"| Salyut 7 EO-4b: {{flagicon|URS}} Vladimir Vasyutin {{flagicon|URS}} Alexander Volkov Salyut 7 EP-5: {{flagicon|URS}} Georgi Grechko | 17 Sept 1985 | 21 Nov 1985 | {{time interval|17 Sept 1985|21 Nov 1985|show=dhm}} | Grechko returned to Earth aboard Soyuz T-13 after 9 days in space. Mission ended prematurely after Vasyutin fell ill aboard the station |
| Soyuz T-15 | style= "width: 195px"| Salyut 7 EO-5 / Mir EO-1: {{flagicon|URS}} Leonid Kizim {{flagicon|URS}} Vladimir Solovyov | 13 Mar 1986 | 16 Jul 1986 | {{time interval|13 Mar 1986|16 Jul 1986|show=dhm}} | Visited both Salyut 7 and Mir, the only crewed spaceflight to visit two space stations simultaneously |
References
{{reflist|refs=
| author1= Mark Wade
| url= http://www.astronautix.com/s/soyuzt.html
| title= Soyuz T
| work= Encyclopedia Astronautica
| access-date= 25 May 2024 }}
| author1= David S. F. Portree
| url= https://www.hq.nasa.gov/pao/History/SP-4225/documentation/mhh/mirheritage.pdf
| title= Mir Hardware Heritage
| year= 1995
| publisher= NASA
| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20230326210404/https://www.hq.nasa.gov/pao/History/SP-4225/documentation/mhh/mirheritage.pdf
| archive-date= 26 March 2023
| url-status= live }}
| title= Spaceflight mission report: Soyuz T-2
| url= http://spacefacts.de/mission/english/soyuz-t2.htm
| website= SPACEFACTS.de
| access-date= 5 June 2024 }}
| title= Spaceflight mission report: Soyuz T-3
| url= http://spacefacts.de/mission/english/soyuz-t3.htm
| website= SPACEFACTS.de
| access-date= 5 June 2024 }}
| title= Spaceflight mission report: Soyuz T-4
| url= http://spacefacts.de/mission/english/soyuz-t4.htm
| website= SPACEFACTS.de
| access-date= 5 June 2024 }}
| title= Spaceflight mission report: Soyuz T-5
| url= http://spacefacts.de/mission/english/soyuz-t5.htm
| website= SPACEFACTS.de
| access-date= 5 June 2024 }}
| title= Spaceflight mission report: Soyuz T-6
| url= http://spacefacts.de/mission/english/soyuz-t6.htm
| website= SPACEFACTS.de
| access-date= 5 June 2024 }}
| title= Spaceflight mission report: Soyuz T-7
| url= http://spacefacts.de/mission/english/soyuz-t7.htm
| website= SPACEFACTS.de
| access-date= 5 June 2024 }}
| title= Spaceflight mission report: Soyuz T-8
| url= http://spacefacts.de/mission/english/soyuz-t8.htm
| website= SPACEFACTS.de
| access-date= 5 June 2024 }}
| title= Spaceflight mission report: Soyuz T-9
| url= http://spacefacts.de/mission/english/soyuz-t9.htm
| website= SPACEFACTS.de
| access-date= 5 June 2024 }}
| title= Suborbital spaceflight mission report: Soyuz T-10A
| url= http://spacefacts.de/ballistic/english/soyuz-t-10a.htm
| website= SPACEFACTS.de
| access-date= 5 June 2024 }}
| title= Spaceflight mission report: Soyuz T-10
| url= http://spacefacts.de/mission/english/soyuz-t10.htm
| website= SPACEFACTS.de
| access-date= 5 June 2024 }}
| title= Spaceflight mission report: Soyuz T-11
| url= http://spacefacts.de/mission/english/soyuz-t11.htm
| website= SPACEFACTS.de
| access-date= 5 June 2024 }}
| title= Spaceflight mission report: Soyuz T-12
| url= http://spacefacts.de/mission/english/soyuz-t12.htm
| website= SPACEFACTS.de
| access-date= 5 June 2024 }}
| title= Spaceflight mission report: Soyuz T-13
| url= http://spacefacts.de/mission/english/soyuz-t13.htm
| website= SPACEFACTS.de
| access-date= 5 June 2024 }}
| title= Spaceflight mission report: Soyuz T-14
| url= http://spacefacts.de/mission/english/soyuz-t14.htm
| website= SPACEFACTS.de
| access-date= 5 June 2024 }}
| title= Spaceflight mission report: Soyuz T-15
| url= http://spacefacts.de/mission/english/soyuz-t15.htm
| website= SPACEFACTS.de
| access-date= 5 June 2024 }}
}}
External links
{{commons category|Soyuz spacecraft}}
- [https://web.archive.org/web/20070701035626/http://www.energia.ru/english/energia/news/news-2006/public_07-01.html RSC Energia: Concept Of Russian Manned Space Navigation Development]
{{Soyuz}}
{{Soyuz variants}}
{{Russian human spaceflight programs}}