Spacebus

{{Infobox Spacecraft class

|image=Eurobird.JPG

| caption = Eutelsat 28A, a Spacebus 3000

|manufacturer = Thales Alenia Space

|country = {{flag|France}}

|applications = Communications

|orbits = Geostationary

|lifetime = 15 years

|status = In production

|built = 74

|orders = 7

|launched = 74

|operational =

|retired =

|failed = 1

|lost = 4

|first = 1985

|last = 20 August 2015

|lastretired =

|power = 16 kW

}}

Spacebus is a satellite bus produced at the Cannes Mandelieu Space Center in France by Thales Alenia Space. Spacebuses are typically used for geostationary communications satellites, and seventy-four have been launched since development started in the 1980s. Spacebus was originally produced by Aérospatiale and later passed to Alcatel Alenia Space. In 2006, it was sold to Thales Group as Thales Alenia Space.{{cite web|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/business/4878810.stm|title=Thales in Alcatel satellite deal|date=5 April 2006|publisher=BBC News |access-date=5 July 2009}}

The first Spacebus satellite, Arabsat-1A, was launched in 1985. Since then, seventy-four have been launched, with one more completed, and six outstanding orders. The launch of the 50th Spacebus satellite, Star One C1, occurred in November 2007.Christian Lardier, « Ariane-5 : un tir de l'industrie européenne – le 50e Spacebus », dans Air & Cosmos, N° 2100, du 16 novembre 2007 It was a Spacebus 3000B3, launched by an Ariane 5 rocket flying from the Guiana Space Centre in Kourou, French Guiana.

Several variants have been built: the early Spacebus 100 and Spacebus 300; followed by the Spacebus 2000, optimised for launch on the Ariane 4 carrier rocket; and the subsequent modular Spacebus 3000 and 4000 series, designed for use with the Ariane 5 rocket.

History

Aérospatiale had produced a number of satellites, including Symphonie, with the German company Messerschmitt. On 9 December 1983,Pierre Madon, « Satellites de télécommunications : demain les Spacebus - signature accord franco-allemand », dans Revue aerospatiale, N° 6, février 1984 the two companies signed the Franco-German Spacebus Agreement. The Spacebus designation was first applied to satellites which were under construction by Aérospatiale when the programme started. These included three satellites for Arabsat, which became the Spacebus 100 series, and five further satellites: two for Deutsche Bundespost, two for TéléDiffusion de France, and the Swedish Space Corporation's Tele-X, which became the Spacebus 300 series. Later series' names were followed by a number indicating the approximate mass of the bus in kilograms.For example, Spacebus 2000 means about 2,000 kg Spacebus designations were not retroactively applied to previously launched satellites.

Architecture

Spacebus satellites consist of a satellite bus, which provides power, propulsion, and other subsystems necessary for the satellite's operation, and a payload which is customisable according to the customer's requirements. The bus was designed to be adaptable to perform various missions; however, as of 2009, only communications satellites have been ordered. It was also designed to be adaptable when the capacity of launch systems increased.

The bus is made of carbon fibre with a composite honeycomb structure.{{when|date=August 2013}} It contains fuel tanks, equipment to interface with a carrier rocket, and other critical systems. External panels contain equipment such as solar panels, payload, and engine. The payload, developed separately from the bus, takes up three panels. Once it has been outfitted with transponders or other equipment, it is transported to Cannes-Mandelieu, where it is integrated onto the bus.

The satellites are powered by rigid solar panels. Several configurations are used depending on the amount of power the satellite requires. Batteries to store this power are produced by the Belgian company ETCA.{{which|date=August 2013}} Early satellites used nickel-hydrogen batteries, while later spacecraft use lithium-ion batteries.{{citation needed|date=August 2013}}

Spacebus satellites use bipropellant, liquid-fuelled chemical engines to achieve orbit and subsequently perform station-keeping. Electric propulsion was used on the Stentor and Astra 1K satellites, both of which were subsequently involved in launch failures. Spacebus Neo will be an electric propulsion satellite. A three-axis stabilisation system is used for attitude control.{{citation needed|date=August 2013}}

Models

Spacebus satellites are compatible with a large number of carrier rockets, particularly the Ariane family. As the Ariane's performance has increased, the satellites' capacities have increased accordingly.{{in lang|fr|en}} Guy Lebègue, (trad. Robert J. Amral), « Spacebus 3000: A Platform for 'Satellite Alliance' », in Revue aerospatiale, n°99, June 1993

=Spacebus 100 =

File:STS-51-G Arabsat 1-B deployment.jpg

Three Spacebus 100 satellites were produced for Arabsat to serve the 22 members of the Arab League.[https://web.archive.org/web/20021022201125/http://www.astronautix.com/craft/spaus100.htm#chrono Spacebus 100 chronology]

One of the solar panels on the first satellite, Arabsat-1A, failed to deploy, resulting in reduced power. This, combined with gyroscope issues, caused it to spend most of its operational lifespan as a reserve satellite.{{cite book|last=Harland|first=David M|author2=Lorenz, Ralph D. |title=Space Systems Failures|publisher=Springer-Praxis|location=Chichester|year=2005|edition=2006|isbn=0-387-21519-0|page=221}}

= Spacebus 300 =

Five direct-to-home television satellites were built using the Spacebus 300 bus, which provided {{convert|4.3|kW}} of power.[https://web.archive.org/web/20020227043301/http://www.astronautix.com/craft/spaus300.htm Spacebus 300]

= Spacebus 2000 =

File:Spacebus 2000.JPG-1, a Spacebus 2000]]

The Spacebus 2000 series was developed to use additional capacity provided by the Ariane 4. Its solar panels generated {{convert|3.5|kW}}.[https://web.archive.org/web/20020702070324/http://www.astronautix.com/craft/spas2000.htm Spacebus 2000]

= Spacebus 3000 =

The Spacebus 3000 was introduced around the time the Ariane 5 entered service. Spacebus 3000 satellites have masses from {{convert|2|to|6|t}} and produce between 5 and 16 kW. Increasingly larger payload fairings allowed larger spacecraft to be produced. In 1991, Aérospatiale, Alenia and Space Systems/Loral joined to form the Satellite Alliance.

The first version of the Spacebus 3000 was the Spacebus 3000A, originally developed for Arabsat.{{in lang|fr|en}} Guy Lebègue, (trad. Robert J. Amral), « Arabasat 2A: the new generation of Spacebus 3000 », in Revue aerospatiale, n°130, July 1996 They were also ordered by Shin Satellite of Thailand and China's Sino Satellite Communications Company.[http://www.astronautix.com/craft/spas3000.htm#chrono Spacebus 3000 chronology] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100323214926/http://www.astronautix.com/craft/spas3000.htm |date=23 March 2010 }}

Twelve 3000B2 satellites were ordered, five of them by Eutelsat for their W Series, one of which later became Eutelsat 28A. A sixth order from Eutelsat was for Eutelsat 8 West A. Nordic Satellite AB, a Scandinavian company that later became SES Sirius, ordered Sirius 2, a replacement for the Spacebus 300-based TeleX satellite. Spanish satellite operator Hispasat ordered two satellites, and Arabsat ordered one satellite, Arabsat-3A. The final two were ordered by the German Bundeswehr and were launched on 1 October 2009,[http://www.arianespace.com/news-mission-update/2009/644.asp Ariane 5 is poised for launch with a mixed civilian/military telecom satellite payload]

and in May 2010, respectively.[http://www.videocorner.tv/index.htm See the launch, live on Arianespace videocorner] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101004223738/http://www.videocorner.tv/index.htm |date=4 October 2010 }}

Nine B3 satellites were ordered, three for Eutelsat, two for Star One of Brazil, GE-12 for GE Americom, Turksat 2A for Turksat, and the Stentor experimental communications satellite for CNES. Stentor was lost in a launch failure on the maiden flight of the Ariane 5ECA. Galaxy 17 was successfully launched in 2007 for Intelsat.

= Spacebus 4000 =

File:Apstar 6.JPG, a Spacebus 4000C2]]

The Spacebus 4000 series was derived from the 3000 series[https://web.archive.org/web/20060225052432/http://astronautix.com/craft/spas4000.htm Spacebus 4000] but featured upgraded avionics. The voltage of the electrical system was increased from 50 volts to 100 volts, and an integrated onboard computer, designed to be more flexible than previous versions, was added. It was also the first satellite bus to be equipped with an attitude and orbit control system with star trackers designed for use in geostationary orbit.

The B series used the same basic structure as the 3000 series. The C version had a base measuring {{convert|2.2|x|2.0|m|ft}}.{{Citation needed|date=February 2024}}

Eight Spacebus 4000B2 satellites have been ordered: Bangabandhu-1 for Bangabandhu-1 of Bangladesh, Turksat 3A for Turksat, Thor 6 for Telenor of Norway, Nilesat 201 for Nilesat of Egypt,{{cite press|title=Thales Alenia Space wins Nilesat-201 satellite contract|date=3 June 2008 |url=https://www.satellitetoday.com/connectivity/2008/06/03/thales-alenia-space-wins-nilesat-201-satellite-contract/}} Athena-Fidus for the French and Italian space agencies CNES and ASI,[http://www.thalesgroup.com/Press_Releases/Markets/Space/2010/Thales_Alenia_Space_chosen_to_build_Athena-Fidus,_the_French-Italian_dual_telecommunications_system/?pid=1575&LangType=2057 THALES ALENIA SPACE CHOSEN TO BUILD ATHENA-FIDUS, THE FRENCH-ITALIAN DUAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927131208/http://www.thalesgroup.com/Press_Releases/Markets/Space/2010/Thales_Alenia_Space_chosen_to_build_Athena-Fidus,_the_French-Italian_dual_telecommunications_system/?pid=1575&LangType=2057 |date=27 September 2011 }} and Sicral-2 for the Italian Ministry of Defence and the French Defence Procurement Agency (DGA), a contract worth about €295m in total,[http://www.thalesgroup.com/Press_Releases/Markets/Space/2010/Thales_Alenia_Space_and_Telespazio_sign_contract_for_Sicral_2/?LangType=2057 THALES ALENIA SPACE AND TELESPAZIO SIGN CONTRACT FOR SICRAL 2] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224045538/http://www.thalesgroup.com/Press_Releases/Markets/Space/2010/Thales_Alenia_Space_and_Telespazio_sign_contract_for_Sicral_2/?LangType=2057 |date=24 February 2012 }} Koreasat-5A and Koreasat-7 for KTSAT and Telkom-3S for PT Telkom Indonesia.{{Cite web|url = https://www.thalesgroup.com/en/worldwide/space/press-release/thales-alenia-space-build-koreasat-7-and-koreasat-5a-satellites|title = THALES ALENIA SPACE TO BUILD KOREASAT-7 AND KOREASAT-5A SATELLITES|date = 12 May 2014|website = Thales Group}}

Spacebus 4000B3 satellites are {{convert|3.7|m}} in height and generate 8.5 kilowatts of power. So far, five have been ordered, including two for the French Délégation Générale pour l'Armement and two for RascomStar-QAF.{{cite web | url = http://www.arianespace.com/site/news/releases/07_12_21_release_index.html | title = Sixth successful Arianespace mission in 2007: RASCOM-QAF1 and Horizons-2 in orbit | publisher = Arianespace | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080125013421/http://www.arianespace.com/site/news/releases/07_12_21_release_index.html | archive-date = 25 January 2008}}

The fifth, Palapa D1 for Indosat, uses the ITAR-free configuration, and was launched by a Long March 3B in September 2009, but was initially placed in a low orbit.Chang Zheng-3B suffers third stage problem during Palapa-D launch, on Nasa Spaceflight, 2 September 2009, [http://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2009/08/chang-zheng-3b-suffers-third-stage-problem-palapa-d/ on line www.nasaspaceflight.com] Thales Alenia Space made corrections allowing the satellite to reach the planned geostationary transfer orbit on 3 September.Thales Alenia Space announced today that the Palapa-D communications satellite has been placed into a Geostationary Transfer Orbit (GTO), which will enable starting a nominal Launch Early Operation Phase, a Thales Alenia Space Press_Release, 3 September, [http://www.thalesgroup.com/Press_Releases/space_030909_Thales_Alenia_Space_statement_concerning_orbital_positioning_of_the_Palapa-D_satellite/?pid=1575 on line www.thalesgroup.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727113143/http://www.thalesgroup.com/Press_Releases/space_030909_Thales_Alenia_Space_statement_concerning_orbital_positioning_of_the_Palapa-D_satellite/?pid=1575 |date=27 July 2011 }} It finally reached geostationary orbit on 9 September.Palapa-D communications satellite now in geostationary orbit, Thales Alenia Space Press_Releases, 9 September 2009, [http://www.thalesgroup.com/Press_Releases/space_090909_Palapa-D_communications_satellite_now_in_geostationary_orbit/?pid=1575&LangType=2057 on line www.thalesgroup.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727113255/http://www.thalesgroup.com/Press_Releases/space_090909_Palapa-D_communications_satellite_now_in_geostationary_orbit/?pid=1575&LangType=2057 |date=27 July 2011 }} It is now undergoing on-orbit testing upon its arrival at 113° East about mid-September, where it will be used to provide communications to Asia and Australia. It has enough fuel for 10 years of service, according to Reynald Seznec, President of Thales Alenia Space, instead of the planned 15 years due to the orbit-raising maneuvers.{{cite web|url=http://www.spacenews.com/launch/palapa-d-salvaged-after-being-launched-into-wrong-orbit.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130105041315/http://www.spacenews.com/launch/palapa-d-salvaged-after-being-launched-into-wrong-orbit.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=5 January 2013|last=de Selding|first=Peter|date=11 September 2009|title=Palapa-D to be Salvaged After Being Launched into Wrong Orbit|publisher=Space News|access-date=11 September 2009}}Bi Mingxin, Indonesian satellite reaches preset orbit despite skewed launch, China view, 2009-09-12, [http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-09/12/content_12041666.htm on line news.xinhuanet.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090922192957/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/2009-09/12/content_12041666.htm |date=22 September 2009 }}

The first Rascom satellite, Rascom-QAF1, suffered a propulsion system failure during its first apogee manoeuvre on 21 December 2007. It was confirmed to have reached its final geostationary orbit at a longitude of 2.85° east on 4 February 2008, but with only two years of expected operational life, compared to the fifteen expected prior to launch.{{cite web| url = http://www.thalesonline.com/space/Press-Room/Press-Release-search-all/Press-Release-search-result/Press-Release-Article.html?link=0768523f-041b-607a-073f-380b13362507:central&locale=EN-gb&Title=RASCOM-QAF1+satellite+injected+in+final+geostationary+orbit&dis=1| title = RASCOM-QAF1 satellite injected in final geostationary orbit| publisher = Thales Alenia Space| url-status = dead| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080304005548/http://www.thalesonline.com/space/Press-Room/Press-Release-search-all/Press-Release-search-result/Press-Release-Article.html?link=0768523f-041b-607a-073f-380b13362507:central&locale=EN-gb&Title=RASCOM-QAF1+satellite+injected+in+final+geostationary+orbit&dis=1| archive-date = 4 March 2008}} On 9 September 2008, the Rascom-QAF1R satellite was ordered to replace it, also based on the 4000B3 bus.Thales Alenia Space to supply RASCOMSTAR-QAF with a new telecommunication satellite, Cannes, 9 September 2008, [http://www.thalesgroup.com/space/Press-Room/Press-Release-search-all/Press-Release-search-result/Press-Release-Article.html?link=082e0b59-1547-726e-0e68-08137c38205e:central&locale=EN-gb&Title=Thales+Alenia+Space+to+supply+RASCOMSTAR-QAF+with+a+new+telecommunication+satellite&dis=1 www.thalesgroup.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080914183956/http://www.thalesgroup.com/space/Press-Room/Press-Release-search-all/Press-Release-search-result/Press-Release-Article.html?link=082e0b59-1547-726e-0e68-08137c38205e:central&locale=EN-gb&Title=Thales+Alenia+Space+to+supply+RASCOMSTAR-QAF+with+a+new+telecommunication+satellite&dis=1 |date=14 September 2008 }}

The Spacebus 4000C1 has a height of {{convert|4|m}}, and is capable of generating 8.5 kilowatts of electricity. The only C1 to have been ordered so far is Koreasat 5 for Korea Telecom of South Korea. It was launched by a Sea Launch Zenit-3SL from the Ocean Odyssey platform on the equator, at 03:27 GMT on 22 August 2006.

The Spacebus 4000C2, which has a height of {{convert|4.5|m}}, generates 10.5 kilowatts of power. Five have been ordered, all using the ITAR-free option, by companies in the People's Republic of China. Chinasat, a state-owned company ordered two satellites, whilst the APT Satellite ordered three.[https://archive.today/20120913202715/http://www.spacenews.com/satellite_telecom/100430-apt-orders-backup-satellite.html APT Orders Backup Satellite from Thales Alenia Space a deal valued at 112.3 million euros ($148.7 million) including the satellite control center], SpaceNews, 30 April 2010 All were launched by Long March 3B rockets from Launch Area 2 at the Xichang Satellite Launch Centre.

Eight Spacebus 4000C3 satellites, each of which has a height of {{convert|5.1|m}} and generates 13 kilowatts of power, have been ordered. SES Americom and Eutelsat ordered two spacecraft each.Eutelsat awards W3B telecom satellite to Thales Alenia Space, Cannes, 26 February 2008, on [http://www.thalesonline.com/space/Press-Room/Press-Release-search-all/Press-Release-search-result/Press-Release-Article.html?link=41763452-5b03-0016-4815-2606153f4e09:central&locale=EN-gb&Title=Eutelsat+awards+W3B+telecom+satellite+to+Thales+Alenia+Space&dis=1 www.thalesonline.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080302000807/http://www.thalesonline.com/space/Press-Room/Press-Release-search-all/Press-Release-search-result/Press-Release-Article.html?link=41763452-5b03-0016-4815-2606153f4e09:central&locale=EN-gb&Title=Eutelsat+awards+W3B+telecom+satellite+to+Thales+Alenia+Space&dis=1 |date=2 March 2008 }}Eutelsat W3C ordered, Paris, 12 March 2009, [http://www.satellites.co.uk/satellite/daily-satellite-broadcast-industry-news/146190-eutelsat-w3c-ordered.html on line on www.satellites.co.uk]{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }} The Eutelsat spacecraft are being built using ITAR-free parts, and one of the satellites, Eutelsat W3B launched on an Ariane 5 on 2010-10-28 and was declared lost on 2010-10-30 due to a fuel leak.Eutelsat suffers spacecraft loss, BBC News 30 October 2010, [https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-11652320 Eutelsat suffers spacecraft loss] Eutelsat 21B was ordered by 9 June 2010.;Eutelsat Selects Thales Alenia Space to Build W6A Satellite, Satellite Today, 10 June 2010, [http://www.satellitetoday.com/st/topnews/Eutelsat-Selects-Thales-Alenia-Space-to-Build-W6A-Satellite_34301.html Eutelsat Selects Thales Alenia Space to Build W6A Satellite] and launched 10 November 2012;[http://www.forum-conquete-spatiale.fr/t14272p45-lancement-ariane-5-eca-va210-starone-c3-w6a-10-novembre-2012 Eutelsat 21B launched with success] Eutelsat W3D ordered on 3 December 2010;,[http://www.eutelsat.com/satellites/upcoming-launches.html Thales Alenia Space has been commissioned to build the W3D satellite that will replace the W3B spacecraft] launched 2013-05-14;[https://online.wsj.com/article/PR-CO-20130514-918125.html?mod=googlenews_wsj ILS Proton Successfully Launches EUTELSAT 3D for Eutelsat] Russian satellite operator Gazprom also ordered two satellites for its Yamal (satellite constellation) programmeGazprom & Thales Alenia Space signed the contract for manufacturing 2 Yamal-400 comm. satellites, Cannes, 05 February 2009, Thales Alenia Space Press release, [http://www.thalesgroup.com/space/Press-Room/Press-Release-search-all/Press-Release-search-result/Press-Release-Article.html?link=142a0330-743f-4369-414a-5e3d4d204c01:central&locale=EN-gb&Title=Gazprom+%26+Thales+Alenia+Space+signed+the+contract+for+manufacturing+2+Yamal-400+comm.+satellites&dis=1 on line www.thalesgroup.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090227184317/http://www.thalesgroup.com/space/Press-Room/Press-Release-search-all/Press-Release-search-result/Press-Release-Article.html?link=142a0330-743f-4369-414a-5e3d4d204c01:central&locale=EN-gb&Title=Gazprom+%26+Thales+Alenia+Space+signed+the+contract+for+manufacturing+2+Yamal-400+comm.+satellites&dis=1 |date=27 February 2009 }}—the first time it had procured Yamal spacecraft that were not manufactured in Russia. Only one will be a Spacebus, the second one is based on an Express-2000 platform.[http://www.thalesgroup.com/Pages/PressRelease.aspx?id=12963 THALES ALENIA SPACE ANNOUNCES START OF YAMAL-400 PROGRAMME] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120224045905/http://www.thalesgroup.com/Pages/PressRelease.aspx?id=12963 |date=24 February 2012 }}

The Spacebus 4000C4 bus is {{convert|5.5|m}} high and can generate 16 kilowatts of power with its solar panels. Four have been ordered so far: Ciel 2 for Ciel Satellite of Canada, which was launched on 10 December 2008,Successful launch for Ciel II satellite built by Thales Alenia Space, Thales Alenia Space Press release, 10 December 2008, [http://www.thalesgroup.com/space/Press-Room/Press-Release-search-all/Press-Release-search-result/Press-Release-Article.html?locale=EN-gb on line www.thalesonline.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081125014840/http://www.thalesgroup.com/space/Press-Room/Press-Release-search-all/Press-Release-search-result/Press-Release-Article.html?locale=EN-gb |date=25 November 2008 }} and three spacecraft for Eutelsat, W2A,Eutelsat-W2, [http://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/eutelsat-w2a.htm On line space.skyrocket.de] W7, launched by Proton on 23 November 2009. and Eutelsat-8 West B, ordered on 11 October 2012.[https://archive.today/20130203215250/http://www.thalesgroup.com/Press_Releases/Markets/Space/2012/Eutelsat_W8B_contract/?pid=1650 Eutelsat selects Thales Alenia Space to build the EUTELSAT 8 West B satellite, boosting satellite broadcasting resources in the Middle East and North Africa]

= Ekspress-4000 =

On 6 December 2007, Thales Alenia Space signed an agreement with NPO PM of Russia to jointly develop the Ekspress-4000 bus, based on the Spacebus 4000.Thales Alenia Space and NPO-PM to finalize an industrial cooperation agreement, Cannes, 6 December 2007, [http://www.spacemart.com/reports/Thales_Alenia_Space_And_NPO_PM_To_Finalize_An_Industrial_Cooperation_Agreement_999.html www.thalesonline.com/space/Press-Room] The Ekspress-4000 is designed for direct injection into geostationary orbit by a Proton-M rocket.

Spacebus NEO

File:Satellite Konnect.jpg

In 2014, Thales Alenia Space started the development of a new family - Spacebus NEO. These new platforms will be available in various propulsion versions, including an all-electric one. The all-electric Spacebus NEO, capable of carrying payloads weighing over 1,400 kg, and with power exceeding 16 kW, will be available starting in mid-2015.Thales Alenia Space This Spacebus Has Terrific Options...Variety of Versions, in Satnews Daily, 9 September 2014, [http://www.satnews.com/story.php?number=13185747 Thales Alenia Space This Spacebus Has Terrific Options...Variety Of Versions]

References

External links

[http://www.astronautix.com/com/craft Encyclopedia Astronautica]{{dead link|date=January 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}, particularly the permanent following of satellite orbital positions
[http://space.skyrocket.de/ Gunter’s Space Page], and its exhaustive lists of platforms, satellites and chronologies for all launchers
[https://web.archive.org/web/20070529023731/http://www.sciencepresse.qc.ca/clafleur/Spacecrafts-index.html The Spacecraft Encyclopedia] and its chronological list of all satellites launched with detailed information
[https://web.archive.org/web/20110727113046/http://www.thalesgroup.com/Markets/Space/Home/?locale=EN-gb&LangType=2057 The Thales Alenia Space website] Manufacturer documentation and press releases
[http://www.spacemart.com/ Spacemart], press releases
[http://www.spacenewsfeed.co.uk/ Space Newsfeed], press releases
[https://web.archive.org/web/20090912044830/http://www.videocorner.tv/index.php?langue=en Watch an Ariane 5 launch]

Category:Satellite buses

Category:European space programmes