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Specific modulus

{{Short description|Ratio of stiffness to mass for a material}}

Specific modulus is a materials property consisting of the elastic modulus per mass density of a material. It is also known as the stiffness to weight ratio or specific stiffness. High specific modulus materials find wide application in aerospace applications where minimum structural weight is required. The dimensional analysis yields units of distance squared per time squared. The equation can be written as:

: \text{specific modulus} = E/\rho

where E is the elastic modulus and \rho is the density.

The utility of specific modulus is to find materials which will produce structures with minimum weight, when the primary design limitation is deflection or physical deformation, rather than load at breaking—this is also known as a "stiffness-driven" structure. Many common structures are stiffness-driven over much of their use, such as airplane wings, bridges, masts, and bicycle frames.

To emphasize the point, consider the issue of choosing a material for building an airplane. Aluminum seems obvious because it is "lighter" than steel, but steel is stronger than aluminum, so one could imagine using thinner steel components to save weight without sacrificing (tensile) strength. The problem with this idea is that there would be a significant sacrifice of stiffness, allowing, e.g., wings to flex unacceptably. Because it is stiffness, not tensile strength, that drives this kind of decision for airplanes, we say that they are stiffness-driven.

The connection details of such structures may be more sensitive to strength (rather than stiffness) issues due to effects of stress risers.

Specific modulus is not to be confused with specific strength, a term that compares strength to density.

Applications

= Specific stiffness in tension =

The use of specific stiffness in tension applications is straightforward. Both stiffness in tension and total mass for a given length are directly proportional to cross-sectional area. Thus performance of a beam in tension will depend on Young's modulus divided by density.

= Specific stiffness in buckling and bending =

Specific stiffness can be used in the design of beams subject to bending or Euler buckling, since bending and buckling are stiffness-driven. However, the role that density plays changes depending on the problem's constraints.

== Beam with fixed dimensions; goal is weight reduction ==

Examining the formulas for buckling and deflection, we see that the force required to achieve a given deflection or to achieve buckling depends directly on Young's modulus.

Examining the density formula, we see that the mass of a beam depends directly on the density.

Thus if a beam's cross-sectional dimensions are constrained and weight reduction is the primary goal, performance of the beam will depend on Young's modulus divided by density.

== Beam with fixed weight; goal is increased stiffness ==

By contrast, if a beam's weight is fixed, its cross-sectional dimensions are unconstrained, and increased stiffness is the primary goal, the performance of the beam will depend on Young's modulus divided by either density squared or cubed. This is because a beam's overall stiffness, and thus its resistance to Euler buckling when subjected to an axial load and to deflection when subjected to a bending moment, is directly proportional to both the Young's modulus of the beam's material and the second moment of area (area moment of inertia) of the beam.

Comparing the list of area moments of inertia with formulas for area gives the appropriate relationship for beams of various configurations.

=== Beam's cross-sectional area increases in two dimensions ===

Consider a beam whose cross-sectional area increases in two dimensions, e.g. a solid round beam or a solid square beam.

By combining the area and density formulas, we can see that the radius of this beam will vary with approximately the inverse of the square of the density for a given mass.

By examining the formulas for area moment of inertia, we can see that the stiffness of this beam will vary approximately as the fourth power of the radius.

Thus the second moment of area will vary approximately as the inverse of the density squared, and performance of the beam will depend on Young's modulus divided by density squared.

=== Beam's cross-sectional area increases in one dimension ===

Consider a beam whose cross-sectional area increases in one dimension, e.g. a thin-walled round beam or a rectangular beam whose height but not width is varied.

By combining the area and density formulas, we can see that the radius or height of this beam will vary with approximately the inverse of the density for a given mass.

By examining the formulas for area moment of inertia, we can see that the stiffness of this beam will vary approximately as the third power of the radius or height.

Thus the second moment of area will vary approximately as the inverse of the cube of the density, and performance of the beam will depend on Young's modulus divided by density cubed.

However, caution must be exercised in using this metric. Thin-walled beams are ultimately limited by local buckling and lateral-torsional buckling. These buckling modes depend on material properties other than stiffness and density, so the stiffness-over-density-cubed metric is at best a starting point for analysis. For example, most wood species score better than most metals on this metric, but many metals can be formed into useful beams with much thinner walls than could be achieved with wood, given wood's greater vulnerability to local buckling. The performance of thin-walled beams can also be greatly modified by relatively minor variations in geometry such as flanges and stiffeners.{{Cite web |url=http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/IIT-MADRAS/Design_Steel_Structures_II/5_cold_form_steel/3_local_buckling.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2010-11-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110627003741/http://nptel.iitm.ac.in/courses/IIT-MADRAS/Design_Steel_Structures_II/5_cold_form_steel/3_local_buckling.pdf |archive-date=2011-06-27 |url-status=dead }}{{Cite web |url=http://www.bgstructuralengineering.com/BGSCM/BGSCM008/Flexure/BGSCM0080205.htm |title=Flange Local Buckling |access-date=2010-11-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100527070319/http://www.bgstructuralengineering.com/BGSCM/BGSCM008/Flexure/BGSCM0080205.htm |archive-date=2010-05-27 |url-status=dead }}{{cite book|url=http://catalogue.nla.gov.au/Record/4024828|title=Local buckling and crippling of composite stiffener sections|first1=David L.|last1=Bonanni|first2=Eric R.|last2=Johnson|first3=James H.|last3=Starnes|date=31 July 1988|publisher=College of Engineering, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University|via=National Library of Australia (new catalog)|series=Nasa-Tm}}

= Stiffness versus strength in bending =

Note that the ultimate strength of a beam in bending depends on the ultimate strength of its material and its section modulus, not its stiffness and second moment of area. Its deflection, however, and thus its resistance to Euler buckling, will depend on these two latter values.

Approximate specific stiffness for various materials

File:Specific stiffness of materials.svg

File:Specific stiffness of materials detail view.svg

class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"

|+ Approximate specific stiffness for various materials. No attempt is made to correct for materials whose stiffness varies with their density.

Material

! Young's modulus (GPa)

! Density (g/cm3)

! Young's modulus per density; specific stiffness (106 m2s−2)

! Young's modulus per density squared (103 m5kg−1s−2)

! Young's modulus per density cubed (m8kg−2s−2)

!Reference

style="text-align:left;"| Latex foam, low density, 10% compression{{cite web|url=http://vitaldoc.lgm.gov.my:8060/vital/access/services/Download/vital1:24307/ARTICLE|title=A Density — Compression Modulus Relationship For Latex Foam}}

| {{Nts|5.9e-07}}

| {{Nts|0.06}}

| {{Nts|9.83e-06}}

| {{Nts|0.000164}}

| {{Nts|0.00273}}

|

Reversible Assembled Cellular Composite Materials

|{{Nts|0.0123}}

|{{Nts|.0072}}

|{{Nts|1.71}}

|{{Nts|237}}

|{{Nts|32953}}

|{{Cite web |date=2013-08-16 |title=Toylike blocks make lightweight, strong structures |url=https://www.sciencenews.org/article/toylike-blocks-make-lightweight-strong-structures |access-date=2024-03-21 |language=en-US}}{{Cite journal |last1=Schaedler |first1=Tobias A. |last2=Jacobsen |first2=Alan J. |last3=Carter |first3=Wiliam B. |date=2013-09-13 |title=Toward Lighter, Stiffer Materials |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.1243996 |journal=Science |language=en |volume=341 |issue=6151 |pages=1181–1182 |doi=10.1126/science.1243996 |pmid=24031005 |bibcode=2013Sci...341.1181S |issn=0036-8075|url-access=subscription }}

Self Reprogrammable Mechanical Metamaterials

|{{Nts|0.0011129}}

|{{Nts|0.0103}}

|{{Nts|0.108}}

|{{Nts|10.5}}

|{{Nts|1018}}

|{{Cite web |last=Coldewey |first=Devin |date=2024-01-17 |title=NASA's robotic, self-assembling structures could be the next phase of space construction |url=https://techcrunch.com/2024/01/17/nasas-robotic-self-assembling-structures-could-be-the-next-phase-of-space-construction/ |access-date=2024-03-21 |website=TechCrunch |language=en-US}}{{Cite web |date=2024-01-17 |title=Robot Team Builds High-Performance Digital Structure for NASA - NASA |url=https://www.nasa.gov/general/robot-team-builds-high-performance-digital-structure-for-nasa/ |access-date=2024-03-21 |language=en-US}}

style="text-align:left;" | Latex foam, low density, 40% compression{{cite web|url=http://vitaldoc.lgm.gov.my:8060/vital/access/services/Download/vital1:24307/ARTICLE|title=A Density — Compression Modulus Relationship For Latex Foam}}

| {{Nts|1.8e-06}}

| {{Nts|0.06}}

| {{Nts|3e-05}}

| {{Nts|0.0005}}

| {{Nts|0.00833}}

|

style="text-align:left;" | Latex foam, high density, 10% compression{{cite web|url=http://vitaldoc.lgm.gov.my:8060/vital/access/services/Download/vital1:24307/ARTICLE|title=A Density — Compression Modulus Relationship For Latex Foam}}

| {{Nts|1.3e-05}}

| {{Nts|0.2}}

| {{Nts|6.5e-05}}

| {{Nts|0.000325}}

| {{Nts|0.00162}}

|

style="text-align:left;" | Latex foam, high density, 40% compression{{cite web|url=http://vitaldoc.lgm.gov.my:8060/vital/access/services/Download/vital1:24307/ARTICLE|title=A Density — Compression Modulus Relationship For Latex Foam}}

| {{Nts|3.8e-05}}

| {{Nts|0.2}}

| {{Nts|0.00019}}

| {{Nts|0.00095}}

| {{Nts|0.00475}}

|

style="text-align:left;" | Silica aerogel, medium density{{cite journal|last1=Alaoui|first1=Adil Hafidi|last2=Woignier|first2=Thierry|last3=Scherer|first3=George W.|last4=Phalippou|first4=Jean|title=Comparison between flexural and uniaxial compression tests to measure the elastic modulus of silica aerogel|journal=Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids|volume=354|issue=40–41|year=2008|pages=4556–4561|issn=0022-3093|doi=10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2008.06.014|bibcode=2008JNCS..354.4556A}}

| {{Nts|0.00035}}

| {{Nts|0.09}}

| {{Nts|0.00389}}

| {{Nts|0.0432}}

| {{Nts|0.48}}

|

style="text-align:left;" | Rubber (small strain)

| {{Nts|0.055}}±0.045

| {{Nts|1.055}}±0.145{{cite web|url=http://www.engineeringtoolbox.com/density-solids-d_1265.html|title=Densities of Solids|website=www.engineeringtoolbox.com}}

| {{Nts|0.059}}±0.051

| {{Nts|0.06345}}±0.05655

| {{Nts|0.0679}}±0.0621

|

style="text-align:left;" | Expanded polystrene (EPS) foam, low density (1{{nbsp}}lb/ft3){{cite web|url=https://www.foambymail.com/polystyrene-foam-sheet.html|title=Polystyrene Foam (EPS) Physical Data Sheet}}

| {{Nts|0.00137}}

| {{Nts|0.016}}

| {{Nts|0.086}}

| {{Nts|5.35}}

| {{Nts|334}}

|

style="text-align:left;" | Silica aerogel, high density{{cite journal|last1=Alaoui|first1=Adil Hafidi|last2=Woignier|first2=Thierry|last3=Scherer|first3=George W.|last4=Phalippou|first4=Jean|title=Comparison between flexural and uniaxial compression tests to measure the elastic modulus of silica aerogel|journal=Journal of Non-Crystalline Solids|volume=354|issue=40–41|year=2008|pages=4556–4561|issn=0022-3093|doi=10.1016/j.jnoncrysol.2008.06.014|bibcode=2008JNCS..354.4556A}}

| {{Nts|0.024}}

| {{Nts|0.25}}

| {{Nts|0.096}}

| {{Nts|0.384}}

| {{Nts|1.54}}

|

style="text-align:left;" | Expanded polystrene (EPS) foam, medium density (3{{nbsp}}lb/ft3){{cite web|url=https://www.foambymail.com/polystyrene-foam-sheet.html|title=Polystyrene Foam (EPS) Physical Data Sheet}}

| {{Nts|0.00524}}

| {{Nts|0.048}}

| {{Nts|0.11}}

| {{Nts|2.3}}

| {{Nts|47}}

|

style="text-align:left;" | Low-density polyethylene

| {{Nts|0.2}}

| {{Nts|0.925}}±0.015

| {{Nts|0.215}}±0.005

| {{Nts|0.235}}±0.005

| {{Nts|0.255}}±0.015

|

style="text-align:left;" | PTFE (Teflon)

| {{Nts|0.5}}

| {{Nts|2.2}}

| {{Nts|0.23}}

| {{Nts|0.10}}

| {{Nts|0.047}}

|

style="text-align:left;" | Duocel aluminum foam, 8% density{{cite web|url=http://ergaerospace.com/materials/duocel-aluminum-foam/ |title=Physical Characteristics of Duocel® Aluminum Foam* (8% Nominal Density 6101-T6)}}

| {{Nts|0.102}}

| {{Nts|0.216}}

| {{Nts|0.472}}

| {{Nts|2.19}}

| {{Nts|10.1}}

|

style="text-align:left;" | Extruded polystrene (XPS) foam, medium density (Foamular 400){{cite web|url=http://www.foamular.com/assets/0/144/172/174/1fb2fb08-5923-46de-b387-f4bdc3f68d50.pdf|title=FOAMULAR® Extruded Polystyrene (XPS) Insulation SI and I-P Units for Selected Properties - Technical Bulletin}}{{cite web|url=http://insulation.owenscorning.ca/assets/0/188/1c2c8d2d-4fe5-4038-970c-9028b3af7414.pdf|title=High Density Extruded Polystyrene Rigid Insulation}}

| {{Nts|0.013789}}

| {{Nts|0.0289}}

| {{Nts|0.48}}

| {{Nts|16.5}}

| {{Nts|571}}

|

style="text-align:left;" | Extruded polystrene (XPS) foam, high density (Foamular 1000){{cite web|url=http://www.foamular.com/assets/0/144/172/174/1fb2fb08-5923-46de-b387-f4bdc3f68d50.pdf|title=FOAMULAR® Extruded Polystyrene (XPS) Insulation SI and I-P Units for Selected Properties - Technical Bulletin}}{{cite web|url=http://insulation.owenscorning.ca/assets/0/188/1c2c8d2d-4fe5-4038-970c-9028b3af7414.pdf|title=High Density Extruded Polystyrene Rigid Insulation}}

| {{Nts|0.02551}}

| {{Nts|0.0481}}

| {{Nts|0.53}}

| {{Nts|11}}

| {{Nts|229}}

|

style="text-align:left;" | HDPE

| {{Nts|0.8}}

| {{Nts|0.95}}{{cite web |url=http://dynalabcorp.com/technical_info_hd_polyethylene.asp |title=Archived copy |website=dynalabcorp.com |access-date=15 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031118100625/http://dynalabcorp.com/technical_info_hd_polyethylene.asp |archive-date=18 November 2003 |url-status=dead}}

| {{Nts|0.84}}

| {{Nts|0.89}}

| {{Nts|0.93}}

|

style="text-align:left;" | Duocel copper foam, 8% density{{cite web|url=http://ergaerospace.com/materials/duocel-copper-foam/ |title=Physical Characteristics of Duocel® Copper Foam* (8% Nominal Density C10100)}}

| {{Nts|0.736}}

| {{Nts|0.717}}

| {{Nts|1.03}}

| {{Nts|1.43}}

| {{Nts|2}}

|

style="text-align:left;" | Polypropylene{{cite web|url=http://www.goodfellow.com/E/Polypropylene.html|title=Polypropylene - online catalogue source - supplier of research materials in small quantities - Goodfellow|last=www.goodfellow.com|website=www.goodfellow.com}}

| {{Nts|1.2}}±0.3

| {{Nts|0.9}}

| {{Nts|1.33}}±0.33

| {{Nts|1.48}}±0.37

| {{Nts|1.65}}±0.41

|

style="text-align:left;" | Polyethylene terephthalate

| {{Nts|2.35}}±0.35

| {{Nts|1.4125}}±0.0425

| {{Nts|1.7}}±0.3

| {{Nts|1.17}}±0.23

| {{Nts|0.875}}±0.225

|

style="text-align:left;" | Nylon

| {{Nts|3.0}}±1.0

| {{Nts|1.15}}

| {{Nts|2.6}}±0.9

| {{Nts|2.25}}±0.75

| {{Nts|1.95}}±0.65

|

style="text-align:left;" | Polystyrene

| {{Nts|3.25}}±0.25

| {{Nts|1.05}}

| {{Nts|3.1}}±0.2

| {{Nts|2.95}}±0.25

| {{Nts|2.8}}±0.2

|

style="text-align:left;" | Biaxially-oriented Polypropylene

| {{Nts|3.2}}±1.0

| {{Nts|0.9}}

| {{Nts|3.56}}±1.11

| {{Nts|3.95}}±1.23

| {{Nts|4.39}}±1.37

|

style="text-align:left;" | Medium-density fibreboard

| {{Nts|4}}

| {{Nts|0.75}}{{Cite web |url=http://www.makeitfrom.com/data/?material=MDF |title=Material Properties Data: Medium Density Fiberboard (MDF) |access-date=2010-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110519140920/http://www.makeitfrom.com/data/?material=MDF |archive-date=2011-05-19 |url-status=dead }}

| {{Nts|5.3}}

| {{Nts|7.1}}

| {{Nts|9.5}}

|

style="text-align:left;" | Titanium foam, low density{{cite journal|last1=Dunand|first1=D. C.|title=Processing of Titanium Foams|journal=Advanced Engineering Materials|volume=6|issue=6|year=2004|pages=369–376|issn=1438-1656|doi=10.1002/adem.200405576|s2cid=15118192 |url=http://hotmetals.ms.northwestern.edu/refs/files/AEM04-TiFoamReview.pdf}}

| {{Nts|5.3}}

| {{Nts|0.991}}

| {{Nts|5.35}}

| {{Nts|5.4}}

| {{Nts|5.45}}

|

style="text-align:left;" | Titanium foam, high density{{cite journal|last1=Dunand|first1=D. C.|title=Processing of Titanium Foams|journal=Advanced Engineering Materials|volume=6|issue=6|year=2004|pages=369–376|issn=1438-1656|doi=10.1002/adem.200405576|s2cid=15118192 |url=http://hotmetals.ms.northwestern.edu/refs/files/AEM04-TiFoamReview.pdf}}

| {{Nts|20}}

| {{Nts|3.15}}

| {{Nts|6.35}}

| {{Nts|2.02}}

| {{Nts|0.64}}

|

style="text-align:left;" | Foam glass{{cite web |url=https://www.crossroadsci.com/Portals/0/documents/data_sheets/industrial/foamglas_pipe_insulation.pdf |title=PHYSICAL AND THERMAL PROPERTIES OF FOAMGLAS® ONE™ INSULATION}}

| {{Nts|0.9}}

| {{Nts|0.12}}

| {{Nts|7.5}}

| {{Nts|62.5}}

| {{Nts|521}}

|

style="text-align:left;" | Copper (Cu)

| {{Nts|117}}

| {{Nts|8.94}}

| {{Nts|13}}

| {{Nts|1.5}}

| {{Nts|0.16}}

|

style="text-align:left;" | Brass and bronze

| {{Nts|112.5}}±12.5

| {{Nts|8.565}}±0.165

| {{Nts|13.0}}±2.0

| {{Nts|1.55}}±0.25

| {{Nts|0.18}}±0.03

|

style="text-align:left;" | Zinc (Zn)

| {{Nts|108}}

| {{Nts|7.14}}

| {{Nts|15}}

| {{Nts|2.1}}

| {{Nts|0.29}}

|

style="text-align:left;" | Oak wood (along grain)

| {{Nts|11}}

| {{Nts|0.76}}±0.17{{cite web|url=http://www.simetric.co.uk/si_wood.htm|title=Mass, Weight, Density or Specific Gravity of Wood|website=www.simetric.co.uk}}

| {{Nts|15.5}}±3.5

| {{Nts|22.5}}±9.5

| {{Nts|34.0}}±20.0

|

style="text-align:left;" | Concrete (under compression)

| {{Nts|40}}±10

| {{Nts|2.4}}

| {{Nts|17}}±4

| {{Nts|6.95}}±1.75

| {{Nts|2.9}}±0.7

|

style="text-align:left;" | Glass-reinforced plastic{{cite web|url=http://www.substech.com/dokuwiki/doku.php?id=polyester_matrix_composite_reinforced_by_glass_fibers_fiberglass|title=Polyester Matrix Composite reinforced by glass fibers (Fiberglass) [SubsTech]|website=www.substech.com}}{{cite web|url=http://www.matweb.com/search/datasheet.aspx?matguid=3f2253a553404b13893830617250b5d8&ckck=1|title=MatWeb - The Online Materials Information Resource|website=www.matweb.com}}{{cite web|url=http://www.fiberglassrebar.com/mat_properties.htm|title=V-Rod fiberglass rebar - Retaining walls|last=VROD}}

| {{Nts|31.65}}±14.45

| {{Nts|1.8}}

| {{Nts|18}}±8

| {{Nts|9.65}}±4.35

| {{Nts|5.4}}±2.5

|

style="text-align:left;" | Pine wood

| {{Nts|8.963}}

| {{Nts|0.505}}±0.155

| {{Nts|20}}±6

| {{Nts|47}}±26

| {{Nts|120}}±89

|

style="text-align:left;" | Balsa, low density (4.4 lb/ft3){{cite journal |last1=Sabate |first1=Borrega |last2=Gibson |first2=Lorna J. |date=May 2015 |title=Mechanics of balsa (Ochroma pyramidale) wood |url=https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/108580 |journal=Mechanics of Materials |volume=84 |pages=75–90 |doi=10.1016/j.mechmat.2015.01.014 |bibcode=2015MechM..84...75B |hdl=1721.1/108580 |s2cid=54736632 |access-date=2019-08-09 |hdl-access=free }}

| {{Nts|1.41}}

| {{Nts|0.071}}

| {{Nts|20}}

| {{Nts|280}}

| {{Nts|3940}}

|

style="text-align:left;" | Tungsten (W)

| {{Nts|400}}

| {{Nts|19.25}}

| {{Nts|21}}

| {{Nts|1.1}}

| {{Nts|0.056}}

|

style="text-align:left;" | Sitka spruce green{{cite web|url=http://www.sitkaspruce.nl/product_1.html|title=Touchwood BV - Sitka Spruce|website=www.sitkaspruce.nl}}[http://www.allbusiness.com/education-training/academic-standards-testing-academic/11677688-1.html]{{dead link|date=August 2018}}{{Cite web |url=https://fp.auburn.edu/sfws/sfnmc/class/ss.html |title=Sitka Spruce |access-date=2010-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716073337/https://fp.auburn.edu/sfws/sfnmc/class/ss.html |archive-date=2011-07-16 |url-status=dead }}

| {{Nts|8.7}}±0.7

| {{Nts|0.37}}

| {{Nts|23.5}}±2

| {{Nts|64}}±5

| {{Nts|172}}±13

|

style="text-align:left;" | Osmium (Os)

| {{Nts|550}}

| {{Nts|22.59}}

| {{Nts|24}}

| {{Nts|1.1}}

| {{Nts|0.048}}

|

style="text-align:left;" | Balsa, medium density (10 lb/ft3){{cite journal |last1=Sabate |first1=Borrega |last2=Gibson |first2=Lorna J. |date=May 2015 |title=Mechanics of balsa (Ochroma pyramidale) wood |url=https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/108580 |journal=Mechanics of Materials |volume=84 |pages=75–90 |doi=10.1016/j.mechmat.2015.01.014 |bibcode=2015MechM..84...75B |hdl=1721.1/108580 |s2cid=54736632 |access-date=2019-08-09 |hdl-access=free }}

| {{Nts|3.86}}

| {{Nts|0.163}}

| {{Nts|24}}

| {{Nts|145}}

| {{Nts|891}}

|

style="text-align:left;" | Steel

| {{Nts|200}}

| {{Nts|7.9}}±0.15

| {{Nts|25}}±0.5

| {{Nts|3.2}}±0.1

| {{Nts|0.41}}±0.02

|

style="text-align:left;" | Titanium alloys

| {{Nts|112.5}}±7.5

| {{Nts|4.5}}

| {{Nts|25}}±2

| {{Nts|5.55}}±0.35

| {{Nts|1.23}}±0.08

|

style="text-align:left;" | Balsa, high density (16 lb/ft3){{cite journal |last1=Sabate |first1=Borrega |last2=Gibson |first2=Lorna J. |date=May 2015 |title=Mechanics of balsa (Ochroma pyramidale) wood |url=https://dspace.mit.edu/handle/1721.1/108580 |journal=Mechanics of Materials |volume=84 |pages=75–90 |doi=10.1016/j.mechmat.2015.01.014 |bibcode=2015MechM..84...75B |hdl=1721.1/108580 |s2cid=54736632 |access-date=2019-08-09 |hdl-access=free }}

| {{Nts|6.57}}

| {{Nts|0.265}}

| {{Nts|25}}

| {{Nts|94}}

| {{Nts|353}}

|

style="text-align:left;" | Wrought iron

| {{Nts|200}}±10

| {{Nts|7.7}}±0.2

| {{Nts|26}}±2

| {{Nts|3.35}}±0.35

| {{Nts|0.445}}±0.055

|

style="text-align:left;" | Magnesium metal (Mg)

| {{Nts|45}}

| {{Nts|1.738}}

| {{Nts|26}}

| {{Nts|15}}

| {{Nts|8.6}}

|

style="text-align:left;" | Sitka spruce dry

| {{Nts|10.4}}±0.8

| {{Nts|0.4}}

| {{Nts|26}}±2

| {{Nts|65}}±5

| {{Nts|162}}±12

|

style="text-align:left;" | Macor machineable glass-ceramic{{Cite web |url=http://www.corning.com/assets/0/965/3557/3577/3615/71759a443535431395eb34ebead091cb.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2015-04-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150413161426/http://www.corning.com/assets/0/965/3557/3577/3615/71759a443535431395eb34ebead091cb.pdf |archive-date=2015-04-13 |url-status=dead }}

| {{Nts|66.9}}

| {{Nts|2.52}}

| {{Nts|26.55}}

| {{Nts|10.53}}

| {{Nts|8.14}}

|

style="text-align:left;" | Cordierite{{cite web|url=https://www.ceramicindustry.com/ext/resources/pdfs/2013-CCD-Material-Charts.pdf|title=Ceramic Industry 2013 Material Properties Chart|access-date=2019-08-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222023911/http://www.ceramicindustry.com/ext/resources/pdfs/2013-CCD-Material-Charts.pdf|archive-date=2016-02-22|url-status=dead}}

| {{Nts|70}}

| {{Nts|2.6}}

| {{Nts|26.9}}

| {{Nts|10.4}}

| {{Nts|3.98}}

|

style="text-align:left;" | Glass

| {{Nts|70}}±20

| {{Nts|2.6}}±0.2{{cite web

| url=https://hypertextbook.com/facts/2004/ShayeStorm.shtml

| title=Density of glass

| first=Shaye

| last=Storm

| year=2004

| website=The Physics Factbook

| editor-last=Elert

| editor-first=Glenn

| accessdate=2022-01-24

}}

| {{Nts|28}}±10

| {{Nts|11.2}}±4.8

| {{Nts|4.4}}±2.1

|

style="text-align:left;" | Tooth enamel (largely calcium phosphate)

| {{Nts|83}}

| {{Nts|2.8}}{{cite journal|first=J. A.|last=Weatherell|date=1 May 1975|journal=British Medical Bulletin|volume=31|issue=2|pages=115–119|doi=10.1093/oxfordjournals.bmb.a071263|pmid=1164600|title=Composition of Dental Enamel}}

| {{Nts|30}}

| {{Nts|11}}

| {{Nts|3.8}}

|

style="text-align:left;" | E-Glass fiber{{Cite web |url=http://www.rapra.net/composites/material-selection/reinforcement-types.asp |title=Reinforcement types |access-date=2010-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101220143522/http://www.rapra.net/composites/material-selection/reinforcement-types.asp |archive-date=2010-12-20 |url-status=dead }}{{cite web|url=https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=764|title=E-Glass Fibre|date=30 August 2001|website=AZoM.com}}

| {{Nts|81}}

| {{Nts|2.62}}

| {{Nts|31}}

| {{Nts|12}}

| {{Nts|4.5}}

|

style="text-align:left;" | Molybdenum (Mo)

| {{Nts|329}}

| {{Nts|10.28}}

| {{Nts|32}}

| {{Nts|3.1}}

| {{Nts|0.30}}

|

style="text-align:left;" | Basalt fiber

| {{Nts|89}}

| {{Nts|2.7}}

| {{Nts|33}}

| {{Nts|12}}

| {{Nts|4.5}}

|

style="text-align:left;" | Zirconia{{cite web|url=https://www.ceramicindustry.com/ext/resources/pdfs/2013-CCD-Material-Charts.pdf|title=Ceramic Industry 2013 Material Properties Chart|access-date=2019-08-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222023911/http://www.ceramicindustry.com/ext/resources/pdfs/2013-CCD-Material-Charts.pdf|archive-date=2016-02-22|url-status=dead}}

| {{Nts|207}}

| {{Nts|6.04}}

| {{Nts|34.3}}

| {{Nts|5.67}}

| {{Nts|0.939}}

|

style="text-align:left;" | Tungsten carbide (WC)

| {{Nts|550}}±100

| {{Nts|15.8}}

| {{Nts|34.5}}±6.5

| {{Nts|2.2}}±0.4

| {{Nts|0.135}}±0.025

|

style="text-align:left;" | S-Glass fiber{{cite web|url=https://www.azom.com/article.aspx?ArticleID=769|title=S-Glass Fibre|date=30 August 2001|website=AZoM.com}}

| {{Nts|89}}

| {{Nts|2.5}}

| {{Nts|36}}

| {{Nts|14}}

| {{Nts|5.7}}

|

style="text-align:left;" | Flax fiber{{cite web|url=http://resources.metapress.com/pdf-preview.axd?code=t068n73845p4185r&size=largest|title=Metapress - A Fast Growing Resource for Young Entrepreneurs|date=14 December 2017|access-date=11 November 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120312053152/http://resources.metapress.com/pdf-preview.axd?code=t068n73845p4185r&size=largest|archive-date=12 March 2012|url-status=dead}}[https://archive.today/20130209162803/http://www.wolframalpha.com/entities/common_materials/flax_fiber/x5/z7/3v/]{{cite web|url=http://www.compositesinnovation.ca/biofibre_workshop/Natural_Fibre_Composites_Development_and_Testing_-_Chad_Ulven.pdf |title=Microsoft PowerPoint - Ulven Natural Fiber Presentation.ppt |access-date=2018-08-01}}{{Cite web |url=http://www.agrofibrecomposites.com/thesisBos.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2010-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707093937/http://www.agrofibrecomposites.com/thesisBos.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-07 |url-status=dead }}

| {{Nts|45}}±34

| {{Nts|1.35}}±0.15

| {{Nts|36.65}}±29.35

| {{Nts|30}}±25

| {{Nts|25}}±21

|

style="text-align:left;" | single-crystal Yttrium iron garnet (YIG)

| {{Nts|200}}

| {{Nts|5.17}}{{Cite web |url=http://www.isowave.com/pdf/materials/Yttrium_Iron_Garnet.pdf |title=YIG properties |access-date=2010-11-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090225155636/http://www.isowave.com/pdf/materials/Yttrium_Iron_Garnet.pdf |archive-date=2009-02-25 |url-status=dead }}

| {{Nts|39}}

| {{Nts|7.5}}

| {{Nts|1.4}}

|

style="text-align:left;" | Kevlar 29{{cite web|url=http://www2.dupont.com/Kevlar/en_US/assets/downloads/KEVLAR_Technical_Guide.pdf|title=Kevlar® Properties - Kevlar® Technical Guide - DuPont USA|last=admin|website=www2.dupont.com}} (tensile only{{cite journal | doi=10.1007/BF00550757 | bibcode=1980JMatS..15.2523P | volume=15 | issue=10 | title=Compression strength of carbon, glass and Kevlar-49 fibre reinforced polyester resins | year=1980 | journal=Journal of Materials Science | pages=2523–2538 | last1 = Piggott | first1 = M. R. | last2 = Harris | first2 = B.| s2cid=133594285 }})

| {{Nts|70.5}}

| {{Nts|1.44}}

| {{Nts|49}}

| {{Nts|34}}

| {{Nts|24}}

|

style="text-align:left;" | Steatite L-5{{cite web|url=https://www.ceramicindustry.com/ext/resources/pdfs/2013-CCD-Material-Charts.pdf|title=Ceramic Industry 2013 Material Properties Chart|access-date=2019-08-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222023911/http://www.ceramicindustry.com/ext/resources/pdfs/2013-CCD-Material-Charts.pdf|archive-date=2016-02-22|url-status=dead}}

| {{Nts|138}}

| {{Nts|2.71}}

| {{Nts|50.9}}

| {{Nts|18.8}}

| {{Nts|6.93}}

|

style="text-align:left;" | Mullite{{cite web|url=https://www.ceramicindustry.com/ext/resources/pdfs/2013-CCD-Material-Charts.pdf|title=Ceramic Industry 2013 Material Properties Chart|access-date=2019-08-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222023911/http://www.ceramicindustry.com/ext/resources/pdfs/2013-CCD-Material-Charts.pdf|archive-date=2016-02-22|url-status=dead}}

| {{Nts|150}}

| {{Nts|2.8}}

| {{Nts|53.6}}

| {{Nts|19.1}}

| {{Nts|6.83}}

|

style="text-align:left;" | Dyneema SK25 Ultra-high-molecular-weight polyethylene (tensile only){{cite web|url=http://www.dyneema.com/en_US/public/dyneema/downloads/Comprehensive_factsheet_UHMWPE.pdf|title=Home - Dyneema®|website=www.dyneema.com}}

| {{Nts|52}}

| {{Nts|0.97}}

| {{Nts|54}}

| {{Nts|55}}

| {{Nts|57}}

|

style="text-align:left;" | Beryllium, 30% porosity{{cite journal|last1=Billone|first1=M.C|last2=Donne|first2=M.Dalle|last3=Macaulay-Newcombe|first3=R.G|title=Status of beryllium development for fusion applications|journal=Fusion Engineering and Design|volume=27|year=1995|pages=179–190|issn=0920-3796|doi=10.1016/0920-3796(95)90125-6|bibcode=1995FusED..27..179B |url=https://inis.iaea.org/collection/NCLCollectionStore/_Public/25/068/25068644.pdf}}

| {{Nts|76}}

| {{Nts|1.3}}

| {{Nts|58.5}}

| {{Nts|45}}

| {{Nts|34.6}}

|

style="text-align:left;" | Kevlar 49 (tensile only)

| {{Nts|112.4}}

| {{Nts|1.44}}

| {{Nts|78}}

| {{Nts|54}}

| {{Nts|38}}

|

style="text-align:left;" | Silicon{{cite web|url=http://www.ioffe.ru/SVA/NSM/Semicond/Si|title=Physical properties of Silicon (Si)|website=www.ioffe.ru}}

| {{Nts|185}}

| {{Nts|2.329}}

| {{Nts|79}}

| {{Nts|34}}

| {{Nts|15}}

|

style="text-align:left;" | Alumina fiber (Al2O3){{cite web |url=http://www.azom.com/Details.asp?ArticleID=5464 |title=Alumina (Al2O3) - Physical and Mechanical Properties of Aluminium Oxide Ceramics by Superior Technical Ceramics |website=www.azom.com |access-date=3 February 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120721025408/http://www.azom.com/Details.asp?ArticleID=5464 |archive-date=21 July 2012 |url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://www.saffil.com/newwebsite.nsf/0/4FD62D9CDA2A6BFC8025733F004A91CE?OpenDocument&Expand=071E32C6DBA462B38025731000444FA2|title=saffil|website=www.saffil.com}}

| {{Nts|300}}

| {{Nts|3.595}}±0.315

| {{Nts|84}}±7

| {{Nts|24}}±4

| {{Nts|6.76}}±1.74

|

style="text-align:left;" | Syalon 501 Silicon nitride{{cite web|url=https://www.syalons.com/materials/silicon-nitride-sialon/syalon-501/|title=Physical property data for Syalon 501|date=18 October 2017 }}

| {{Nts|340}}

| {{Nts|4.01}}

| {{Nts|84.8}}

| {{Nts|21.1}}

| {{Nts|5.27}}

|

style="text-align:left;" | Sapphire{{cite web|url=https://www.ceramicindustry.com/ext/resources/pdfs/2013-CCD-Material-Charts.pdf|title=Ceramic Industry 2013 Material Properties Chart|access-date=2019-08-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222023911/http://www.ceramicindustry.com/ext/resources/pdfs/2013-CCD-Material-Charts.pdf|archive-date=2016-02-22|url-status=dead}}

| {{Nts|400}}

| {{Nts|3.97}}

| {{Nts|101}}

| {{Nts|25.4}}

| {{Nts|6.39}}

|

style="text-align:left;" | Alumina{{cite web|url=https://www.ceramicindustry.com/ext/resources/pdfs/2013-CCD-Material-Charts.pdf|title=Ceramic Industry 2013 Material Properties Chart|access-date=2019-08-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222023911/http://www.ceramicindustry.com/ext/resources/pdfs/2013-CCD-Material-Charts.pdf|archive-date=2016-02-22|url-status=dead}}

| {{Nts|393}}

| {{Nts|3.8}}

| {{Nts|103}}

| {{Nts|27.2}}

| {{Nts|7.16}}

|

style="text-align:left;" | Carbon fiber reinforced plastic (70:30 fibre:matrix, unidirectional, along grain){{cite web|url=http://www.substech.com/dokuwiki/doku.php?id=epoxy_matrix_composite_reinforced_by_70_carbon_fibers|title=Epoxy Matrix Composite reinforced by 70% carbon fibers [SubsTech]|website=www.substech.com}}

| {{Nts|181}}

| {{Nts|1.6}}

| {{Nts|113}}

| {{Nts|71}}

| {{Nts|44}}

|

style="text-align:left;" | Dyneema SK78/Honeywell Spectra 2000 UHMWPE (tensile only){{cite web|url=http://www51.honeywell.com/sm/afc/common/documents/PP_AFC_Honeywell_spectra_fiber_2000_Product_information_sheet.pdf |title=Product info |date=2000 |website=www51.honeywell.com }}

| {{Nts|121}}±11

| {{Nts|0.97}}

| {{Nts|125}}±11

| {{Nts|128}}±12

| {{Nts|132}}±12

|

style="text-align:left;" | Silicon carbide (SiC)

| {{Nts|450}}

| {{Nts|3.21}}

| {{Nts|140}}

| {{Nts|44}}

| {{Nts|14}}

|

style="text-align:left;" | Beryllium (Be)

| {{Nts|287}}

| {{Nts|1.85}}

| {{Nts|155}}

| {{Nts|84}}

| {{Nts|45}}

|

style="text-align:left;" | Boron fiber{{cite web|url=http://www.specmaterials.com/boronfiberproperties.htm|title=Boron Fiber Properties|website=www.specmaterials.com}}

| {{Nts|400}}

| {{Nts|2.54}}

| {{Nts|157}}

| {{Nts|62}}

| {{Nts|24}}

|

style="text-align:left;" | Boron nitride{{cite web|url=https://www.ceramicindustry.com/ext/resources/pdfs/2013-CCD-Material-Charts.pdf|title=Ceramic Industry 2013 Material Properties Chart|access-date=2019-08-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222023911/http://www.ceramicindustry.com/ext/resources/pdfs/2013-CCD-Material-Charts.pdf|archive-date=2016-02-22|url-status=dead}}

| {{Nts|675}}

| {{Nts|2.28}}

| {{Nts|296}}

| {{Nts|130}}

| {{Nts|57}}

|

style="text-align:left;" | Diamond (C)

| {{Nts|1220}}

| {{Nts|3.53}}

| {{Nts|347}}

| {{Nts|98}}

| {{Nts|28}}

|

style="text-align:left;" | Dupont E130 carbon fiber{{cite journal | doi=10.1007/BF01184586 | volume=30 | issue=9 | title=Mechanical and physical properties of post-creep, pitch-based carbon filaments | year=1995 | journal=Journal of Materials Science | pages=2352–2357 | last1 = Lavin | first1 = J. Gerard | last2 = Kogure | first2 = Kei | last3 = Sines | first3 = G.| bibcode=1995JMatS..30.2352L | s2cid=137212713 }}

| {{Nts|896}}

| {{Nts|2.15}}

| {{Nts|417}}

| {{Nts|194}}

| {{Nts|90}}

|

class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"

|+ Approximate specific stiffness for various species of wood{{Cite web |url=http://www.csudh.edu/oliver/chemdata/woods.htm |title=Physical Properties of Common Woods |access-date=2010-11-22 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100609005909/http://www.csudh.edu/oliver/chemdata/woods.htm |archive-date=2010-06-09 |url-status=dead }}

Material

! Young's modulus (GPa)

! Density (g/cm3)

! Young's modulus per density; specific stiffness (106 m2s−2)

! Young's modulus per density squared (103 m5kg−1s−2)

! Young's modulus per density cubed (m8kg−2s−2)

style="text-align:left;"| Applewood or wild apple (Pyrus malus)

| {{Nts|8.76715}}

| {{Nts|0.745 }}

| {{Nts|11.768}}

| {{Nts|15.7959}}

| {{Nts|21.2026}}

style="text-align:left;"| Ash, black (Fraxinus nigra)

| {{Nts|11.0423}}

| {{Nts|0.526 }}

| {{Nts|20.9929}}

| {{Nts|39.9105}}

| {{Nts|75.8755}}

style="text-align:left;"| Ash, blue (quadrangulata)

| {{Nts|9.64974}}

| {{Nts|0.603 }}

| {{Nts|16.0029}}

| {{Nts|26.5388}}

| {{Nts|44.0113}}

style="text-align:left;"| Ash, green (Fraxinus pennsylvanica lanceolata)

| {{Nts|11.4738}}

| {{Nts|0.610 }}

| {{Nts|18.8095}}

| {{Nts|30.8352}}

| {{Nts|50.5495}}

style="text-align:left;"| Ash, white (Fraxinus americana)

| {{Nts|12.2485}}

| {{Nts|0.638 }}

| {{Nts|19.1983}}

| {{Nts|30.0914}}

| {{Nts|47.1651}}

style="text-align:left;"| Aspen (Populus tremuloides)

| {{Nts|8.21797}}

| {{Nts|0.401 }}

| {{Nts|20.4937}}

| {{Nts|51.1065}}

| {{Nts|127.448}}

style="text-align:left;"| Aspen, large tooth (Populus grandidentata)

| {{Nts|9.76742}}

| {{Nts|0.412 }}

| {{Nts|23.7073}}

| {{Nts|57.5421}}

| {{Nts|139.665}}

style="text-align:left;"| Basswood (Tilia glabra or Tilia americanus)

| {{Nts|10.091}}

| {{Nts|0.398 }}

| {{Nts|25.3544}}

| {{Nts|63.7045}}

| {{Nts|160.061}}

style="text-align:left;"| Beech (Fagus grandifolia or Fagus americana)

| {{Nts|11.5718}}

| {{Nts|0.655 }}

| {{Nts|17.6669}}

| {{Nts|26.9724}}

| {{Nts|41.1793}}

style="text-align:left;"| Beech, blue (Carpinus caroliniana)

| {{Nts|7.3746}}

| {{Nts|0.717 }}

| {{Nts|10.2854}}

| {{Nts|14.345}}

| {{Nts|20.007}}

style="text-align:left;"| Birch, gray (Betula populifolia)

| {{Nts|7.8159}}

| {{Nts|0.552 }}

| {{Nts|14.1592}}

| {{Nts|25.6508}}

| {{Nts|46.4688}}

style="text-align:left;"| Birch, paper (Betula papyrifera)

| {{Nts|10.9736}}

| {{Nts|0.600 }}

| {{Nts|18.2894}}

| {{Nts|30.4823}}

| {{Nts|50.8039}}

style="text-align:left;"| Birch, sweet (Betula lenta)

| {{Nts|14.9061}}

| {{Nts|0.714 }}

| {{Nts|20.8769}}

| {{Nts|29.2394}}

| {{Nts|40.9515}}

style="text-align:left;"| Buckeye, yellow (Aesculus octandra)

| {{Nts|8.12971}}

| {{Nts|0.383 }}

| {{Nts|21.2264}}

| {{Nts|55.4214}}

| {{Nts|144.703}}

style="text-align:left;"| Butternut (Juglans cinerea)

| {{Nts|8.13952}}

| {{Nts|0.404 }}

| {{Nts|20.1473}}

| {{Nts|49.8696}}

| {{Nts|123.44}}

style="text-align:left;"| Cedar, eastern red (Juniperus virginiana)

| {{Nts|6.00167}}

| {{Nts|0.492 }}

| {{Nts|12.1985}}

| {{Nts|24.7937}}

| {{Nts|50.3938}}

style="text-align:left;"| Cedar, northern white (Thuja occidentalis)

| {{Nts|5.57018}}

| {{Nts|0.315 }}

| {{Nts|17.6831}}

| {{Nts|56.1368}}

| {{Nts|178.212}}

style="text-align:left;"| Cedar, southern white (Chamaecyparis thvoides)

| {{Nts|6.42336}}

| {{Nts|0.352 }}

| {{Nts|18.2482}}

| {{Nts|51.8414}}

| {{Nts|147.277}}

style="text-align:left;"| Cedar, western red (Thuja plicata)

| {{Nts|8.03165}}

| {{Nts|0.344 }}

| {{Nts|23.3478}}

| {{Nts|67.8715}}

| {{Nts|197.301}}

style="text-align:left;"| Cherry, black (Prunus serotina)

| {{Nts|10.2578}}

| {{Nts|0.534 }}

| {{Nts|19.2093}}

| {{Nts|35.9724}}

| {{Nts|67.3641}}

style="text-align:left;"| Cherry, wild red (Prunus pennsylvanica)

| {{Nts|8.74753}}

| {{Nts|0.425 }}

| {{Nts|20.5824}}

| {{Nts|48.4292}}

| {{Nts|113.951}}

style="text-align:left;"| Chestnut (Castanea dentata)

| {{Nts|8.53179}}

| {{Nts|0.454 }}

| {{Nts|18.7925}}

| {{Nts|41.3931}}

| {{Nts|91.1743}}

style="text-align:left;"| Cottonwood, eastern (Populus deltoides)

| {{Nts|9.53206}}

| {{Nts|0.433 }}

| {{Nts|22.014}}

| {{Nts|50.8407}}

| {{Nts|117.415}}

style="text-align:left;"| Cypress, southern (Taxodium distichum)

| {{Nts|9.90472}}

| {{Nts|0.482 }}

| {{Nts|20.5492}}

| {{Nts|42.6332}}

| {{Nts|88.4506}}

style="text-align:left;"| Dogwood (flowering) (Cornus Florida)

| {{Nts|10.6402}}

| {{Nts|0.796 }}

| {{Nts|13.3671}}

| {{Nts|16.7928}}

| {{Nts|21.0965}}

style="text-align:left;"| Douglas fir (coast type) (Pseudotsuga taxifolia)

| {{Nts|13.3076}}

| {{Nts|0.512 }}

| {{Nts|25.9915}}

| {{Nts|50.7646}}

| {{Nts|99.1495}}

style="text-align:left;"| Douglas fir (mountain type) (Pseudotsuga taxifolia)

| {{Nts|9.62032}}

| {{Nts|0.446 }}

| {{Nts|21.5702}}

| {{Nts|48.3637}}

| {{Nts|108.439}}

style="text-align:left;"| Ebony, Andaman marble-wood (India) (Diospyros kursii)

| {{Nts|12.4544}}

| {{Nts|0.978 }}

| {{Nts|12.7346}}

| {{Nts|13.0211}}

| {{Nts|13.314}}

style="text-align:left;"| Ebony, Ebè marbre (Mauritius, E. Africa) (Diospyros melanida)

| {{Nts|9.8753}}

| {{Nts|0.768 }}

| {{Nts|12.8585}}

| {{Nts|16.7428}}

| {{Nts|21.8005}}

style="text-align:left;"| Elm, American (Ulmus americana)

| {{Nts|9.2967}}

| {{Nts|0.554 }}

| {{Nts|16.7811}}

| {{Nts|30.2907}}

| {{Nts|54.6764}}

style="text-align:left;"| Elm, rock (Ulmus racemosa or Ulmus thomasi)

| {{Nts|10.65}}

| {{Nts|0.658 }}

| {{Nts|16.1854}}

| {{Nts|24.5979}}

| {{Nts|37.3829}}

style="text-align:left;"| Elm, slippery (Ulmus fulva or pubescens)

| {{Nts|10.297}}

| {{Nts|0.568 }}

| {{Nts|18.1285}}

| {{Nts|31.9164}}

| {{Nts|56.1908}}

style="text-align:left;"| Eucalyptus, Karri (W. Australia) (Eucalyptus diversicolor)

| {{Nts|18.4855}}

| {{Nts|0.829 }}

| {{Nts|22.2986}}

| {{Nts|26.8982}}

| {{Nts|32.4465}}

style="text-align:left;"| Eucalyptus, Mahogany (New South Wales) (Eucalyptus hemilampra)

| {{Nts|15.7691}}

| {{Nts|1.058 }}

| {{Nts|14.9046}}

| {{Nts|14.0875}}

| {{Nts|13.3153}}

style="text-align:left;"| Eucalyptus, West Australian mahogany (Eucalyptus marginata)

| {{Nts|14.3373}}

| {{Nts|0.787 }}

| {{Nts|18.2177}}

| {{Nts|23.1483}}

| {{Nts|29.4133}}

style="text-align:left;"| Fir, balsam (Abies balsamea)

| {{Nts|8.62005}}

| {{Nts|0.414 }}

| {{Nts|20.8214}}

| {{Nts|50.2932}}

| {{Nts|121.481}}

style="text-align:left;"| Fir, silver (Abies amabilis)

| {{Nts|10.552}}

| {{Nts|0.415 }}

| {{Nts|25.4264}}

| {{Nts|61.2684}}

| {{Nts|147.635}}

style="text-align:left;"| Gum, black (Nyssa sylvatica)

| {{Nts|8.22778}}

| {{Nts|0.552 }}

| {{Nts|14.9054}}

| {{Nts|27.0025}}

| {{Nts|48.9176}}

style="text-align:left;"| Gum, blue (Eucalyptus globulus)

| {{Nts|16.5046}}

| {{Nts|0.796 }}

| {{Nts|20.7344}}

| {{Nts|26.0483}}

| {{Nts|32.7239}}

style="text-align:left;"| Gum, red (Liquidambar styraciflua)

| {{Nts|10.2479}}

| {{Nts|0.530 }}

| {{Nts|19.3358}}

| {{Nts|36.4826}}

| {{Nts|68.835}}

style="text-align:left;"| Gum, tupelo (Nyssa aquatica)

| {{Nts|8.71811}}

| {{Nts|0.524 }}

| {{Nts|16.6376}}

| {{Nts|31.7512}}

| {{Nts|60.5939}}

style="text-align:left;"| Hemlock eastern (Tsuga canadensis)

| {{Nts|8.29643}}

| {{Nts|0.431 }}

| {{Nts|19.2492}}

| {{Nts|44.6618}}

| {{Nts|103.624}}

style="text-align:left;"| Hemlock, mountain (Tsuga martensiana)

| {{Nts|7.8159}}

| {{Nts|0.480 }}

| {{Nts|16.2831}}

| {{Nts|33.9232}}

| {{Nts|70.6733}}

style="text-align:left;"| Hemlock, western (Tsuga heterophylla)

| {{Nts|9.95375}}

| {{Nts|0.432 }}

| {{Nts|23.0411}}

| {{Nts|53.3359}}

| {{Nts|123.463}}

style="text-align:left;"| Hickory, bigleaf shagbark (Hicoria laciniosa)

| {{Nts|13.0919}}

| {{Nts|0.809}}

| {{Nts|16.1828}}

| {{Nts|20.0034}}

| {{Nts|24.7261}}

style="text-align:left;"| Hickory, mockernut (Hicoria alba)

| {{Nts|15.3964}}

| {{Nts|0.820}}

| {{Nts|18.7761}}

| {{Nts|22.8977}}

| {{Nts|27.9241}}

style="text-align:left;"| Hickory, pignut (Hicoria glabra)

| {{Nts|15.7201}}

| {{Nts|0.820}}

| {{Nts|19.1708}}

| {{Nts|23.379}}

| {{Nts|28.511}}

style="text-align:left;"| Hickory, shagbark (Hicoria ovata)

| {{Nts|14.9551}}

| {{Nts|0.836}}

| {{Nts|17.8889}}

| {{Nts|21.3982}}

| {{Nts|25.596}}

style="text-align:left;"| Hornbeam (Ostrya virginiana)

| {{Nts|11.7582}}

| {{Nts|0.762 }}

| {{Nts|15.4307}}

| {{Nts|20.2502}}

| {{Nts|26.5751}}

style="text-align:left;"| Ironwood, black (Rhamnidium ferreum)

| {{Nts|20.594}}

| {{Nts|1.077-1.30 }}

| {{Nts|17.48}}±1.64

| {{Nts|14.97}}±2.78

| {{Nts|12.93}}±3.56

style="text-align:left;"| Larch, western (Larix occidentalis)

| {{Nts|11.6503}}

| {{Nts|0.587 }}

| {{Nts|19.8472}}

| {{Nts|33.8112}}

| {{Nts|57.6}}

style="text-align:left;"| Locust, black or yellow (Robinia pseudacacia)

| {{Nts|14.2}}

| {{Nts|0.708 }}

| {{Nts|20.0565}}

| {{Nts|28.3284}}

| {{Nts|40.0119}}

style="text-align:left;"| Locust honey (Gleditsia triacanthos)

| {{Nts|11.4247}}

| {{Nts|0.666 }}

| {{Nts|17.1543}}

| {{Nts|25.7572}}

| {{Nts|38.6744}}

style="text-align:left;"| Magnolia, cucumber (Magnolia acuminata)

| {{Nts|12.5133}}

| {{Nts|0.516 }}

| {{Nts|24.2506}}

| {{Nts|46.9972}}

| {{Nts|91.0798}}

style="text-align:left;"| Mahogany (W. Africa) (Khaya ivorensis)

| {{Nts|10.5814}}

| {{Nts|0.668 }}

| {{Nts|15.8404}}

| {{Nts|23.7131}}

| {{Nts|35.4987}}

style="text-align:left;"| Mahogany (E. India) (Swietenia macrophylla)

| {{Nts|8.01203}}

| {{Nts|0.54 }}

| {{Nts|14.8371}}

| {{Nts|27.4761}}

| {{Nts|50.8817}}

style="text-align:left;"| Mahogany (E. India) (Swietenia mahogani)

| {{Nts|8.72792}}

| {{Nts|0.54 }}

| {{Nts|16.1628}}

| {{Nts|29.9311}}

| {{Nts|55.428}}

style="text-align:left;"| Maple, black (Acer nigrum)

| {{Nts|11.1894}}

| {{Nts|0.620 }}

| {{Nts|18.0474}}

| {{Nts|29.1087}}

| {{Nts|46.9495}}

style="text-align:left;"| Maple, red (Acer rubrum)

| {{Nts|11.3267}}

| {{Nts|0.546 }}

| {{Nts|20.7448}}

| {{Nts|37.9942}}

| {{Nts|69.5865}}

style="text-align:left;"| Maple, silver (Acer saccharinum)

| {{Nts|7.89435}}

| {{Nts|0.506 }}

| {{Nts|15.6015}}

| {{Nts|30.833}}

| {{Nts|60.9347}}

style="text-align:left;"| Maple, sugar (Acer saccharum)

| {{Nts|12.6506}}

| {{Nts|0.676 }}

| {{Nts|18.7139}}

| {{Nts|27.6832}}

| {{Nts|40.9515}}

style="text-align:left;"| Oak, black (Quercus velutina)

| {{Nts|11.3071}}

| {{Nts|0.669 }}

| {{Nts|16.9014}}

| {{Nts|25.2637}}

| {{Nts|37.7634}}

style="text-align:left;"| Oak, bur (Quercus macrocarpa)

| {{Nts|7.09021}}

| {{Nts|0.671 }}

| {{Nts|10.5666}}

| {{Nts|15.7476}}

| {{Nts|23.4688}}

style="text-align:left;"| Oak, canyon live (Quercus chrysolepis)

| {{Nts|11.2678}}

| {{Nts|0.838 }}

| {{Nts|13.4461}}

| {{Nts|16.0455}}

| {{Nts|19.1473}}

style="text-align:left;"| Oak, laurel (Quercus Montana)

| {{Nts|10.9246}}

| {{Nts|0.674 }}

| {{Nts|16.2086}}

| {{Nts|24.0484}}

| {{Nts|35.6801}}

style="text-align:left;"| Oak, live (Quercus virginiana)

| {{Nts|13.543}}

| {{Nts|0.977 }}

| {{Nts|13.8618}}

| {{Nts|14.1881}}

| {{Nts|14.5221}}

style="text-align:left;"| Oak, post (Quercus stellata or Quercus minor)

| {{Nts|10.4245}}

| {{Nts|0.738 }}

| {{Nts|14.1253}}

| {{Nts|19.14}}

| {{Nts|25.9349}}

style="text-align:left;"| Oak, red (Quercus borealis)

| {{Nts|12.4937}}

| {{Nts|0.657 }}

| {{Nts|19.0162}}

| {{Nts|28.9441}}

| {{Nts|44.0549}}

style="text-align:left;"| Oak, swamp chestnut (Quercus Montana (Quercus prinus))

| {{Nts|12.2289}}

| {{Nts|0.756 }}

| {{Nts|16.1758}}

| {{Nts|21.3965}}

| {{Nts|28.3023}}

style="text-align:left;"| Oak swamp white (Quercus bicolor or Quercus platanoides)

| {{Nts|14.1804}}

| {{Nts|0.792 }}

| {{Nts|17.9046}}

| {{Nts|22.6068}}

| {{Nts|28.5439}}

style="text-align:left;"| Oak, white (Quercus alba)

| {{Nts|12.2681}}

| {{Nts|0.710 }}

| {{Nts|17.279}}

| {{Nts|24.3367}}

| {{Nts|34.277}}

style="text-align:left;"| Paulownia (P. tomentosa)

| {{Nts|6.894}}

| {{Nts|0.274 }}

| {{Nts|25.1606}}

| {{Nts|91.8269}}

| {{Nts|335.134}}

style="text-align:left;"| Persimmon (Diospyros virginiana)

| {{Nts|14.151}}

| {{Nts|0.776 }}

| {{Nts|18.2358}}

| {{Nts|23.4998}}

| {{Nts|30.2832}}

style="text-align:left;"| Pine, eastern white (Pinus strobus)

| {{Nts|8.80637}}

| {{Nts|0.373 }}

| {{Nts|23.6096}}

| {{Nts|63.2964}}

| {{Nts|169.696}}

style="text-align:left;"| Pine, jack (Pinus banksiana or Pinus divericata)

| {{Nts|8.51217}}

| {{Nts|0.461 }}

| {{Nts|18.4646}}

| {{Nts|40.0533}}

| {{Nts|86.8836}}

style="text-align:left;"| Pine, loblolly (Pinus taeda)

| {{Nts|13.2782}}

| {{Nts|0.593 }}

| {{Nts|22.3916}}

| {{Nts|37.7598}}

| {{Nts|63.6759}}

style="text-align:left;"| Pine, longleaf (Pinus palustris)

| {{Nts|14.1706}}

| {{Nts|0.638 }}

| {{Nts|22.211}}

| {{Nts|34.8135}}

| {{Nts|54.5665}}

style="text-align:left;"| Pine, pitch (Pinus rigida)

| {{Nts|9.46342}}

| {{Nts|0.542 }}

| {{Nts|17.4602}}

| {{Nts|32.2144}}

| {{Nts|59.4361}}

style="text-align:left;"| Pine, red (Pinus resinosa)

| {{Nts|12.3956}}

| {{Nts|0.507 }}

| {{Nts|24.4489}}

| {{Nts|48.2227}}

| {{Nts|95.1139}}

style="text-align:left;"| Pine, shortleaf (Pinus echinata)

| {{Nts|13.1899}}

| {{Nts|0.584 }}

| {{Nts|22.5855}}

| {{Nts|38.6738}}

| {{Nts|66.2223}}

style="text-align:left;"| Poplar, balsam (Populus balsamifera or Populus candicans)

| {{Nts|7.02156}}

| {{Nts|0.331 }}

| {{Nts|21.2132}}

| {{Nts|64.0881}}

| {{Nts|193.62}}

style="text-align:left;"| Poplar, yellow (Liriodendron tulipifera)

| {{Nts|10.3754}}

| {{Nts|0.427 }}

| {{Nts|24.2984}}

| {{Nts|56.905}}

| {{Nts|133.267}}

style="text-align:left;"| Redwood (Sequoia sempervirens)

| {{Nts|9.39477}}

| {{Nts|0.436 }}

| {{Nts|21.5476}}

| {{Nts|49.4212}}

| {{Nts|113.351}}

style="text-align:left;"| Sassafras (Sassafras uariafolium)

| {{Nts|7.74725}}

| {{Nts|0.473 }}

| {{Nts|16.379}}

| {{Nts|34.6278}}

| {{Nts|73.209}}

style="text-align:left;"| Satinwood (Ceylon) (Chloroxylon swietenia)

| {{Nts|10.7971}}

| {{Nts|1.031 }}

| {{Nts|10.4725}}

| {{Nts|10.1576}}

| {{Nts|9.85217}}

style="text-align:left;"| Sourwood (Oxydendrum arboreum)

| {{Nts|10.6206}}

| {{Nts|0.593 }}

| {{Nts|17.91}}

| {{Nts|30.2023}}

| {{Nts|50.9313}}

style="text-align:left;"| Spruce, black (Picea mariana)

| {{Nts|10.4833}}

| {{Nts|0.428 }}

| {{Nts|24.4937}}

| {{Nts|57.2283}}

| {{Nts|133.711}}

style="text-align:left;"| Spruce, red (Picea rubra or Picea rubens)

| {{Nts|10.5029}}

| {{Nts|0.413 }}

| {{Nts|25.4308}}

| {{Nts|61.5758}}

| {{Nts|149.094}}

style="text-align:left;"| Spruce, white (Picea glauca)

| {{Nts|9.81646}}

| {{Nts|0.431 }}

| {{Nts|22.776}}

| {{Nts|52.8446}}

| {{Nts|122.609}}

style="text-align:left;"| Sycamore (Platanus occidentalis)

| {{Nts|9.82626}}

| {{Nts|0.539 }}

| {{Nts|18.2305}}

| {{Nts|33.8229}}

| {{Nts|62.7512}}

style="text-align:left;"| Tamarack (Larix laricina or Larix americana)

| {{Nts|11.3169}}

| {{Nts|0.558 }}

| {{Nts|20.2811}}

| {{Nts|36.3461}}

| {{Nts|65.1364}}

style="text-align:left;"| Teak (India) (Tectona grandis)

| {{Nts|11.7189}}

| {{Nts|0.5892 }}

| {{Nts|19.8896}}

| {{Nts|33.7569}}

| {{Nts|57.2928}}

style="text-align:left;"| Walnut, black (Juglans nigra)

| {{Nts|11.6209}}

| {{Nts|0.562 }}

| {{Nts|20.6777}}

| {{Nts|36.7931}}

| {{Nts|65.4682}}

style="text-align:left;"| Willow, black (Salix nigra)

| {{Nts|5.03081}}

| {{Nts|0.408 }}

| {{Nts|12.3304}}

| {{Nts|30.2216}}

| {{Nts|74.0726}}

class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:center;"

|+ Specific stiffness of the elements{{cite web |url=https://periodictable.com/Properties/A/YoungModulus.an.html |title=Young Modulus of the elements}}{{cite web |url=https://periodictable.com/Properties/A/Density.al.html |title=Density of the elements}}

Material

! Young's modulus (GPa)

! Density (g/cm3)

! Young's modulus per density; specific stiffness (106 m2s−2)

! Young's modulus per density squared (103 m5kg−1s−2)

! Young's modulus per density cubed (m8kg−2s−2)

style="text-align:left;"| Thallium

| {{Nts|8}}

| {{Nts|11.8}}

| {{Nts|0.675}}

| {{Nts|0.057}}

| {{Nts|0.00481}}

style="text-align:left;"| Cesium

| {{Nts|1.7}}

| {{Nts|1.88}}

| {{Nts|0.905}}

| {{Nts|0.481}}

| {{Nts|0.256}}

style="text-align:left;"| Arsenic

| {{Nts|8}}

| {{Nts|5.73}}

| {{Nts|1.4}}

| {{Nts|0.244}}

| {{Nts|0.0426}}

style="text-align:left;"| Lead

| {{Nts|16}}

| {{Nts|11.3}}

| {{Nts|1.41}}

| {{Nts|0.124}}

| {{Nts|0.011}}

style="text-align:left;"| Indium

| {{Nts|11}}

| {{Nts|7.31}}

| {{Nts|1.5}}

| {{Nts|0.206}}

| {{Nts|0.0282}}

style="text-align:left;"| Rubidium

| {{Nts|2.4}}

| {{Nts|1.53}}

| {{Nts|1.57}}

| {{Nts|1.02}}

| {{Nts|0.667}}

style="text-align:left;"| Selenium

| {{Nts|10}}

| {{Nts|4.82}}

| {{Nts|2.08}}

| {{Nts|0.431}}

| {{Nts|0.0894}}

style="text-align:left;"| Bismuth

| {{Nts|32}}

| {{Nts|9.78}}

| {{Nts|3.27}}

| {{Nts|0.335}}

| {{Nts|0.0342}}

style="text-align:left;"| Europium

| {{Nts|18}}

| {{Nts|5.24}}

| {{Nts|3.43}}

| {{Nts|0.655}}

| {{Nts|0.125}}

style="text-align:left;"| Ytterbium

| {{Nts|24}}

| {{Nts|6.57}}

| {{Nts|3.65}}

| {{Nts|0.556}}

| {{Nts|0.0846}}

style="text-align:left;"| Barium

| {{Nts|13}}

| {{Nts|3.51}}

| {{Nts|3.7}}

| {{Nts|1.06}}

| {{Nts|0.301}}

style="text-align:left;"| Gold

| {{Nts|78}}

| {{Nts|19.3}}

| {{Nts|4.04}}

| {{Nts|0.209}}

| {{Nts|0.0108}}

style="text-align:left;"| Plutonium

| {{Nts|96}}

| {{Nts|19.8}}

| {{Nts|4.84}}

| {{Nts|0.244}}

| {{Nts|0.0123}}

style="text-align:left;"| Cerium

| {{Nts|34}}

| {{Nts|6.69}}

| {{Nts|5.08}}

| {{Nts|0.76}}

| {{Nts|0.114}}

style="text-align:left;"| Praseodymium

| {{Nts|37}}

| {{Nts|6.64}}

| {{Nts|5.57}}

| {{Nts|0.839}}

| {{Nts|0.126}}

style="text-align:left;"| Cadmium

| {{Nts|50}}

| {{Nts|8.65}}

| {{Nts|5.78}}

| {{Nts|0.668}}

| {{Nts|0.0773}}

style="text-align:left;"| Neodymium

| {{Nts|41}}

| {{Nts|7.01}}

| {{Nts|5.85}}

| {{Nts|0.834}}

| {{Nts|0.119}}

style="text-align:left;"| Hafnium

| {{Nts|78}}

| {{Nts|13.3}}

| {{Nts|5.86}}

| {{Nts|0.44}}

| {{Nts|0.0331}}

style="text-align:left;"| Lanthanum

| {{Nts|37}}

| {{Nts|6.15}}

| {{Nts|6.02}}

| {{Nts|0.98}}

| {{Nts|0.159}}

style="text-align:left;"| Promethium

| {{Nts|46}}

| {{Nts|7.26}}

| {{Nts|6.33}}

| {{Nts|0.872}}

| {{Nts|0.12}}

style="text-align:left;"| Thorium

| {{Nts|79}}

| {{Nts|11.7}}

| {{Nts|6.74}}

| {{Nts|0.575}}

| {{Nts|0.049}}

style="text-align:left;"| Samarium

| {{Nts|50}}

| {{Nts|7.35}}

| {{Nts|6.8}}

| {{Nts|0.925}}

| {{Nts|0.126}}

style="text-align:left;"| Lutetium

| {{Nts|67}}

| {{Nts|9.84}}

| {{Nts|6.81}}

| {{Nts|0.692}}

| {{Nts|0.0703}}

style="text-align:left;"| Terbium

| {{Nts|56}}

| {{Nts|8.22}}

| {{Nts|6.81}}

| {{Nts|0.829}}

| {{Nts|0.101}}

style="text-align:left;"| Tin

| {{Nts|50}}

| {{Nts|7.31}}

| {{Nts|6.84}}

| {{Nts|0.936}}

| {{Nts|0.128}}

style="text-align:left;"| Tellurium

| {{Nts|43}}

| {{Nts|6.24}}

| {{Nts|6.89}}

| {{Nts|1.1}}

| {{Nts|0.177}}

style="text-align:left;"| Gadolinium

| {{Nts|55}}

| {{Nts|7.9}}

| {{Nts|6.96}}

| {{Nts|0.881}}

| {{Nts|0.112}}

style="text-align:left;"| Dysprosium

| {{Nts|61}}

| {{Nts|8.55}}

| {{Nts|7.13}}

| {{Nts|0.834}}

| {{Nts|0.0976}}

style="text-align:left;"| Holmium

| {{Nts|64}}

| {{Nts|8.79}}

| {{Nts|7.28}}

| {{Nts|0.827}}

| {{Nts|0.0941}}

style="text-align:left;"| Erbium

| {{Nts|70}}

| {{Nts|9.07}}

| {{Nts|7.72}}

| {{Nts|0.852}}

| {{Nts|0.0939}}

style="text-align:left;"| Platinum

| {{Nts|168}}

| {{Nts|21.4}}

| {{Nts|7.83}}

| {{Nts|0.365}}

| {{Nts|0.017}}

style="text-align:left;"| Thulium

| {{Nts|74}}

| {{Nts|9.32}}

| {{Nts|7.94}}

| {{Nts|0.852}}

| {{Nts|0.0914}}

style="text-align:left;"| Silver

| {{Nts|85}}

| {{Nts|10.5}}

| {{Nts|8.1}}

| {{Nts|0.772}}

| {{Nts|0.0736}}

style="text-align:left;"| Antimony

| {{Nts|55}}

| {{Nts|6.7}}

| {{Nts|8.21}}

| {{Nts|1.23}}

| {{Nts|0.183}}

style="text-align:left;"| Lithium

| {{Nts|4.9}}

| {{Nts|0.535}}

| {{Nts|9.16}}

| {{Nts|17.1}}

| {{Nts|32}}

style="text-align:left;"| Palladium

| {{Nts|121}}

| {{Nts|12}}

| {{Nts|10.1}}

| {{Nts|0.837}}

| {{Nts|0.0696}}

style="text-align:left;"| Zirconium

| {{Nts|67}}

| {{Nts|6.51}}

| {{Nts|10.3}}

| {{Nts|1.58}}

| {{Nts|0.243}}

style="text-align:left;"| Sodium

| {{Nts|10}}

| {{Nts|0.968}}

| {{Nts|10.3}}

| {{Nts|10.7}}

| {{Nts|11}}

style="text-align:left;"| Uranium

| {{Nts|208}}

| {{Nts|19.1}}

| {{Nts|10.9}}

| {{Nts|0.573}}

| {{Nts|0.0301}}

style="text-align:left;"| Tantalum

| {{Nts|186}}

| {{Nts|16.6}}

| {{Nts|11.2}}

| {{Nts|0.671}}

| {{Nts|0.0403}}

style="text-align:left;"| Niobium

| {{Nts|105}}

| {{Nts|8.57}}

| {{Nts|12.3}}

| {{Nts|1.43}}

| {{Nts|0.167}}

style="text-align:left;"| Calcium

| {{Nts|20}}

| {{Nts|1.55}}

| {{Nts|12.9}}

| {{Nts|8.32}}

| {{Nts|5.37}}

style="text-align:left;"| Yttrium

| {{Nts|64}}

| {{Nts|4.47}}

| {{Nts|14.3}}

| {{Nts|3.2}}

| {{Nts|0.716}}

style="text-align:left;"| Copper

| {{Nts|130}}

| {{Nts|8.96}}

| {{Nts|14.5}}

| {{Nts|1.62}}

| {{Nts|0.181}}

style="text-align:left;"| Zinc

| {{Nts|108}}

| {{Nts|7.14}}

| {{Nts|15.1}}

| {{Nts|2.12}}

| {{Nts|0.297}}

style="text-align:left;"| Silicon

| {{Nts|47}}

| {{Nts|2.33}}

| {{Nts|20.2}}

| {{Nts|8.66}}

| {{Nts|3.72}}

style="text-align:left;"| Vanadium

| {{Nts|128}}

| {{Nts|6.11}}

| {{Nts|20.9}}

| {{Nts|3.43}}

| {{Nts|0.561}}

style="text-align:left;"| Tungsten

| {{Nts|411}}

| {{Nts|19.2}}

| {{Nts|21.4}}

| {{Nts|1.11}}

| {{Nts|0.0576}}

style="text-align:left;"| Rhenium

| {{Nts|463}}

| {{Nts|21}}

| {{Nts|22}}

| {{Nts|1.05}}

| {{Nts|0.0499}}

style="text-align:left;"| Rhodium

| {{Nts|275}}

| {{Nts|12.4}}

| {{Nts|22.1}}

| {{Nts|1.77}}

| {{Nts|0.143}}

style="text-align:left;"| Nickel

| {{Nts|200}}

| {{Nts|8.91}}

| {{Nts|22.5}}

| {{Nts|2.52}}

| {{Nts|0.283}}

style="text-align:left;"| Iridium

| {{Nts|528}}

| {{Nts|22.6}}

| {{Nts|23.4}}

| {{Nts|1.04}}

| {{Nts|0.046}}

style="text-align:left;"| Cobalt

| {{Nts|209}}

| {{Nts|8.9}}

| {{Nts|23.5}}

| {{Nts|2.64}}

| {{Nts|0.296}}

style="text-align:left;"| Scandium

| {{Nts|74}}

| {{Nts|2.98}}

| {{Nts|24.8}}

| {{Nts|8.31}}

| {{Nts|2.78}}

style="text-align:left;"| Titanium

| {{Nts|116}}

| {{Nts|4.51}}

| {{Nts|25.7}}

| {{Nts|5.71}}

| {{Nts|1.27}}

style="text-align:left;"| Magnesium

| {{Nts|45}}

| {{Nts|1.74}}

| {{Nts|25.9}}

| {{Nts|14.9}}

| {{Nts|8.54}}

style="text-align:left;"| Aluminum

| {{Nts|70}}

| {{Nts|2.7}}

| {{Nts|25.9}}

| {{Nts|9.6}}

| {{Nts|3.56}}

style="text-align:left;"| Manganese

| {{Nts|198}}

| {{Nts|7.47}}

| {{Nts|26.5}}

| {{Nts|3.55}}

| {{Nts|0.475}}

style="text-align:left;"| Iron

| {{Nts|211}}

| {{Nts|7.87}}

| {{Nts|26.8}}

| {{Nts|3.4}}

| {{Nts|0.432}}

style="text-align:left;"| Molybdenum

| {{Nts|329}}

| {{Nts|10.3}}

| {{Nts|32}}

| {{Nts|3.11}}

| {{Nts|0.303}}

style="text-align:left;"| Ruthenium

| {{Nts|447}}

| {{Nts|12.4}}

| {{Nts|36.1}}

| {{Nts|2.92}}

| {{Nts|0.236}}

style="text-align:left;"| Chromium

| {{Nts|279}}

| {{Nts|7.19}}

| {{Nts|38.8}}

| {{Nts|5.4}}

| {{Nts|0.751}}

style="text-align:left;"| Beryllium

| {{Nts|287}}

| {{Nts|1.85}}

| {{Nts|155}}

| {{Nts|84}}

| {{Nts|45.5}}

See also

References

{{commons category}}

Category:Materials science