Spermatic cord
{{Short description|Structure in the human male reproductive system}}
{{Infobox anatomy
| Name = Spermatic cord
| Latin = funiculus spermaticus
| Greek =
| Image = Gray1146.png
| Caption = The spermatic cord in the inguinal canal (label for spermatic cord in lower right)
| Precursor =
| System =
| Artery =Testicular artery
| Vein =
| Nerve =
| Lymph =
|vein=Pampiniform plexus}}
The spermatic cord is the cord-like structure in males formed by the vas deferens (ductus deferens) and surrounding tissue that runs from the deep inguinal ring down to each testicle. Its serosal covering, the tunica vaginalis, is an extension of the peritoneum that passes through the transversalis fascia. Each testicle develops in the lower thoracic and upper lumbar region and migrates into the scrotum. During its descent it carries along with it the vas deferens, its vessels, nerves etc. There is one on each side.
Structure
The spermatic cord is ensheathed in three layers of tissue:
- external spermatic fascia, an extension of the innominate fascia that overlies the aponeurosis of the external oblique muscle.{{Cite book|last=Liu|first=Longfei|url=https://doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-815008-5.00001-7|title=Scrotoscopic Surgery|publisher=Academic Press|year=2019|isbn=978-0-12-815008-5|pages=1–8|chapter=Chapter 1 - Applied Anatomy of the Scrotum and its Contents|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-815008-5.00001-7|s2cid=81721236 }}
- cremasteric muscle and fascia, formed from a continuation of the internal oblique muscle and its fascia.
- internal spermatic fascia, continuous with the transversalis fascia.
The normal diameter of the spermatic cord is about 16 mm (range 11 to 22 mm).{{cite journal |vauthors=Firoozabadi R, Stafford P, Routt M |title=Risk of Spermatic Cord Injury During Anterior Pelvic Ring and Acetabular Surgery: An Anatomical Study |journal=Arch Bone Jt Surg |volume=3 |issue=4 |pages=269–73 |year=2015 |pmid=26550592 |pmc=4628634 }} It is located behind the tunica vaginalis.{{Cite book|last1=Yin|first1=Zhuo|chapter-url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/B9780128150085000042|title=Scrotoscopic Surgery|last2=Meng|first2=Xianxi|publisher=Academic Press|year=2019|isbn=978-0-12-815008-5|pages=23–53|chapter=Chapter 4 - General Techniques of Scrotoscopic Surgery|doi=10.1016/B978-0-12-815008-5.00004-2|s2cid=81292862 }}
=Contents=
== Blood vessels ==
== Nerves ==
- Nerve to cremaster (genital branch of the genitofemoral nerve).
- Testicular nerves (sympathetic nerves).
The ilioinguinal nerve is not actually located inside the spermatic cord, but runs outside it in the inguinal canal.
== Other contents ==
The tunica vaginalis is located in front of the spermatic cord, outside it.
Clinical significance
The spermatic cord is sensitive to torsion, in which the testicle rotates within its sac and blocks its own blood supply. Testicular torsion may result in irreversible damage to the testicle within hours. A collection of serous fluid in the spermatic cord is named 'funiculocele'.
The contents of the abdominal cavity may protrude into the inguinal canal, producing an indirect inguinal hernia
Varicose veins of the spermatic cord are referred to as varicocele. Though often asymptomatic, about one in four people with varicocele have negatively affected fertility.{{cite web|url=https://www.varicocelehealing.com/info.html|title=Learn About Varicocele Treatment|website=VARICOCELE HEALING|access-date=25 April 2018|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140202092859/https://www.varicocelehealing.com/info.html|archive-date=2 February 2014}}
Additional images
File:Gray549.png|The left femoral triangle
File:Gray1144.png|The scrotum
File:Gray1148.png|The right testis, exposed by laying open the tunica vaginalis
File:Spermatic cord 3.jpg|Spermatic cord
File:Slide1eee.JPG|Spermatic cord
File:Slide2por.JPG|Superficial veins oflower limb. Superficial dissection. Anterior view.
References
{{Reflist}}
External links
- {{ViennaCrossSection|pembody/body18b}}
- {{ViennaCrossSection|pelvis/pelvis-e12-15}}
- {{NormanAnatomy|inguinalregion}} ({{NormanAnatomyFig|spermaticcord}})
{{Male reproductive system}}
{{Authority control}}