Standard German#Pluricentricity

Standard German originated not as a traditional dialect of a specific region but as a written language developed over a process of several hundred years in which writers tried to write in a way that was understood in the largest area.{{citation needed|date=March 2025}}

Martin Luther's translation of the Bible in 1522 (New Testament, Old Testament 1534) was an important development towards an early standardization of written German. Luther based his translation largely on the already developed language of the Saxon chancery, which was more widely understood than other dialects and as a Central German dialect, was felt to be "halfway" between the dialects of the north and south. Luther drew principally on East Central German dialects in his codification efforts.{{Cite book |last=Havinga |first=Anna Dorothea |url=https://doi.org/10.1515/9783110547047 |title=Invisibilising Austrian German: On the effect of linguistic prescriptions and educational reforms on writing practices in 18th-century Austria |date=2018-01-22 |publisher=De Gruyter |isbn=978-3-11-054704-7}}

Later in 1748, a grammar manual by Johann Christoph Gottsched, Grundlegung einer deutschen Sprachkunst, was key in the development of German writing and standardization of the language. Similarly to Luther, Gottsched based his manual on the Central German variant of the Upper Saxon area.Dieter Kattenbusch: Zum Stand der Kodifizierung von Regional- und Minderheitensprachen. In: Bruno Staib (Hrsg.): Linguista Romanica et indiana. Gunter Narr, Tübingen, 2000, {{ISBN|3-8233-5855-3}}, p.211. Over the course of the mid-18th century and onward, a written standard then began to emerge and be widely accepted in German-speaking areas, thus ending the period of Early New High German.

Until about 1800, Standard German was almost entirely a written variety. People in Northern Germany who spoke mainly Low Saxon dialects, which were very different from Standard German, learned it more or less as a foreign language. However, the Northern pronunciation (of Standard German) later became considered standard{{sfn|König|1989|p=110}}{{sfn|von Polenz|1999|p=259}} and spread southward. In some regions such as around Hanover, the local dialect has completely died out as spoken language but is preserved in dialect literature and scholarly descriptions.{{citation needed|date=March 2025}}

It can thus be argued that it is the spread of Standard German as a language taught at school that defines the German Sprachraum, which was thus a political decision, rather than a direct consequence of dialect geography. That allowed areas with dialects with very little mutual intelligibility to participate in the same cultural sphere. Some linguists claim today that a One Standard German Axiom is a discipline-defining feature of Germanistik.{{Cite book |last=Dollinger |first=Stefan |title=Routledge Handbook of Prescriptivism |publisher=Routledge |year=2023 |editor-last=Beal |editor-first=Joan C |location=Abingdon |pages=14–15 |chapter=Prescriptivism and national identity: sociohistorical constructionism, disciplinary bias, and Standard Austrian German |chapter-url=https://www.academia.edu/43948900}} Outside of Switzerland, Austria and South Tyrol, local dialects tend to be used mainly in informal situations or at home and in dialect literature.

In German, Standard German is generally called {{lang|de|Hochdeutsch}}, reflecting the fact that its phonetics are largely those of the High German spoken in the southern uplands and the Alps (including Austria, Switzerland, Liechtenstein and parts of northern Italy as well as southern Germany). The corresponding term Low German reflects the fact that these dialects belong to the lowlands stretching towards the North Sea. The widespread but mistaken impression that Hochdeutsch is so-called because it is perceived to be "good German" has led to use of the supposedly less judgmental {{lang|de|Standarddeutsch}} ("Standard German"), {{lang|de|deutsche Standardsprache}} ("German standard language"). On the other hand, the "standard" written languages of Switzerland and Austria have each been codified as standards distinct from that used in Germany. For this reason, "Hochdeutsch" or "High German", originally a mere geographic designation, applies unproblematically to Swiss Standard German and Austrian Standard German as well as to German Standard German and may be preferred for that reason.Schmidlin, Regula. 2011. Die Vielfalt des Deutschen: Gebrauch, Einschätzung und Kodifizierung einer plurizentrischen Sprache. Berlin: de Gruyter.

File:Standard varieties of German.png

Since the 1980s, German has widely been considered a pluricentric language with the national standard varieties of German Standard German, Austrian Standard German and Swiss Standard German.Kellermeier-Rehbein, Birte. 2014. Plurizentrizität: Einführung in die Standardvariation des Deutschen. Berlin: ESV. These varieties of standard German differ above all in vocabulary, pragmatics and pronunciation, but in some instances also in grammar and, in only a handful of cases, in orthography. In formal writing, the differences are small; in regards to the spoken language, the different varieties of Standard German are easily recognized by most speakers,{{Cite book |last=Dollinger |first=Stefan |url=https://www.nid-library.com/Home/ViewBook/512/60/view |title=Österreichisches Deutsch oder Deutsch in Österreich? Identitäten im 21. Jahrhundert |publisher=New Academic Press |year=2021 |edition=3rd |location=Vienna |pages=58, 51 on dialect use in AT and DE |language=DE}} as the audio and video samples illustrate.

File:Kroepfl_2_radiointerview_2010.ogg

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File:WIKITONGUES- Gereon speaking German.webm

These three national standards (German, Austrian and Swiss) have each been adopted by other German-speaking countries and communities as their standard form of German.Dollinger, Stefan. 2019. The Pluricentricity Debate: on Austrian German and Other Germanic Standard Varieties. Abingdon: Routledge, p. 26 The German standard is applied in Luxembourg, Belgium, and Namibia while the Swiss standard has been adopted in Liechtenstein.Karina Schneider-Wiejowski, Birte Kellermeier-Rehbein, Jakob Haselhuber: Vielfalt, Variation und Stellung der deutschen Sprache. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, 2013, p.46.

The variation of the Standard German varieties must not be confused with the variation of the local German dialects. Even though the Standard German varieties are to a certain degree influenced by the local dialects, they are very distinct.https://www.academia.edu/37714477/The_Pluricentricity_Debate_On_Austrian_German_and_other_Germanic_Standard_Varieties_2019_chs_1_and_9_, p.6-8 All varieties of Standard German are based on the common tradition of the written German language, whereas the local dialects have their own historical roots that go further back than the unification of the written language, and in the case of Low German, belong to a different language entirely.

{{More citations needed section|date=January 2022}}

In most regions, the speakers use a continuum of mixtures from more dialectal varieties to more standard varieties according to situation. However, there are two (or three) exceptions:

• In Northern Germany, there is no continuum in the strict sense between the local varieties of Low German ("Plattdeutsch") on one hand and Standard German on the other. Since the former have not undergone the High German consonant shift, they are too different from the standard for a continuum to emerge. High German and Low German are best seen as separate languages, but because High (Middle and Upper) and Low German form a dialect continuum and Standard German serves as Dachsprache for all forms of German, they are often described as dialects of German. Under a sociolinguistic approach to the problem, even if Low German dialects are Abstandsprachen (linguistically quite different), they are perceived as dialects of German because they lack Ausbau. However, Low German influenced the standard-based vernaculars that are spoken today in Northern Germany by language transfer in pronunciation, vocabulary, grammar, and syntax, and it continues to do so to a limited degree. High German that is heavily influenced by Low German has been known as Missingsch, but most contemporary Northern Germans exhibit only an intermediate Low German substratum in their speech.
• In German-speaking Switzerland, there is no such continuum between the Swiss German varieties and Swiss Standard German, and the use of Standard German is almost entirely restricted to the written language. Therefore, the situation has been called a medial diglossia. Standard German is seldom spoken among native Swiss,{{efn|Though about 10%, or {{formatnum: {{#expr: 8200000*0.101 round -4}}}} Swiss residents speak High German a.k.a. Standard German at home.}}{{cite web |url=http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/01/05/blank/key/sprachen.html |type=official site |title=Sprachen, Religionen – Daten, Indikatoren: Sprachen – Üblicherweise zu Hause gesprochene Sprachen |date=2015 |publisher=Swiss Federal Statistical Office |location=Neuchâtel, Switzerland |language=de, fr, it |quote=Zu Hause oder mit den Angehörigen sprechen 60,1% der betrachteten Bevölkerung hauptsächlich Schweizerdeutsch, 23,4% Französisch, 8,4% Italienisch, 10,1% Hochdeutsch und 4,6% Englisch |access-date=2016-01-13 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160114180444/http://www.bfs.admin.ch/bfs/portal/de/index/themen/01/05/blank/key/sprachen.html |archive-date=2016-01-14 }} and even then the accent and vocabulary is very much Swiss except, for instance, when speaking with people who do not understand the Swiss German dialects at all, and it is expected to be used in school. {{Citation needed|date=February 2021}} Standard German has, however, left a clear imprint on the contemporary variants of Swiss German, regional expressions and vocabulary having been replaced with material assimilated from the standard language. Of all German-speaking countries, Switzerland has, however, the most fully retained the use of dialect in everyday situations. Dialect is used to a lesser extent for some everyday situations in southern Germany, Austria, Liechtenstein, Alsace, and South Tyrol. The regular use of dialect in the Swiss media (radio, internet, and television) contrasts with its much rarer appearance in the media of Austria, Germany, East Belgium, South Tyrol, and Liechtenstein.
• Luxembourgish was considered a German dialect like many others until about World War II but then underwent ausbau. It created its own standard form in vocabulary, grammar and spelling and therefore is seen today as an independent language. Since Luxembourgish has a maximum of some 600,000 native speakers, resources in the language (books, newspapers, magazines, television, internet, etc.) are limited. Since most Luxembourgers also speak Standard German and French, there is strong competition with both, which have very large language resources. Luxembourgers are generally trilingual and use French and Standard German in some areas of life, Luxembourgish in others. Standard German is taught in the schools in Luxembourg, and close to 90% of the population can speak it.[http://ec.europa.eu/public_opinion/archives/ebs/ebs_243_en.pdf Europeans and their Languages] – Eurobarometer, p. 13

{{main|Standard German phonology}}

{{see also|Bühnendeutsch}}

While the three principal national varieties are recognized as three distinct standards, the differences are few, perhaps comparable to the difference between British and American English. The pronouncing dictionary of the Duden dictionary group{{Cite web |title=Duden-Aussprachewörterbuch |url=https://www.duden.de/hilfe/aussprache |access-date=9 September 2024}} codifies the standard pronunciation for German Standard German and allows for a small number of divergences; for example, the string "äh" has two authorized pronunciations, /ɛː/ and /eː/. Some regions see only the first as correct, and others use only the second; Duden now recognizes both as correct. Standardized High German pronunciation is generally used in radio and television as well as in German learning materials for non-natives and at least aspirationally by language teachers. The accent is documented in reference works such as Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch (German Pronunciation Dictionary) by Eva-Maria Krech et al.,{{efn|On pages 1-2, Deutsches Aussprachewörterbuch discusses die Standardaussprache, die Gegenstand dieses Wörterbuches ist (the standard pronunciation which is the topic of this dictionary). It also mentions Da sich das Deutsche zu einer plurizentrischen Sprache entwickelt hat, bildeten sich jeweils eigene Standardvarietäten (und damit Standardaussprachen) (German has developed into a pluricentric language separate standard varieties (and hence standard pronunciations)) but refers to the standards as regionale und soziolektale Varianten (regional and sociolectal variants).}} Duden 6 Das Aussprachewörterbuch (Duden volume 6, The Pronunciation Dictionary) by Max Mangold and the training materials at the Westdeutscher Rundfunk (West German Broadcasting) and Deutschlandfunk (Radio Germany). It is an invented accent, rather than one radiating from any particular German-speaking city. It is often said that the people of Hannover speak German with an accent that comes closest to the standard of the Duden dictionaries, but the claim is debatable, particularly since it may apply equally well to the rest of Northern Germany. {{Citation needed|date=February 2021}}

{{main|German grammar}}

{{main|German orthography}}

Standard High German is written in the Latin alphabet. In addition to the 26 standard letters, German has three vowels with an umlaut mark, namely ä, ö and ü, as well as the {{lang|de|Eszett}} or {{lang|de|scharfes s}} (sharp s): ß. In Switzerland and Liechtenstein, ss is used instead of ß.

A first step to standardisation, although non-prescriptive, of Early New High German was introduced by the Luther Bible of 1534. In consequence, the written language of the chancery of Saxony-Wittenberg rose in importance in the course of the 17th century so much so that it was used in texts such as the 1665 revision of the Zürich Bible.

The First Orthographical Conference convened in 1876 by order of the government of Prussia, but failed. Konrad Duden published the first edition of his dictionary, later simply known as the Duden, in 1880. The first spelling codification by the Second Orthographic Conference of 1901, based on Duden's work, came into effect in 1902.

In 1944 there was a failed attempt at another reform; this was delayed on the order of Hitler and not taken up again after the end of World War II.

In the following decades German spelling was essentially decided de facto by the editors of the Duden dictionaries. After the war, this tradition was followed with two different centers: Mannheim in West Germany and Leipzig in East Germany. By the early 1950s, a few other publishing houses had begun to attack the Duden monopoly in the West by publishing their own dictionaries, which did not always conform to the "official" spellings prescribed by Duden. In response, the Ministers of Culture of the federal states in West Germany officially declared the Duden spellings to be binding as of November 1955 ("Duden-Monopol" or "Dudenmonopol", "Duden-Privileg" or "Dudenprivileg"). {{Citation needed|date=February 2021}}Theodor Ickler:

• Rechtschreibreform in der Sackgasse: Neue Dokumente und Kommentare. 2004, p. 79f. (having „Dudenprivileg“)
• Der Rat für deutsche Rechtschreibung in Dokumenten und Kommentaren. Frank & Timme GmbH, Berlin, p. 78f., quoting Karin Wolff from 2004 (having „Dudenmonopol“)

{{Main|German orthography reform of 1996}}

The orthography reform of 1996 was based on an international agreement signed by the governments of the German-speaking countries Germany, Austria, Liechtenstein and Switzerland; but acceptance of the reform was limited and led to public controversy and considerable dispute. The states ({{lang|de|Bundesländer}}) of North Rhine-Westphalia and Bavaria refused to accept it. At one point, the dispute reached the highest court, which quickly dismissed it, claiming that the states had to decide for themselves and that only in schools could the reform be made the official rule – everybody else could continue writing as they had learned it.

While, {{As of|2004|lc=on}}, most German print media followed the reform, some newspapers, such as {{lang|de|Die Zeit}}, {{lang|de|Neue Zürcher Zeitung}} and {{lang|de|Süddeutsche Zeitung}}, created their own in-house orthographies.

After 10 years, without any intervention by the federal parliament, a major revision of the spelling reform was installed in 2006 because there were disagreements regarding capitalization and splitting of German words. Also revised were the rules governing punctuation marks.{{citation needed|date=September 2012}}

The most noticeable change was probably in the use of the letter ß, called scharfes s (Sharp S) or {{lang|de|Eszett}} (pronounced ess-tsett, coming from ſz). Traditionally, this letter was used in three situations:

1. After a long vowel or vowel combination;
2. Before a t;
3. At the end of a syllable.

Examples are {{lang|de|Füße}}, {{lang|de|paßt}}, and {{lang|de|daß}}. Currently, only the first rule is in effect, making the reformed spellings {{lang|de|Füße}}, {{lang|de|passt}}, and {{lang|de|dass}}. The word {{lang|de|Fuß}} 'foot' has the letter ß because it contains a long vowel, even though that letter occurs at the end of a syllable. The logic of this change is that an 'ß' is a single letter whereas 'ss' are two letters, so the same distinction applies as (for example) between the words {{lang|de|den}} and {{lang|de|denn}}.

This is a selection of cognates in both English and Standard German. Instead of the usual infinitive ending -en, Standard German verbs are indicated by a hyphen after their stems. Words that are written with capital letters in Standard German are nouns.

{{main|List of German expressions in English}}

English has taken many loanwords from German, often without any change of spelling (aside from frequently eliminating umlauts and not capitalizing nouns):

File:Duden 25Auflage.JPG dictionary]]

The Duden is the de facto official dictionary of the Standard High German language, first published by Konrad Duden in 1880. The Duden is updated regularly, with new editions appearing every four or five years. {{As of|August 2017}}, it was in its 27th edition and in 12 volumes, each covering different aspects such as loanwords, etymology, pronunciation, synonyms, and so forth.
The first of these volumes, {{lang|de|Die deutsche Rechtschreibung}} (German Orthography), has long been the prescriptive source for the spelling of Standard High German. The Duden had become the bible of the Standard High German language, being the definitive set of rules regarding grammar, spelling, and usage of Standard High German.{{cite journal |author=Gerhard Weiss |title = Up-to-Date and with a Past: The "Duden" and Its History |date=1995 |journal = Die Unterrichtspraxis / Teaching German |volume=6 |issue= 1: The Publisher as Teacher |doi=10.2307/3531328 |jstor=3531328 |pages=7–21 }}

File:OeWB 42Aufl.jpg}} ("Austrian Dictionary")]]

The {{lang|de|Österreichisches Wörterbuch}} ("Austrian Dictionary"), abbreviated {{lang|de|ÖWB}}, is the official dictionary of the Standard High German language in the Republic of Austria. It is edited by a group of linguists under the authority of the Austrian Federal Ministry of Education, Arts and Culture ({{langx|de|Bundesministerium für Unterricht, Kunst und Kultur|links=no}}). It is the Austrian counterpart to the German Duden and contains a number of terms unique to Austrian German or more frequently used or differently pronounced there.{{lang|de|Zur Definition und sprachwissenschaftlichen Abgrenzung insbesondere}}: Rudolf Muhr, Richard Schrodt, Peter Wiesinger (Hrsg.): [http://www-oedt.kfunigraz.ac.at/OEDTBIB/120-1995-OEDTSBd2.pdf Österreichisches Deutsch – Linguistische, sozialpsychologische und sprachpolitische Aspekte einer nationalen Variante des Deutschen (PDF, 407 Seiten; 1,3{{nbsp}}MB)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140514090855/http://www-oedt.kfunigraz.ac.at/OEDTBIB/120-1995-OEDTSBd2.pdf |date=14 May 2014 }}, Verlag Hölder-Pichler-Tempsky, Wien 1995. Anm.: {{lang|de|Diese Publikation entstand aus den Beiträgen der Tagung "Österreichisches Deutsch", die mit internationalen Sprachwissenschaftlern an der Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz vom 22. bis 24. Mai 1995 stattfand|italic=unset}} A considerable amount of this "Austrian" vocabulary is also common in Southern Germany, especially Bavaria, and some of it is used in Switzerland as well. Since the 39th edition in 2001 the orthography of the {{lang|de|ÖWB}} has been adjusted to the German spelling reform of 1996. The dictionary is also officially used in the Italian province of South Tyrol. It is currently available in 44th edition, from 2022, and includes an online version with limited access.{{Cite web |title=ÖBV Online Catalogue |url=https://www.oebv.at/unsere-reihen/oesterreichisches-woerterbuch |access-date=2023-11-30}}

Several organisations promote the use and learning of the Standard German language.

{{Main|Goethe-Institut}}

The government-backed {{lang|de|Goethe-Institut}},{{cite web|url=http://www.goethe.de/enindex.htm |title=Learning German, Experiencing Culture – Goethe-Institut |publisher=Goethe.de |access-date=24 January 2012}} (named after Johann Wolfgang von Goethe) aims to enhance the knowledge of German culture and language within Europe and the rest of the world. This is done by holding exhibitions and conferences with German-related themes, and providing training and guidance in the learning and use of the German language. For example, the {{lang|de|Goethe-Institut}} teaches the {{lang|de|Goethe-Zertifikat}} German language qualification.

{{Main|Deutsche Welle}}

File:Deutsche Welle Logo.svg

The German state broadcaster {{lang|de|Deutsche Welle}} provides radio and television broadcasts in Standard German and 30 other languages across the globe.{{cite web |url=https://www.dw.com/en/about-dw/s-30688 |title=About DW |publisher=DW.COM |date=n.d. |access-date=14 June 2013 }} Its Standard German language services are spoken slowly and thus tailored for learners. {{lang|de|Deutsche Welle}} also provides an {{nowrap|e-learning}} website for learning Standard German.{{cite web |url=https://www.dw.com/en/learn-german/german-courses/s-2547 |title=German Courses |publisher=DW.COM |date=n.d. |access-date=29 September 2019 }}
{{cite web |url=https://www.dw.com/de/deutsch-lernen/deutschkurse/s-2068 |title=Deutschkurse |publisher=DW.COM |date=n.d. |access-date=29 September 2019 }} {{in lang|de}}

{{Portal|Germany|Switzerland|Austria|Language}}

• History of the German language
• Standard language

{{notelist}}

{{Reflist|30em}}

{{refbegin}}

• {{cite book

|last=König

|first=Werner

|date=1989

|title=dtv-Atlas zur deutschen Sprache

|location=München

|publisher=Deutscher Taschenbuch Verlag

|isbn=3-423-03025-9

}}

• {{cite book

|last=von Polenz

|first=Peter

|date=1999

|title=Deutsche Sprachgeschichte vom Spätmittelalter bis zur Gegenwart

|volume=Band III. 19. und 20. Jahrhundert

|location=Berlin, New York

|publisher=Walter de Gruyter

|isbn=978-3-11-014344-7

}}

{{refend}}

{{Languages of Germany}}

{{Germanic languages}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:German language

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