Stephen Kosslyn

Stephen M. Kosslyn was an early contributor to cognitive science{{Cite book |last=Gardner |first=Howard |title=The mind's new science; A history of the cognitive revolution |publisher=Basic Books |year=1987 |isbn=0465046355 |location=New York}} and then was one of the founders of cognitive neuroscience.{{Cite book |last1=Gazzaniga |first1=Michael S. |title=Cognitive neuroscience: The biology of the mind |last2=Ivry |first2=Richard B. |last3=Mangun |first3=George R. |publisher=W.W. Norton |year=1998 |isbn=0-393-97219-4 |edition=1st |location=New York}} He is best known for his work on mental imagery, the neural bases of visual cognition, and the science of learning.

Kosslyn investigated the nature of mental images (e.g., "seeing with the mind's eye"), through both empirical studies and theoretical models.{{Cite journal |last1=Kosslyn |first1=Stephen M. |last2=Pomerantz |first2=James R. |date= 1977|title=Imagery, propositions, and the form of internal representations |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0285(77)90004-4 |journal=Cognitive Psychology |language=en |volume=9 |issue=1 |pages=52–76 |doi=10.1016/0010-0285(77)90004-4 |issn=|url-access=subscription }}{{Cite book |last=Kosslyn |first=Stephen M. |url=https://www.hup.harvard.edu/books/9780674443662 |title=Image and mind |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1980 |isbn=9780674443662 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts}} For example, his studies demonstrated that people take longer to mentally scan greater distances across objects in their mental images, supporting the idea that mental images are in some ways like "mental pictures".{{Cite journal |last=Kosslyn |first=Stephen M. |date=1973 |title=Scanning visual images: Some structural implications |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.3758/BF03198621 |journal=Perception & Psychophysics |language=en |volume=14 |issue=1 |pages=90–94 |doi=10.3758/BF03198621 |issn=}}{{Cite journal |last1=Kosslyn |first1=Stephen M. |last2=Ball |first2=Thomas M. |last3=Reiser |first3=Brian J. |date=1978 |title=Visual images preserve metric spatial information: Evidence from studies of image scanning. |url=https://doi.org/10.1037%2F0096-1523.4.1.47 |journal=Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=47–60 |doi=10.1037/0096-1523.4.1.47 |pmid=627850 |issn=}} He also found that people could detect more details of objects in their mental images when they mentally "zoomed in" on them.{{Cite journal |last=Kosslyn |first=Stephen M. |date=1975 |title=Information representation in visual images |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0285(75)90015-8 |journal=Cognitive Psychology |language=en |volume=7 |issue=3 |pages=341–370 |doi=10.1016/0010-0285(75)90015-8 |issn=|url-access=subscription }}{{Cite journal |last=Kosslyn |first=Stephen M. |date=1976 |title=Can imagery be distinguished from other forms of internal representation? Evidence from studies of information retrieval times. |url=https://link.springer.com/article/10.3758/BF03213178 |journal=Memory & Cognition |language=en |volume=4 |issue=3 |pages=291–297 |doi=10.3758/BF03213178 |pmid=21287037 |issn=}}{{Cite journal |last1=Kosslyn |first1=Stephen M. |last2=Alper |first2=Steven N. |date=1977 |title=On the pictorial properties of visual images: Effects of image size on memory for words |url=https://doi.apa.org/doi/10.1037/h0081649 |journal=Journal of Psychology |language= |volume=31 |issue=1 |pages=32–40 |doi=10.1037/h0081649 |pmid=858090 |issn=|url-access=subscription }} In addition, he documented that the size and shape of the "mental screen" on which visualized objects appear is similar in scope and shape to the field of visual attention in perception (when actually seeing, not visualizing with eyes closed).{{Cite journal |last=Kosslyn |first=Stephen M. |date=1978 |title=Measuring the visual angle of the mind's eye. |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0285(78)90004-x |journal=ScienceCognitive Psychology |volume=10 |issue= 3|pages=356–389 |doi=10.1016/0010-0285(78)90004-x|pmid=688748 |url-access=subscription }} He and his colleagues also demonstrated that depictive ("picture-like") visual mental imagery can be implemented in computational systems, thereby removing much of the vagueness of the concept of mental imagery.{{Cite journal |last1=Kosslyn |first1=Stephen M. |last2=Shwartz |first2=Steven P. |date=1977 |title=A simulation of visual imagery. |url=https://doi.org/10.1207%2Fs15516709cog0103_2 |journal=Cognitive Science |language=en |volume=1 |issue=3 |pages=265–295 |doi=10.1207/s15516709cog0103_2 |issn=}} These models posited that visual mental imagery relies on four distinct sets of processing components, which underlie generating the image, maintaining it, transforming it, and interpreting it. Research findings have supported this analysis, for example by documenting selective deficits following damage to different brain areas.{{Cite book |last=Kosslyn |first=Stephen M. |url=https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/3653.003.0002 |title=Image and brain: The resolution of the imagery debate. |publisher=The MIT Press |year=1994 |isbn=978-0-262-277488 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts|doi=10.7551/mitpress/3653.003.0002 }}{{Cite journal |last=Farah |first=Martha J. |date= 1984|title=The neurological basis of mental imagery: a componential analysis. |url=https://doi.org/10.1016/0010-0277(84)90026-X |journal=Cognition |language=en |volume=18 |issue=1–3 |pages=245–72 |doi=10.1016/0010-0277(84)90026-x |pmid=6396031 |issn=|url-access=subscription }}

Kosslyn proposed a detailed theory of how visual information is stored and accessed in the brain during cognition. According to this theory, visual mental images are generated into the occipital cortex when we need high resolution.{{Cite journal |last1=Kosslyn |first1=S. M. |last2=Pascual-Leone |first2=A. |last3=Felician |first3=O. |last4=Camposano |first4=S. |last5=Keenan |first5=J.P. |last6=L. |first6=W. |last7=Thompson |last8=Ganis |first8=G. |last9=Sukel |first9=K. E. |last10=Alpert |first10=N.M. |date=1999 |title=The role of area 17 in visual imagery: Convergent evidence from PET and rTMS |url=https://www.science.org/doi/10.1126/science.284.5411.167 |journal=Science |volume=284 |issue=5411 |pages=167–170 |doi=10.1126/science.284.5411.167 |issn= |pmid=10102821|url-access=subscription }}{{Cite journal |last1=Kosslyn |first1=Stephen M. |last2=Thompson |first2=William L. |date=2003 |title=When is early visual cortex activated during visual mental imagery? |url=https://doi.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.723 |journal=Psychological Bulletin |language=en |volume=129 |issue=5 |pages=723–746 |doi=10.1037/0033-2909.129.5.723 |pmid=12956541 |issn=|url-access=subscription }} After they are generated into this structure, they can be interpreted and transformed via interactions with specific other brain areas. As part of developing the theory, he and his colleagues elucidated the role of two complementary visual pathways in the brain:{{Cite journal |last1=Rueckl |first1=Jay G. |last2=Cave |first2=Kyle R. |last3=Kosslyn |first3=Stephen M. |date=1989 |title=Why are "what" and "where" processed by separate cortical visual systems? A computational investigation. |journal=Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience |volume=1 |issue=2 |pages=171–186 |doi=10.1162/jocn.1989.1.2.171|pmid=23968464 |url=http://nrs.harvard.edu/urn-3:HUL.InstRepos:11064633 }}{{Cite journal |last=Kosslyn |first=Stephen M. |date=1987 |title=Seeing and imagining in the cerebral hemispheres: A computational approach. |url=https://doi.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0033-295X.94.2.148 |journal=Psychological Review |language=en |volume=94 |issue=2 |pages=148–175 |doi=10.1037/0033-295X.94.2.148 |pmid=3575583 |issn=|url-access=subscription }} The dorsal stream ("where" pathway), which processes spatial and motion-related imagery, versus the ventral stream ("what" pathway), which processes shape and detailed visual characteristics.{{Cite book |last1=Ungerleider |first1=Leslie G. |title=Analysis of Visual Behavior |last2=Mishkin |first2=Mortimer |collaboration=In David J. Ingle, Melvin A. Goodale & Richard J. W. Mansfield, eds. |publisher=MIT Press |year=1982 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |pages=549–589 |chapter=Two cortical visual systems.}}{{Cite journal |last1=Mishkin |first1=Mortimer |last2=Ungerleider |first2=Leslie G. |last3=Macko |first3=Kathleen A. |date=1983 |title=Object vision and spatial vision: Two cortical pathways. |url=https://dx.doi.org/10.1016/0166-2236%2883%2990190-X |journal=Trends in Neurosciences |volume=6 |issue= |pages=414–17 |doi=10.1016/0166-2236(83)90190-X |issn=|url-access=subscription }} For example, Kosslyn and his colleagues showed that the dorsal stream functions differently in the two halves of the brain: the left cerebral hemisphere relies on "categorical" spatial representations (e.g., "left of"), whereas the right cerebral hemisphere relies on metric, "coordinate", representations.{{Cite journal |last1=Kosslyn |first1=Stephen M. |last2=Koenig |first2=Olivier |last3=Barrett |first3=Anna |last4=Cave |first4=Carolyn Backer |last5=Tang |first5=Joyce |last6=Gabrieli |first6=John D. E. |date=1989 |title=Evidence for two types of spatial representations: Hemispheric specialization for categorical and coordinate relations. |url=https://doi.apa.org/doi/10.1037/0096-1523.15.4.723 |journal=Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=723–735 |doi=10.1037/0096-1523.15.4.723|pmid=2531207 |url-access=subscription }} He and his colleagues found that different sorts of mental images are constructed by arranging parts using one or the other type of spatial relations.{{Cite journal |last1=Kosslyn |first1=Stephen M. |last2=Thompson |first2=William L. |last3=Sukel |first3=Katherine E. |last4=Alpert |first4=Nathaniel M. |date=2005 |title=Two types of image generation: Evidence from PET. |url=https://doi.org/10.3758/cabn.5.1.41 |journal=Cognitive, Affective, & Behavioral Neuroscience |volume=5 |issue=1 |pages=41–53 |doi=10.3758/CABN.5.1.41}} Furthermore, using a variety of methods, such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), he and his colleagues showed that visual mental imagery relies on most of the same brain regions that underlie visual perception.{{Cite journal |last1=Ganis |first1=Giorgio |last2=Thompson |first2=William L |last3=Kosslyn |first3=Stephen M |date=2004 |title=Brain areas underlying visual mental imagery and visual perception: an fMRI study. |url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0926641004000709 |journal=Cognitive Brain Research |volume=20 |issue=2 |pages=226–241 |doi=10.1016/j.cogbrainres.2004.02.012|url-access=subscription }}

Kosslyn applied principles from cognitive science to improve how people learn. He initially formulated cognitive principles that make data displays—such as graphs, charts, and diagrams—more intuitive and easier to understand.{{Cite book |last=Kosslyn |first=Stephen M. |title=Graph design for the eye and mind. |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-19-531184-6 |location=New York}} Building on this, he extended these principles to presentation design and delivery.{{Cite book |last=Kosslyn |first=Stephen M. |title=Clear and to the point: 8 psychological principles for compelling PowerPoint presentations. |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-19-532069-5 |location=New York, NY}} He developed evidence-based guidelines for creating effective PowerPoint slides and other forms of visual communication.{{Cite journal |last1=Kosslyn |first1=Stephen M. |last2=Kievit |first2=Rogier A. |last3=Russell |first3=Alexandra G. |last4=Shephard |first4=Jennifer M. |date=2012 |title=PowerPoint presentation flaws and failures: A psychological analysis. |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |volume=3 |pages=230 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2012.00230 |doi-access=free|pmid=22822402 |pmc=3398435 }}

Kosslyn also drew on cognitive science to increase student engagement in digital environments. He devised concrete ways to design online courses based on how memory and attention work.{{Cite book |last=Kosslyn |first=Stephen M. |title=Building the intentional university: Minerva and the future of higher education. |publisher=The MIT Press |year=2018 |isbn=978-0-262-53619-6 |editor-last=Nelson |editor-first=Ben}}{{Cite book |last1=Kosslyn |first1=Stephen M. |title=Building the intentional university: Minerva and the future of higher education |last2=Goldberg |first2=Robin B. |last3=Cannon |first3=Teri |collaboration=In Kosslyn, Stephen M; Nelson, Ben. eds. |publisher=The MIT Press |year=2017 |isbn=978-0-262-03715-0 |location=Cambridge, Massachusetts |pages=139–149 |chapter=Unlearning to learn. |doi=10.7551/mitpress/9780262037150.003.0010}}{{Cite book |last=Kosslyn |first=Stephen M. |title=Active learning online: Five principles that make online courses come alive. |publisher=Alinea Learning |year=2020 |isbn=978-1735810706 |location=Boston, MA}} These methods actively involve learners, such as by creating just-in-time breakout groups, providing real-time feedback, and providing chunked content. In addition, he developed new ways to use AI to leverage learning science in education. These methods deliver personalized, dynamic instruction as well as assess student learning and foster active engagement.{{Cite book |last=Kosslyn |first=Stephen M. |url=https://www.alinealearning.com/active-learning-with-ai |title=Active learning with AI: A practical guide. |publisher=Alinea Learning |year=2023 |isbn=979-8989214006 |location=Boston, Massachusetts}} In this context, he introduced the concept of the "Cognitive Amplifier Loop"—a procedure that helps humans interact with AI to enhance their cognitive strengths and compensate for their cognitive limitations.{{Cite book |last=Kosslyn |first=Stephen M. |url=https://www.routledge.com/Learning-to-Flourish-in-the-Age-of-AI/Kosslyn/p/book/9781032686660?srsltid=AfmBOor37oEaFJrIVxnw3JyzU-5ZHEPJPPXqmQvryPRJm16CZVdY9RZT |title=Learning to flourish in the age of AI. |publisher=Routledge & CRC Press |year=2024 |isbn=978-1-032-68665-3 |location=New York}}

Kosslyn attended graduate school at Stanford University and received a PhD in psychology from Stanford in 1974.{{Cite book |last=Kosslyn |first=S. M. |url=https://searchworks.stanford.edu/view/392662 |title=Constructing visual images (Doctoral dissertation, Stanford University). |publisher=Stanford University Libraries |year=1974}} After an appointment as assistant professor of psychology at Johns Hopkins, he joined the faculty at Harvard in 1977, where he later served as the departmental chair, Dean of Social Sciences, and the John Lindsley Professor.{{Cite news |last=harvardgazette |date=24 April 2008 |title=Stephen Kosslyn named divisional dean for the social sciences. |url=https://news.harvard.edu/gazette/story/2008/04/stephen-kosslyn-named-divisional-dean-for-the-social-sciences/ |work=Harvard Gazette}} He also was codirector of the Mind of the Market Lab at Harvard Business School and was an associate in the department of neurology at the Massachusetts General Hospital. In 2010, Kosslyn was appointed director of the Center for Advanced Study in the Behavioral Sciences at Stanford University.{{Cite news |last=Harvard Magazine |date=3 August 2010 |title=Social sciences dean Kosslyn departs." |url=https://www.harvardmagazine.com/2010/08/social-sciences-dean-kosslyn-departs |work=Harvard Magazine}} Following this, Kosslyn was the Founding Dean and Chief Academic Officer of the Minerva Schools (now Minerva University).{{Cite web |date=18 January 2014 |title=A new university bets on a hybrid online-learning model |url=https://www.dawn.com/news/1081128 |access-date= |website=DAWN.COM |language=en}}{{Cite web |date=2013-04-08 |title=Behavior Expert Seizes Chance to Run an Ambitious Experiment in Higher Education. |url=https://www.chronicle.com/article/behavior-expert-seizes-chance-to-run-an-ambitious-experiment-in-higher-education/ |access-date= |website=The Chronicle of Higher Education |language=en}} He then was the founder and chief academic officer of Foundry College, an online two-year college.{{Cite web |last=O'Melveny |date=12 October 2018 |title=O'Melveny guides Foundry College's financing campaign |url=https://www.omm.com/news/press-releases/o-melveny-guides-foundry-college-s-financing-campaign/ |access-date= |website= |language=en}} And, most recently, he is founder, President and CEO of Active Learning Sciences, Inc, and cofound of Zal.ai.

Between 1998 and 2002, Harvard received $200,000 in donations from Jeffrey Epstein to support Kosslyn's research.{{Cite news |last=Burke |first=Lilah |title=Harvard Reviews Connections to Epstein |url=https://www.insidehighered.com/quicktakes/2020/05/04/harvard-reviews-connections-epstein |archive-date= |access-date= |work=Inside Higher Ed |language=en-GB}}{{Cite web |title=Report Concerning Jeffrey E. Epstein's Connections to Harvard University. |url=https://ogc.harvard.edu/report-concerning-Epstein |access-date= |website=ogc.harvard.edu. |language=en}} A report from Harvard University shows that Kosslyn had known Epstein for about nine years and supported his application as a visiting fellow in the department of psychology in September 2005.{{Cite news |date= |title=Epstein visited Harvard office after sex offender conviction |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/jeffrey-epstein-office-harvard-university-sex-offender-conviction-a9495611.html |access-date= |work=The Independent. |language=en-US |issn=0362-4331|archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20241130002433/https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/jeffrey-epstein-office-harvard-university-sex-offender-conviction-a9495611.html |archive-date=30 November 2024 }}{{Cite news |last=Levenson |first=Michael |date=2020-05-01 |title=Harvard Kept Ties With Jeffrey Epstein After '08 Conviction, Report Shows |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/01/us/jeffrey-epstein-harvard.html |work=The New York Times |issn=0362-4331}} The report noted that Kosslyn did not disclose Epstein's donations in the accompanying documents. Epstein "lacked academic qualifications", but there was speculation that his application was approved with the support of Kosslyn as the head of the department. The report also noted that disclosure was not requested, and that Harvard—having accepted the gifts—was previously aware of this funding. Epstein withdrew from his appointment in 2006 following his arrest for sex criminal offenses.

Kosslyn has received numerous honors for his research. These include the National Academy of Sciences Initiatives in Research Award, the Prix Jean-Louis Signoret, three honorary doctorates (from the University of Caen, France; the University of Paris-Descartes, France; the University of Bern, Switzerland), a Guggenheim fellowship,{{Cite web |title=Stephen M. Kosslyn - John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation |url=https://archive.today/20140821173936/http:/www.gf.org/fellows/8113-stephen-m-kosslyn}} and a Cattell Award. He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the Society of Experimental Psychologists, and Academia Rodinensis pro Remediatione (Switzerland).

Kosslyn has published over 350 scientific papers and written or co-authored 16 books and edited or co-edited 14 books, including the following:{{Cite web |title=Details of books published |url=https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.wjh.harvard.edu/~kwn/* |website=Wayback Machine}}{{Cite web |title=List of publications |url=https://web.archive.org/web/*/http://www.wjh.harvard.edu:80/~kwn/Documents/SMKpublications.pdf* |website=Wayback Machine}}

• Kosslyn, Stephen M. (1980). [https://www.hup.harvard.edu/books/9780674443662 Image and mind]. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press. ISBN 978-0-674-44366-2. (https://www.hup.harvard.edu/books/9780674443662)
• Kosslyn, Stephen M. (1983). [https://www.amazon.com/Ghosts-Minds-Machine-Creating-Images/dp/0393952576 Ghosts in the mind's machine: Creating and using images in the brain]. New York: W. W. Norton. ISBN 978-0-393-95257-5. (https://www.amazon.com/Ghosts-Minds-Machine-Creating-Images/dp/0393952576)
• Kosslyn, Stephen M. (1994). [https://www.amazon.com/Elements-Graph-Design-Stephen-Kosslyn/dp/071672362X Elements of graph design]. New York: W. H. Freeman. ISBN 978-0-7167-2362-2. (https://www.amazon.com/Elements-Graph-Design-Stephen Kosslyn/dp/071672362X).
• Kosslyn, Stephen M. (1994). Image and brain: The resolution of the imagery debate. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-277488. (https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/3653.003.0002)
• Kosslyn, Stephen M.; Koenig, Olivier (1995). [https://www.amazon.com/Wet-Mind-New-Cognitive-Neuroscience/dp/0028740858 Wet mind: The new cognitive neuroscience]. New York: Free Press. ISBN 978-0-02-874085-0. (https://w ww.amazon.com/Wet-Mind-New-Cognitive-Neuroscience/dp/0028740858)
• Kosslyn, Stephen M.; Rosenberg, Robin S. (2001). [https://books.google.com/books/about/Psychology.html?id=r1DuAAAAMAAJ Psychology: The brain, the person, the world]. New York: Allyn and Bacon. ISBN 978-0-205-27465-9. (https://books.google.com/books/about/Psychology.html?id=r1DuAAAAMAAJ)
• Kosslyn, Stephen M.; Thompson, William L.; Ganis, Giorgio (2006), The case for mental imagery. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-517908-8. (https://doi.org/10.1093/acprof:oso/9780195179088.003.0006)
• Kosslyn, Stephen M. (2006). [https://www.amazon.com/GraphDesign-Mind-Stephen-Kosslyn/dp/0195311841#detailBullets_feature_div Graph design for the eye and mind]. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-531184-6. (https://www.amazon.com/GraphDesign-Mind-Stephen-Kosslyn/dp/0195311841#detailBullets_feature_div)
• Smith, Edward E.; Kosslyn, Stephen M., eds. (2007). [https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/64208315 Cognitive psychology: Mind and brain]. Upper Saddle River, N.J: Pearson/Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-013-182508-6. (https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/64208315).
• Kosslyn, Stephen M. (2007). [https://www.amazon.com/Clear-Point-Psychological-Principles-Presentations/dp/0195320697 Clear and to the point: 8 psychological principles for compelling PowerPoint presentations]. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19532069-5. (https://www.amazon.com/Clear-Point-Psychological-Principles-Presentations/dp/0195320697)
• Kosslyn, Stephen M.; Rosenberg, Robin S. (2010). [https://www.amazon.com/Psychology-Context-3rd-Stephen-Kosslyn/dp/0205456146 Psychology in context]. New York: Allyn & Bacon. ISBN 9780205456147. (https://www.amazon.com/ Psychology-Context-3rd-Stephen-Kosslyn/dp/0205456146) (3rd ed.)
• Kosslyn, Stephen M. (2010). [https://www.amazon.com/Better-PowerPoint-Quick-Audience-Thinks/dp/0195376757 Better PowerPoint: Quick fixes based on how your audience thinks]. New York: Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-537675-3. (https://www.amazon.com/Better-PowerPoint-Quick-Audience-Thinks/dp/0195376757)
• Kosslyn, Stephen M.; Miller, G. Wayne (2013). [https://www.amazon.com/Top-Brain-Bottom-Surprising-Insights/dp/1451645104 Top brain, bottom brain: Surprising insights into how you think]. Riverside: Simon & Schuster. ISBN 978-1-4516-4510-1. (https://www.amazon.com/Top-Brain-Bottom-Surprising-Insights/dp/1451645104)
• Rosenberg, Robin, S.; Kosslyn, Stephen M. (2014). Abnormal psychology (2nd ed.). New York: Worth Publishing. ISBN 1429242167.
• Kosslyn, Stephen M.; Nelson, Ben, eds. (2017). [https://www.amazon.com/Building-Intentional-University-Minerva-Education/dp/0262037157 Building the intentional university: Minerva and the future of higher education]. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-03715-0. (https://www.amazon.com/Building-Intentional-University-Minerva-E ducation/dp/0262037157)
• Kosslyn, Stephen M. (2020). [https://www.amazon.com/Active-Learning-Online-Principles-Courses/dp/1735810703 Active learning online: Five principles that make online courses come alive]. Boston, Massachusetts: Alinea Learning. ISBN 978-1735810706. (https://www.amazon.com/Active-Learning-Online-Principles-Courses/dp/1735810703)
• Kosslyn, Stephen M. (2023). [https://www.amazon.com/Active-Learning-AI-Practical-Guide/dp/B0CMPS7HCK#detailBulletsfeature_div Active learning with AI: A practical guide]. Boston Massachusetts: Alinea Learning. ISBN 979-8989214006. (https://www.amazon.com/Active-Learning-AI-Practical-Guide/dp/B0CMPS7HCK#detailBullets feature_div)
• Kosslyn, Stephen M. (2024). [https://www.amazon.com/ActiveLearning-AI-Practical-Guide/dp/B0CMPS7HCK#detailBullets_feature_div Learning to flourish in the age of AI]. New York: Routledge. ISBN 978-1-032-68665-3. (https://www.amazon.com/ActiveLearning-AI-Practical-Guide/dp/B0CMPS7HCK#detailBullets_feature_div)

{{Reflist}}

{{Wikiquote}}

• [http://isites.harvard.edu/icb/icb.do?keyword=kosslynlab Kosslyn Lab at Harvard University]
• [http://www.ideasroadshow.com/issues/stephen-kosslyn-2014-06-05 "Psychology: From Theory to Practice - A Conversation with Stephen Kosslyn"], Ideas Roadshow, 2014

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Category:1948 births

Category:Living people

Category:American cognitive neuroscientists

Category:University of California, Los Angeles alumni

Category:Stanford University alumni

Category:Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences

Category:Johns Hopkins University faculty

Category:Brandeis University faculty

Category:Harvard University Department of Psychology faculty

Category:Fellows of the Cognitive Science Society

Category:American expatriates in Switzerland