Stormfield
{{Short description|Final residence (1908–1910) of Mark Twain in Redding, Connecticut, US}}
{{about|Mark Twain’s house|the American meteorologist|Storm Field}}
File:Mark Twain's house front view.jpg's home from June 1908 until his death]]
Stormfield was the mansion built in Redding, Connecticut for author Samuel Clemens, best known by his pen name, Mark Twain, who lived there from 1908 until his death in 1910. He derived the property's name from the short story "Extract from Captain Stormfield's Visit to Heaven". The building was destroyed in a 1923 fire.
Conception, architecture, and construction
Twain met biographer Albert Bigelow Paine in 1906 while living in New York City. He decided to purchase 195 acres of land in Redding where Paine lived,{{cite web|url=https://marktwainlibrary.org/wp-content/uploads/HistoryOfStormfield.pdf |title=The History of Stormfield |publisher=Mark Twain Library |access-date=2014-05-12}} purchasing his first parcel there March 24, 1906, and buying additional acreage in May and September that year.{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uwNAwY29dHEC&q=stormfield |last=Lystra |first=Karen |title=Dangerous Intimacy: The Untold Story of Mark Twain's Final Years |publisher=University of California Press |date=2004 |page=134 |isbn=9780520250000}}
Twain hired architect John Mead Howells of Howells & Stokes, son of the author William Dean Howells who was a friend and collaborator for 45 years.{{cite web | title=Mark Twain and William Dean Howells: the friendship that transformed American literature | website=Library of Congress | date=2010-11-30 | url=https://www.loa.org/news-and-views/981-mark-twain-and-william-dean-howells-the-friendship-that-transformed-american-literature | access-date=2020-04-16}} Twain stipulated the house should be built in the style of a Tuscan villa, after having lived at Villa Viviani (1891–1892) in Settignano and Villa di Quarto (1903–1904) in Sesto Fiorentino outside Florence, Italy.{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ELUxAQAAMAAJ&q=%22Redding%2C+conn.%22+architect+OR+architecture&pg=PA50 |title=Mark Twain's New House at Redding, Conn. Mssrs. Howells & Stokes Architects |publisher=The American Architect |date=January–June 1909 |volume=XCV |number=1729 |page=50 |access-date=2014-05-14}} Construction began in 1907; the project was nearly abandoned later that year due to cost and Twain's misgivings about Redding's relative isolation, but the younger Howells convinced him that he would suffer a financial loss on work already underway.{{sfn|Lystra|2004|p=}} The house was completed in June 1908, built on elevated land known at the time as Birch Spray Hill on the west bank of the Saugatuck River.{{cite magazine |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-o06AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA707 |last=Beard |first=Dan |title=Mark Twain as a Neighbor |magazine=Review of Reviews and World's Work: An International Magazine |date=January–June 1910 |volume=41 |page=705 |access-date=May 14, 2014}}
The exterior of the house featured a gray stucco finish and green-colored roof, with the foundation measuring 70 feet by 40 feet, flanked by wings measuring 20 feet by 18 feet.{{sfn|Beard|1910|p=707}} Howells designed the interior ground floor to include a central dining room, opening onto garden terraces and a fountain. In one wing was a drawing room opening onto an outdoor seating area; the other wing contained a billiards room decorated with caricatures of Twain.{{sfn|Beard|1910}} The hand-carved mantel for the billiards room fireplace was a gift from the Sandwich Islanders. Twain had purchased a second, ornate mantel from Ayton Castle in Scotland that was installed in the living room; that mantel was damaged in the fire but restored, and is located today at the Mark Twain House & Museum in Hartford, Connecticut{{cite web|url=https://journals.ku.edu/index.php/amerstud/article/viewFile/2119/2078 |author=Pearson, Norman |title=The Mark Twain Memorial in Hartford, Connecticut |publisher=American Studies |date=Fall 1960 |volume=1 |number=2 |access-date=2014-05-14}} where Twain lived from 1874 to 1891.{{cite web|url=http://www.marktwainhouse.org/visitor/tour_information.php |title=Visitor Info |publisher=Mark Twain House & Museum |access-date=2014-05-14}}
Residents of Redding met Twain and Paine and Paine's daughter Louise at the West Redding train station on June 18, 1908, and accompanied them to the new house. It was the first time that Twain had seen the house in person. Dan Beard was a nearby Redding resident whose illustrations appeared in several Mark Twain books. He helped set off fireworks to commemorate Twain's arrival, describing a scene in which "sticks from the rockets fell in the pastures and sent the cattle and horses tearing around the fields."{{sfn|Beard|1910}}
Life at Stormfield
File:The Boys' Life of Mark Twain 032.jpg
File:The Boys' Life of Mark Twain 033.jpg
Twain initially called the villa "Autobiography House",{{cite web|url=http://hq.abaa.org/books/antiquarian/news_fly?code=118 |author=MacDonnell, Kevin |title=A Virtual Tour of Mark Twain's Last Home With a Glimpse of His Library |publisher=The Mark Twain Journal |date=Spring–Fall 2006 |volume=44 |issue=1–2 |access-date=2014-05-15}} and then "Innocents at Home"{{cite web|url=http://www.shapell.org/manuscript.aspx?samuel-clemens-jean-clemens-grover-cleveland |title=Mark Twain on 'Innocents at Home', President Grover Cleveland, and God |publisher=Shapell Manuscript Foundation |date=1908-06-19 |access-date=2014-05-15}} in reference to his European travel memoir The Innocents Abroad.{{Cite web|url=http://cmgww.com/historic/twain/about/writings.htm|title = Writings - the Official Licensing Website of Mark Twain}} He changed the name to Stormfield that autumn following a storm which alluded to his short story "Extract from Captain Stormfield's Visit to Heaven" and to the profits from it which he used to finance the construction.
Two burglars broke into the house in September 1908 and stole silver; they also exchanged shots with a deputy sheriff who was wounded.{{sfn|Beard|1910}} They were later apprehended aboard a train in Bethel, Connecticut and sentenced to prison. Twain briefly met the men while they were in custody{{sfn|Beard|1910}} and subsequently posted a note on the front door of Stormfield addressed "To the next Burglar", advising them that the house contained "nothing but plated ware" which they could find "in that brass thing" by a basket of kittens; to make no noise to disturb the family; and to leave the kittens.{{cite web|url=http://www.lettersofnote.com/2012/01/to-next-burglar.html |author=Clemens, Samuel |title=To the next Burglar |publisher=Letters of Note |date=1909-09-09 |access-date=2014-05-15}} He also added an entry in his guest book to note the burglars' arrival{{cite news|url=http://documents.nytimes.com/the-comings-and-goings-at-mark-twains-last-home-as-told-by-the-guest-book |title=The Comings and Goings at Mark Twain's Last Home, as Told by the Guest Book |newspaper=New York Times |date=2010-04-24 |page=14 |access-date=2014-05-15}} "without permission."{{sfn|Beard|1910}}
In his leisure time at Stormfield, Twain enjoyed playing billiards and the card game hearts, reading, writing, smoking, and strolling the grounds.{{sfn|Beard|1910}} He hosted numerous famous visitors at Stormfield,{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0DEED71031F936A15757C0A9669D8B63 |title=On the Records Guest Book; Mark Twain as Entertainer and Color Commentator |newspaper=New York Times |date=2010-04-25 |access-date=2014-05-14}} including Thomas Edison who filmed the only surviving motion picture of Twain, showing him walking the grounds of Stormfield.{{cite web|url=http://connecticuthistory.org/mark-twain-at-stormfield/ |title=Mark Twain at Stormfield |publisher=ConnecticutHistory.org |access-date=2014-05-12}} Others included Helen Keller, who lived in nearby Easton, Connecticut, and muckraker journalist Ida Tarbell, also an Easton resident. Twain decided to endow a library in Redding, and he began charging visitors one dollar to raise funds for it. As a host, he was "dignified, courteous, and prodigal in his hospitality," Beard wrote, "possessing all of the admirable characteristics of the best type of the old-fashioned Southern gentleman."{{sfn|Beard|1910}}
On October 6, 1909, Clara Clemens married pianist Ossip Gabrilowitsch, in a ceremony held on the grounds of Stormfield. Twain had given a farmhouse on property that he called the Lobster Pot to his secretary, household manager and social companion Isabel Lyon as a Christmas present in 1907. He dismissed her in 1909 and regained ownership of the property.{{cite web|url=http://www.thelobsterpotstudio.com/lobster-pot-history.htm |title=The History of the Lobster Pot |publisher=The Lobster Pot Studio and Gallery |access-date=2014-05-12}}
In 1909 Twain purchased a nearby farm as a home for his daughter Jean, who worked as his secretary after the departure of Isabel Lyon. Jean died at Stormfield December 24, 1909, the cause of death believed to be a heart attack during an epileptic seizure while taking a bath. Clemens wrote "The Death of Jean", believed to be the last work he ever completed.
Twain was suffering from a heart ailment in the spring of 1910 and sought to recuperate in Bermuda. He returned to Stormfield April 12, 1910, and died there April 21.
Legacy
Officials in Connecticut and New York estimated the value of Twain's estate at $471,000 ($11.9 million today).{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1911/07/15/archives/mark-twain-estate-about-half-million-largely-in-stocks-and.html |title=Mark Twain Estate About Half Million |newspaper=New York Times |date=1911-07-15 |access-date=2014-05-12}} The Gabrilowitschs listed Stormfield for sale in 1910{{cite news|url=https://query.nytimes.com/search/sitesearch/?action=click®ion=Masthead&pgtype=Homepage&module=SearchSubmit&contentCollection=Homepage&t=qry839#/stormfield/since1851/allresults/2/allauthors/oldest/ |title=Topics of the Week |newspaper=New York Times |date=1910-10-29 |access-date=2014-05-12}} for $50,000, and the Twain estate sold off several pieces of land between 1910 and 1923.
Clara Clemens Gabrilowitsch gave birth at Stormfield to daughter Nina on August 19, 1910 who was Twain's last descendant;{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VYsavOLN8HQC&q=clara+clemens+gabrilowitsch+stormfield+birth&pg=PA692 |author=Rasmussen, R. Kent |title=Critical Companion to Mark Twain: A Literary Reference to His Life and Work |publisher=Facts On File Inc. |date=2007 |page=692|isbn=9781438108520 }} she died in 1966.{{cite web|url=https://chnm.gmu.edu/digitalhistory/links/pdf/chapter7/7.12.pdf |title=Nina Clemens Gabrilowitsch, 55, Twain's Last Direct Heir, Dies |publisher=New York Times via George Mason University Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media |date=1966-01-19 |access-date=2014-05-12}} Clara offered Stormfield for use as a convalescent facility for wounded soldiers and sailors in 1918.{{cite web|url=http://www.twainquotes.com/19181025.html |title=Twain Home a Rest Camp |publisher=New York Times via George Mason University Roy Rosenzweig Center for History and New Media |date=1918-10-25 |access-date=2014-05-12}} Margaret Given bought it and the remaining property in 1923. The mansion caught fire during renovations that year and was destroyed. An exterior garden stone wall is thought to be the lone remaining structure from the original Stormfield.{{cite web|url=http://travelingwithtwain.org/2011/11/14/redding-ct/an-exclusive-peek-of-stormfield-twains-last-home/ |author=Karas, Alyssa |title=An exclusive peek of Stormfield, Twain's last home |publisher=Traveling With Twain |date=2011-11-14 |access-date=2014-05-15}}
Mary Millett bought the property in 1924{{cite web|url=http://twainproject.blogspot.com/2009/06/stormfield-property.html |title=Mark Twain Stormfield Project 1908-1912 |access-date=2014-05-12}} and built a small replica of Stormfield. She sold the house and property in 1927 to Doreen Danks. That house stands today on property totaling 28.5 acres{{cite news|url=https://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304020704579276410561780426 |title=Stormfield: A Visit to Heaven |newspaper=Wall Street Journal |date=2013-12-25 |access-date=2014-05-12}} on Mark Twain Lane in Redding. The town of Redding appraised the property at $1.9 million as of 2017.
Stormfield Preserve
Over the years, the Town of Redding spent some $575,000 to acquire more than 160 acres of the original Stormfield property, which today is maintained as a preserve including 4 miles of hiking trails open to the public.{{cite web|title=Hiking Trails & Recreation in Redding, Connecticut (CT)|url=http://www.historyofredding.com/HRhiking.htm|publisher=History of Redding|access-date=14 May 2014}} In 1986, a Redding town meeting voted not to commission a study assessing whether to designate the Stormfield area a historic district.{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1986/08/24/nyregion/redding-does-so-like-mark-twain.html?action=click&module=Search®ion=searchResults&mabReward=relbias%3As&url=http%3A%2F%2Fquery.nytimes.com%2Fsearch%2Fsitesearch%2F%3Faction%3Dclick%26region%3DMasthead%26pgtype%3DHomepage%26module%3DSearchSubmit%26contentCollection%3DHomepage%26t%3Dqry839%23%2Fstormfield |title=Redding Does So Like Mark Twain |newspaper=The New York Times |date=1986-08-24 |access-date=2014-05-12}}
References
{{Reflist}}
External links
- {{Commonscat-inline}}
{{Mark Twain}}
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Category:Houses in Fairfield County, Connecticut
Category:Houses completed in 1908
Category:Villas in the United States
Category:Italianate architecture in Connecticut
Category:Burned houses in the United States
Category:1908 establishments in Connecticut
Category:Buildings and structures in Redding, Connecticut
Category:Homes of American writers