Struve Geodetic Arc

{{Short description|Meridian arc from Hammerfest in Norway to the Black Sea}}

{{Infobox building

| name = Struve Geodetic Arc

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| image = Hammerfest Meridianstein.jpg

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| image_caption = The northernmost station of the Struve Geodetic Arc is located in Fuglenes, Norway.

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| image_map = Struve Geodetic Arc-zoom-en.svg

| map_caption = Map of the Struve Geodetic Arc where red points identify the World Heritage Sites.

| location = Estonia, Belarus, Finland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Moldova, Russia, Sweden, and Ukraine

| coordinates = {{coord|59|3|28|N|26|20|16|E|display=inline,title}}

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| building_type = Ensemble of memorable sites

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| opened_date = Geodetic Arc

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| architect = Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve

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| embedded = {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site

| Official_name = Struve Geodetic Arc

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| Criteria =ii, iii, vi

| ID =1187

| Year = 2005

| child = yes

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File:Tartu asv2022-04 img06 Old Observatory.jpg

File:GoglandZ.jpg, Russia.]]

File:Struve Geodetic Arc in Felshtyn.jpg

File:Rudi IMG 4386.jpg

The Struve Geodetic Arc is a chain of survey triangulations stretching from Hammerfest in Norway to the Black Sea, through ten countries and over {{Convert|2820|km|mi}}, which yielded the first accurate measurement of a meridian arc.

The chain was established and used by the German-born Russian scientist Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von Struve in the years 1816 to 1855 to establish the exact size and shape of the earth. At that time, the chain passed merely through three countries: Norway, Sweden and the Russian Empire. The Arc's first point is located in Tartu Observatory in Estonia, where Struve conducted much of his research. Measurement of the triangulation chain comprises 258 main triangles and 265 geodetic vertices. The northernmost point is located near Hammerfest in Norway and the southernmost point near the Black Sea in Ukraine.

In 2005, the chain was inscribed on the World Heritage List, because of its importance in geodesy and its testimony to international scientific cooperation.{{cite web |url = http://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1187 |title = Struve Geodetic Arc |website = UNESCO World Heritage Centre |publisher = United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization |access-date = 11 September 2021}} The World Heritage site includes 34 commemorative plaques or built obelisks out of the original 265 main station points which are marked by drilled holes in rock, iron crosses, cairns, others. This inscription is located in ten countries, the second most of any UNESCO World Heritage after the Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe.{{Cite web|title=Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1133/|access-date=2021-03-13|website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre|language=en}}

The measurements of the 30° Meridian Arc in 1816–1852 as well the description of the geodesic, topographical, and map making works in the Balkans from the nineteenth century until the beginning of the twentieth century by Russian Czarist Army was described in Astronomy, geodesy and map-drawing in Moldova since the middle ages till the World War I.A. Găină, Astronomy, geodesy and map-drawing in Moldova since the middle ages till the World WarI, Serbian Astron. J., N.162 (2000), pp. 121–125

Chain

=[[Norway]]=

Fuglenes in Hammerfest ({{coord|70|40|12|N|23|39|48|E|type:landmark_region:NO}})
Raipas in Alta ({{coord|69|56|19|N|23|21|37|E|type:landmark_region:NO}})
Luvdiidcohkka in Kautokeino ({{coord|69|39|52|N|23|36|08|E|type:landmark_region:NO}})
Baelljasvarri in Kautokeino ({{coord|69|01|43|N|23|18|19|E|type:landmark_region:NO}})

=[[Sweden]]=

"Pajtas-vaara" (Tynnyrilaki) in Kiruna ({{coord|68|15|18|N|22|58|59|E|type:landmark_region:SE}})
"Kerrojupukka" (Jupukka) in Pajala ({{coord|67|16|36|N|23|14|35|E|type:landmark_region:SE}})
Pullinki in Övertorneå ({{coord|66|38|47|N|23|46|55|E|type:landmark_region:SE}})
"Perra-vaara" (Perävaara) in Haparanda ({{coord|66|1|5|N|23|55|21|E|type:landmark_region:SE}})

=[[Finland]]=

Stuor-Oivi (currently Stuorrahanoaivi) in Enontekiö ({{coord|68|40|57|N|22|44|45|E|type:landmark_region:FI}})
Avasaksa (currently Aavasaksa) in Ylitornio ({{coord|66|23|52|N|23|43|31|E|type:landmark_region:FI}})
Torneå (currently {{ill|Alatornio Church|fi|Alatornion kirkko}}) in Tornio ({{coord|65|49|48|N|24|09|26|E|type:landmark_region:FI}})
Puolakka (currently Oravivuori) in Korpilahti ({{coord|61|55|36|N|25|32|01|E|type:landmark_region:FI}})
Porlom II (currently Tornikallio) in Lapinjärvi ({{coord|60|42|17|N|26|00|12|E|type:landmark_region:FI}})
Svartvira (currently Mustaviiri) in Pyhtää ({{coord|60|16|35|N|26|36|12|E|type:landmark_region:FI}})

=[[Russia]]=

"Mäki-päälys" (Mäkipäällys) (Finland 1917/1920-1940) in Gogland (Suursaari)({{coord|60|4|27|N|26|58|11|E}})
"Hogland, Z" (Gogland, Tochka Z) in Gogland ({{coord|60|5|9.8|N|26|57|37.5|E|type:landmark_region:RU}})

=[[Estonia]]=

"Woibifer" (Võivere) in Väike-Maarja Parish ({{coord|59|03|28|N|26|20|16|E|type:landmark_region:EE}})
"Katko" (Simuna) in Väike-Maarja Parish ({{coord|59|02|54|N|26|24|51|E|type:landmark_region:EE}})
"Dorpat" (Tartu Old Observatory) in Tartu. ({{coord|58|22|43.64|N|26|43|12.61|E|type:landmark_region:EE}})

=[[Latvia]]=

"Sestu-Kalns" (Ziestu) in Ērgļu novads ({{coord|56|50|24|N|25|38|12|E|type:landmark_region:LV}})
"Jacobstadt" in Jēkabpils ({{coord|56|30|05|N|25|51|24|E|type:landmark_region:LV}})

=[[Lithuania]]=

"Karischki" ({{ill|Gireišiai, Rokiškis District|lt=Gireišiai|lt|Gireišiai (Rokiškis)}}) by Panemunėlis southwards ({{coord|55|54|09|N|25|26|12|E|type:landmark_region:LT}})
"Meschkanzi" (Meškonys) in Nemenčinė ({{coord|54|55|51|N|25|19|00|E|type:landmark_region:LT}})
"Beresnäki" (Paliepiukai) in Nemėžis ({{coord|54|38|04|N|25|25|45|E|type:landmark_region:LT}})

=[[Belarus]]=

"Tupischki" (Tupishki) in Ashmyany district ({{coord|54|17|30|N|26|2|43|E|type:landmark_region:BY}})
"Lopati" (Lopaty) in Zelva district ({{coord|53|33|38|N|24|52|11|E|type:landmark_region:BY}})
"Ossownitza" (Ossovnitsa) in Ivanovo district ({{coord|52|17|22|N|25|38|58|E|type:landmark_region:BY}})
"Tchekutsk" (Chekutsk) in Ivanovo district ({{coord|52|12|28|N|25|33|23|E|type:landmark_region:BY}})
"Leskowitschi" (Leskovichi) in Ivanovo district ({{coord|52|9|39|N|25|34|17|E|type:landmark_region:BY}})

=[[Moldova]]=

"Rudi" near Rudi village, Soroca district ({{coord|48|19|08|N|27|52|36|E|type:landmark_region:MD}})

=[[Ukraine]]=

Katerynivka in Antonivka, Khmelnytskyi Oblast ({{coord|49|33|57|N|26|45|22|E|type:landmark_region:UA}})
Felshtyn in Hvardiiske, Khmelnytskyi Oblast ({{coord|49|19|48|N|26|40|55|E|type:landmark_region:UA}})
Baranivka in Baranivka, Khmelnytskyi Oblast ({{coord|49|08|55|N|26|59|30|E|type:landmark_region:UA}})
Staro-Nekrasivka (Stara Nekrasivka) in Nekrasivka, Odesa Oblast ({{coord|45|19|57.5|N|28|55|40|E|type:landmark_region:UA}})

Results

=Historical=

At publication in 1858, the flattening of the earth was estimated at one part in 294.26. The earth's equatorial radius was estimated at {{Convert|6378360.7|meters|feet}}.Norwegian Directorate for Cultural Heritage, Dronningensg 13, P.O.Box 8196, Dep. 0034, Oslo, Norway (2005), Norwegian Points on The Struve Geodetic Arc (pamphlet)

In 2005, the work was repeated using satellite navigation. The new flattening estimate was one part in 298.257 222 101 and the equatorial radius was {{Convert|6378136.8|m|feet}}.

An earlier survey, in 1740, had given flattening at one part in 178 and an equatorial radius of {{Convert|6396800|m|feet}}.

=Modern=

Northernmost point: Hammerfest (Fuglenes): 70° 40' 11.23″ N

Southernmost point: Ismail (Staro-Nekrassowka): 45° 20' 02.94″ N

Difference in Geodetic Latitude: 25° 20' 08.29″

Distance in kilometres: 2,821.853 ± 0.012

References

External links

[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1187 Listing on UNESCO website]
[https://whc.unesco.org/archive/advisory_body_evaluation/1187.pdf A UNESCO article about the chain]
[http://www.fig.net/news/news_2004/struve.htm FIG – Proposal to UNESCO for the Struve Geodetic Arc to become a World Heritage Monument]
[http://www.fig.net/hsm/struve/struve_arc_smith_2005.pdf J.R. Smith. The Struve Geodetic Arc]
[http://struvearc.lv Latvia Struve arc webpage]
[http://post.ee/?id=1595&product_id=8192&c_tpl=1019 Estonian souvenir sheet and first day cover dedicated to Struve and Struve Geodetic Arc (2011)]

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