Tornio

{{Infobox settlement

|name = Tornio

| official_name = {{lang|fi|Tornion kaupunki}}
{{lang|sv|Torneå stad}}

| other_name = Torneå
Duortnus
Tuárnus

| settlement_type = Town

| image_skyline = Tornio Hallituskatu.JPG

| image_caption = Central Tornio

| image_shield = Tornio.vaakuna.svg

| shield_size = 120x80px

| image_map = Tornio sijainti Suomi.svg

| map_caption = Location of Tornio in Finland

|coordinates = {{coord|65|51|N|024|09|E|region:FI-10_type:city|display=inline,title}}

|subdivision_type = Country

|subdivision_name = {{flag|Finland}}

| subdivision_type1 = Region

| subdivision_name1 = Lapland

| subdivision_type2 = Sub-region

| subdivision_name2 = Kemi-Tornio

| leader_title = Town manager

| leader_name = Jukka Kujala

| established_title = Charter

| established_date = 1621

|area_footnotes = {{Data Finland municipality|area_footnotes|Tornio}}

|area_total_km2 = {{Data Finland municipality|area_total_km2|Tornio}}

|area_land_km2 = {{Data Finland municipality|area_land_km2|Tornio}}

|area_water_km2 = {{Data Finland municipality|area_water_km2|Tornio}}

|area_rank = {{Data Finland municipality|area_rank|Tornio}}

|population_as_of = {{Data Finland municipality|population_as_of|Tornio}}

|population_footnotes = {{Data Finland municipality|population_footnotes|Tornio}}

|population_total = {{Data Finland municipality|population_total|Tornio}}

|population_density_km2 = {{Data Finland municipality|population_density_km2|Tornio}}

|population_rank = {{Data Finland municipality|population_rank|Tornio}}

|demographics_type1 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics_type1|Tornio}}

|demographics1_footnotes = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics1_footnotes|Tornio}}

|demographics1_title1 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics1_title1|Tornio}}

|demographics1_info1 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics1_info1|Tornio}}

|demographics1_title2 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics1_title2|Tornio}}

|demographics1_info2 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics1_info2|Tornio}}

|demographics1_title3 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics1_title3|Tornio}}

|demographics1_info3 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics1_info3|Tornio}}

|demographics1_title4 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics1_title4|Tornio}}

|demographics1_info4 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics1_info4|Tornio}}

|demographics_type2 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics_type2|Tornio}}

|demographics2_footnotes = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics2_footnotes|Tornio}}

|demographics2_title1 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics2_title1|Tornio}}

|demographics2_info1 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics2_info1|Tornio}}

|demographics2_title2 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics2_title2|Tornio}}

|demographics2_info2 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics2_info2|Tornio}}

|demographics2_title3 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics2_title3|Tornio}}

|demographics2_info3 = {{Data Finland municipality|demographics2_info3|Tornio}}

|blank_name = {{Data Finland municipality|blank_name|Tornio}}

|blank_info = {{Data Finland municipality|blank_info|Tornio}}

|timezone = EET

|utc_offset = +02:00

|timezone_DST = EEST

|utc_offset_DST = +03:00

| website = {{URL|https://www.tornio.fi/en/}}

}}

Tornio ({{IPA|fi|ˈtornio|lang}}; {{langx|sv|Torneå}}; {{langx|se|Duortnus}} {{IPA|se|ˈtuo̯rtnuːs|}}; {{langx|smn|Tuárnus}}) is a city and municipality in Lapland, Finland. The city forms a cross-border twin city together with Haparanda on the Swedish side. The municipality covers an area of {{convert|{{Data Finland municipality/total area|Tornio}}|km2}}, of which {{convert|{{Data Finland municipality/waters area|Tornio}}|km2|abbr=on}} is water. The population density is {{convert|{{Data Finland municipality/population density|Tornio|round=2}}|PD/km2}}, with a total population of {{formatnum: {{Data Finland municipality/population count|Tornio}}}} ({{#time: j F Y|{{Data Finland municipality/population count|sourcedate}} }}).

Tornio is unilingually Finnish with a negligible number of native Swedish speakers, although this does not count vast numbers of bilinguals who speak Swedish as a second language, with an official target of universal working bilingualism for both border municipalities.{{cite web|url=https://www.nsd.se/nyheter/tvasprakighet-hogt-pa-dagordningen-5139151.aspx|title=Tvåspråkighet högt på dagordningen|publisher=NSD|language=sv|date=23 January 2010|access-date=5 April 2020}}

History

File:Suecia 2-071 ; Torneå 2.jpg]]

The delta of the Torne River has been inhabited since the end of the last ice age, and there are currently (1995) 16 settlement sites known in the area, similar to those found in Vuollerim ({{Circa|6000–5000 BC}}). The Swedish part of the region is not far from the oldest permanent settlement site found in Scandinavia.as currently known in 2004. A former hypothesis that this region was uninhabited and colonised from the Viking Age onward has now been abandoned.

Until the 19th century, inhabitants of the surrounding countryside spoke Finnish, and Kemi Sámi, a language of the Eastern Sami group, while those of the town were mainly Swedish-speaking.{{Citation needed|date=July 2024}}

The name 'Tornio' is an old Finnish word meaning "war spear": the city is named after the river.{{cite book|last=Vahtola|first=Jouko|title=Studia Historica Sptentrionalia 3|date=1980|location=Rovaniemi|isbn=951-95472-1-5|pages=102–107|language=fi}} To Swedish it was borrowed as Torneå after Torne å, an alternative name of the river.

The town received its charter from the King Gustavus Adolphus on 12 May 1621, and was officially founded on the island of Suensaari.[https://yle.fi/uutiset/3-11927599 YLE: Kojamo-veistos yhdistää asiat, joista 400-vuotias Tornio elää: teräksen ja lohen – tutkija listaa 5 tapahtumaa, jotka ovat muuttaneet kaupunkia] (in Finnish) At that time, it was the northernmost city in the world.[https://archive.today/20120526001338/http://www.hallinto.oulu.fi/viestin/vaitos11/nurmi.html Väitöstilaisuus Oulun yliopistossa] – Oulu University (in Finnish) The charter was granted in recognition of Tornio being the hub of all trade in Lapland throughout the 16th century. It was the largest merchant town in the North at the time, and for some years ranked as the richest town in Sweden. Despite the lively trade with Lapland and overseas, the population of the town remained stable for hundreds of years at little over 500.

During the 18th century Tornio was visited by several expeditions from Central Europe which came to explore the Arctic. The most notable expedition (1736–1737) was led by a member of the Académie française, Pierre Louis Maupertuis, who came to take meridian arc measurements along the Meänmaa which would show that the globe is flattened towards the poles. The church spire at Tornio was one of the landmarks used by Maupertuis in his measurements. The church was constructed in 1686 by Matti Joosepinpoika Härmä.

File:Torneå - Lennart Forstén - Finland framställdt i teckningar - 113.jpg edited by Zacharias Topelius and published 1845-1852.]]

The Lapland trade on which Tornio depended started to decline in the 18th century, and the harbour had to be moved downriver twice as a result of the rising of the land, which made the river too shallow for navigation. However, the greatest blow to the wealth of the town came in the last war between Sweden and Russia in 1808, which saw the Russians capture and annex Finland. The border was drawn through the deepest channel of the Muonio and Tornio rivers, splitting Lapland into two parts, with deleterious effects on trade. Tornio ended up on the Russian side of the border by special request of the Russian czar. The Swedes developed the village of Haaparanta (present day Haparanda) on their side of the border, to balance the loss of Tornio, and Tornio became unilingually Finnish.

File:A Federley Tornea 1908.jpg

During the Russian period, Tornio was a sleepy garrison town. Trade only livened up during the Åland War (part of the Crimean War) and the First World War, when Tornio became an important border crossing for goods and people. During the First World War, Tornio and Haparanda had the only rail link connecting the Russians to their Western allies. It was also through Tornio that Vladimir Lenin returned to Russia from exile in Switzerland in March 1917.

After the independence of Finland in 1917 Tornio lost its garrison and experienced further decline, although its population increased steadily. The town played no role of importance in the Finnish Civil War, but was the scene of some fierce street fighting at the onset of the Lapland War between Finland and Nazi Germany. The rapid liberation of the town by Finnish forces may have saved it from being burned down like so many other towns in Lapland. As a result, the wooden church from 1686 can still be seen today.

After World War II, the town created new employment built on the success of the local Lapin Kulta brewery and the Outokumpu stainless steel mill. Tourism based on the border has also been a growing industry. The town is a centre of education for Western Lapland, with a vocational college and a university of applied sciences.

Tornio and Haparanda have a history as twin cities, and are currently{{when|date=December 2024}} set to merge under the names TornioHaparanda and HaparandaTornio. A new city centre is under construction on the international border and several municipal services are shared.[http://www.pagransen.com/eng/engstart.html Rajalla – På Gränsen] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070628224433/http://www.pagransen.com/eng/engstart.html |date=June 28, 2007 }} The towns also share a common golf course, situated astride the border. The IKEA store in Haparanda has signposting in Finnish as well as in Swedish, and all prices are signposted in two currencies.

Sports

Tornion Palloveikot is a bandy club which plays in the Bandyliiga and has become Finnish bandy champion several times. They play their home matches in Haparanda, just on the other side of the Swedish border, which was the venue for games at the 2001 Bandy World Championship.

Tornion Pallo -47 is the main association football club in the city.

Teemu Tainio, a football player and manager, was born in Tornio.

Jesse Puljujärvi, an ice hockey player, lived his childhood in Tornio.

Ville Pokka, an ice hockey player, was born and raised in Tornio.

The Finland-Sweden border runs through the golf course at the west of the city.{{Cite web |title= |url=https://www.visitfinland.com/W5/fr/index.nsf/(pages)/Kemi-Tornio/}}

Climate

Tornio has a subarctic climate (Dfc) that is slightly tempered in winter by its proximity to the sea, but retains warm continental summers that are quite short. The weatherbox below is from neighbouring city Haparanda and operated by the Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute. Despite the fact that Tornio experiences polar day for 13 days between 15 and 27 June, it does not experience polar night.

{{Weather box

|collapsed =

|metric first = yes

|single line = yes

|location = Haparanda (adjacent to Tornio; 2002–2020; extremes since 1901)

|Jan record high C = 8.4

|Feb record high C = 8.0

|Mar record high C = 11.8

|Apr record high C = 18.5

|May record high C = 28.8

|Jun record high C = 31.4

|Jul record high C = 33.6

|Aug record high C = 31.1

|Sep record high C = 24.0

|Oct record high C = 17.0

|Nov record high C = 11.5

|Dec record high C = 7.2

|year record high C =

|Jan avg record high C = 2.5

|Feb avg record high C = 3.4

|Mar avg record high C = 7.5

|Apr avg record high C = 12.7

|May avg record high C = 22.3

|Jun avg record high C = 25.2

|Jul avg record high C = 27.1

|Aug avg record high C = 24.6

|Sep avg record high C = 18.7

|Oct avg record high C = 11.8

|Nov avg record high C = 6.4

|Dec avg record high C = 3.7

|year avg record high C = 28.1

|Jan high C = -5.9

|Feb high C = -5.1

|Mar high C = -0.3

|Apr high C = 5.4

|May high C = 12.3

|Jun high C = 17.8

|Jul high C = 21.1

|Aug high C = 18.7

|Sep high C = 13.3

|Oct high C = 5.6

|Nov high C = 0.4

|Dec high C = -2.4

|year high C =

|Jan mean C = -9.8

|Feb mean C = -9.1

|Mar mean C = -4.9

|Apr mean C = 1.1

|May mean C = 7.4

|Jun mean C = 12.9

|Jul mean C = 16.5

|Aug mean C = 14.4

|Sep mean C = 9.4

|Oct mean C = 2.4

|Nov mean C = -2.4

|Dec mean C = -5.8

|year mean C =

|Jan low C = -13.6

|Feb low C = -13.1

|Mar low C = -9.5

|Apr low C = -3.3

|May low C = 2.5

|Jun low C = 8.0

|Jul low C = 11.8

|Aug low C = 10.1

|Sep low C = 5.5

|Oct low C = -0.8

|Nov low C = -5.1

|Dec low C = -9.1

|year low C =

|Jan avg record low C = -27.6

|Feb avg record low C = -27.3

|Mar avg record low C = -22.3

|Apr avg record low C = -12.1

|May avg record low C = -4.3

|Jun avg record low C = 1.8

|Jul avg record low C = 5.3

|Aug avg record low C = 2.0

|Sep avg record low C = -2.5

|Oct avg record low C = -10.1

|Nov avg record low C = -16.0

|Dec avg record low C = -21.5

|year avg record low C = -29.7

|Jan record low C = -40.8

|Feb record low C = -41.7

|Mar record low C = -37.5

|Apr record low C = -26.0

|May record low C = -12.0

|Jun record low C = -2.0

|Jul record low C = 0

|Aug record low C = -3.0

|Sep record low C = -9.0

|Oct record low C = -23.0

|Nov record low C = -32.3

|Dec record low C = -38.0

|year record low C =

|precipitation colour = green

|Jan precipitation mm = 56.5

|Feb precipitation mm = 44.9

|Mar precipitation mm = 35.8

|Apr precipitation mm = 32.4

|May precipitation mm = 45.5

|Jun precipitation mm = 52.8

|Jul precipitation mm = 60.7

|Aug precipitation mm = 57.2

|Sep precipitation mm = 64.8

|Oct precipitation mm = 59.2

|Nov precipitation mm = 68.9

|Dec precipitation mm = 63.6

|year precipitation mm =

|Jan snow depth cm = 47

|Feb snow depth cm = 67

|Mar snow depth cm = 76

|Apr snow depth cm = 62

|May snow depth cm = 7

|Jun snow depth cm = 0

|Jul snow depth cm = 0

|Aug snow depth cm = 0

|Sep snow depth cm = 0

|Oct snow depth cm = 4

|Nov snow depth cm = 13

|Dec snow depth cm = 26

|year snow depth cm = 77

|source 1 = SMHI Open Data{{cite web|url=https://www.smhi.se/klimatdata/meteorologi/ladda-ner-meteorologiska-observationer/#param=precipitationMonthlySum,stations=all,stationid=163960|title=SMHI Open Data|publisher=Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute|language=sv|access-date=10 March 2021|archive-date=5 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181105193227/https://www.smhi.se/klimatdata/meteorologi/ladda-ner-meteorologiska-observationer/#param=precipitationMonthlySum,stations=all,stationid=163960|url-status=dead}}

|source 2 = SMHI Monthly Data{{cite web|url=http://www.smhi.se/klimatdata/meteorologi/temperatur/2.1240|title=SMHI Average Monthly Data 2002–2018|publisher=Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute|language=sv|access-date=10 March 2021|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225065632/http://www.smhi.se/klimatdata/meteorologi/temperatur/2.1240%20|url-status=dead}}

}}

{{Weather box

|collapsed =

|metric first = yes

|single line = yes

|location = Tornio (extremes 1993 -present, data from Liakka and Torppi)

|Jan record high C = 6.9

|Feb record high C = 7.2

|Mar record high C = 10.5

|Apr record high C = 16.9

|May record high C = 28.8

|Jun record high C = 31.9

|Jul record high C = 31.0

|Aug record high C = 31.8

|Sep record high C = 24.6

|Oct record high C = 15.8

|Nov record high C = 9.6

|Dec record high C = 6.8

|year record high C = 31.9

|Jan record low C = -44.1

|Feb record low C = -38.2

|Mar record low C = -32.7

|Apr record low C = -24.0

|May record low C = -9.5

|Jun record low C = -2.5

|Jul record low C = 0.2

|Aug record low C = -3.1

|Sep record low C = -8.7

|Oct record low C = -22.8

|Nov record low C = -30.1

|Dec record low C = -35.8

|year record low C = -44.1

| source = FMI open data{{cite web

| url = https://kilotavu.com/fmi-tilastot.php?taulukkomoodi=true

| title = FMI open data

| publisher = FMI

| access-date = 18 January 2025}}

}}

Transport

File:Haparanda-Tornio rail bridge Sep2008.jpg over Torne River with dual gauge tracks.]]

A break of gauge occurs at Tornio between the Finnish and Swedish railway systems. A bogie exchange and variable gauge axle track gauge changing facility are provided. Tornio has a passenger service provided from Tornio-East station by Finnish Railways VR three days a week overnight.{{cite news|title=Finnish Railways VR Timetable|url=https://www.vr.fi/cs/vr/en/long-distance_timetables|date=9 October 2017|access-date=9 October 2017|archive-date=25 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181225065636/https://www.vr.fi/cs/vr/en/train-timetables|url-status=dead}}

Kemi-Tornio Airport is located in Kemi, about {{convert|18|km}} south-east from Tornio city centre.

The Port of Tornio is a cargo port adjacent to the Outokumpu steelworks.{{cite web |title=Tornio |url=https://www.itamerensatamat.fi/portfolio/tornio/ |website=ItamerenSatamat.fi |access-date=4 October 2020 |language=fi}}

Highway 29 (part of the European route E8) between Keminmaa and Tornio is the world's northernmost motorway. Tornio is also the northern terminus of European route E4.

Notable people

Aarne Heikinheimo, Jäger Major-General
{{interlanguage link|Antti Ekman|fi}}, bandy player
{{interlanguage link|Einar Reuter|fi}}, writer, art critic and painter
Heikki Hyvönen, bandy player
{{interlanguage link|Heikki Niva|fi}}, gymnast and snooker player
{{interlanguage link|Hemming Åström|fi}}, businessman
Henri Sillanpää, footballer
Ivar Lantto, schoolteacher, farmer and politician
{{interlanguage link|Jarl Sundqvist|fi}}, forester and long-term director of the Forestry Department in Lapland
Jesse Puljujärvi, ice hockey player
Joni Myllykoski, ice hockey player
Juho-Teppo Berg, footballer
{{interlanguage link|Jukka Isometsä|fi}}, ice hockey league judge
Jussi Hakasalo, footballer
Jussi Kanervo, hurdler
{{interlanguage link|Kai Sadinmaa|fi}}, clergyman and writer
Kalle Palander, alpine skier
{{interlanguage link|Kari Savio|fi}}, writer
Leena Huhta, sprinter
Läjä Äijälä, musician, comics artist and poet
{{interlanguage link|Marko Herajärvi|fi}}
{{interlanguage link|Mauno Saari|fi}}, journalist, writer and screenwriter
{{interlanguage link|Paavo Ottelin|fi}}, Jäger lieutenant
Pasi Hiekkanen, football goalkeeper and bandy player
{{interlanguage link|Risto Mäkitalo|fi}}, architect
Saku Mäenalanen, ice hockey player
Sari Eero, athlete
{{interlanguage link|Seppo Kanerva|fi}}, politician
Teemu Tainio, footballer
Tuuli Matinsalo, aerobics athlete
Ville Pokka, ice hockey player
{{interlanguage link|Vuokko Mattila|fi}}, hairdresser
{{interlanguage link|Mira Sunnari|fi}}, musician
Ville Pörhölä, athlete, Olympic Winner
Miranda Vuolasranta, Finnish teacher

Twin towns – sister cities

File:Swedish border sign Tornio.JPG

Tornio is twinned with:{{cite web |title=Kansainvälinen yhteistyö ja ystävyyskaupungit|url=https://www.tornio.fi/kaupunki-ja-hallinto/tietoa-torniosta/kansainvalinen-yhteistyo/|publisher=Tornio|language=fi|access-date=2023-01-12}}

{{flagicon|ENG}} Devizes, England, United Kingdom
{{flagicon|NOR}} Hammerfest, Norway
{{flagicon|DEN}} Ikast-Brande, Denmark
{{flagicon|RUS}} Kirovsk, Russia
{{flagicon|HUN}} Szekszárd, Hungary
{{flagicon|SWE}} Vetlanda, Sweden

Gallery

Tornion joki winter 2015.jpg|Torne River in the winter

Tornio Orth Church.JPG|Orthodox Church, Tornio

Suensaari school Sep2008.jpg|Suensaari School, constructed in the early 1900s originally a Russian barracks.

Outokumpu mill in Tornio May2009 001.jpg|Outokumpu steel mill

Umpitunneli Tornio 20180523.jpg|Bar Umpitunneli in Tornio

References

External links

{{Wikivoyage inline}}
[https://www.tornio.fi/en/ Town of Tornio] – Official website
[https://web.archive.org/web/20070628224433/http://www.pagransen.com/eng/engstart.html Rajalla – På Gränsen]
[https://www.discoveringfinland.com/finnish-lapland/kemi-tornio/ Tourism Kemi & Tornio] – Discovering Finland

{{Geographic location

| Centre = Tornio

| N = Ylitornio

| E = Tervola
Keminmaa

| SE = Kemi

| S = Bothnian Bay

| W = {{Flagicon|SWE}} Haparanda

}}

Category:Cities and towns in Finland

Category:Populated coastal places in Finland

Category:Divided cities

Category:Finland–Sweden border crossings