Suidae#Phylogeny

{{Short description|Family of mammals belonging to even-toed ungulates}}

{{Automatic taxobox

| name = Suidae

| image = Suidae Collage.png

| image_upright = 1.2

| image_caption = Suid species of different genera; from top-left, clockwise: Wild boar (Sus scrofa), pygmy hog (Porcula salvania), giant forest hog (Hylochoerus meinertzhageni), red river hog (Potamochoerus porcus), common warthog (Phacochoerus africanus), North Sulawesi babirusa (Babyrousa celebensis)

| fossil_range = {{Fossil range|Oligocene|Holocene}}

| taxon = Suidae

| authority = Gray, 1821

| type_genus = Sus

| type_genus_authority = Linnaeus, 1758

| subdivision_ranks = Genera

| subdivision = Over 30 extinct genera, 6 extant,
see text.

}}

Suidae is a family of artiodactyl mammals which are commonly called pigs, hogs, or swine. In addition to numerous fossil species, 18 extant species are currently recognized (or 19 counting domestic pigs and wild boars separately), classified into between four and eight genera. Within this family, the genus Sus includes the domestic pig, Sus scrofa domesticus or Sus domesticus, and many species of wild pig from Europe to the Pacific. Other genera include babirusas and warthogs. All suids, or swine, are native to the Old World, ranging from Asia to Europe and Africa.

The earliest fossil suids date from the Oligocene epoch in Asia, and their descendants reached Europe during the Miocene.{{cite book |editor=Palmer, D.|year=1999 |title= The Marshall Illustrated Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs and Prehistoric Animals|publisher= Marshall Editions|location=London|pages= 269|isbn= 1-84028-152-9}} Several fossil species are known and show adaptations to a wide range of different diets, from strict herbivory to possible carrion-eating (in Tetraconodontinae).{{cite book |author=Savage |first=R. J. G. |url=https://archive.org/details/mammalevolutioni0000sava/page/212 |title=Mammal Evolution: an illustrated guide |last2=Long |first2=M. R. |publisher=Facts on File |year=1986 |isbn=0-8160-1194-X |location=New York |pages=[https://archive.org/details/mammalevolutioni0000sava/page/212 212–213]}}

Physical characteristics

Suids belong to the order Artiodactyla, and are generally regarded as the living members of that order most similar to the ancestral form. Unlike most other members of the order, they have four hooves on each foot, although they walk only on the middle two digits, with the others staying clear of the ground. They also have a simple stomach, rather than the more complex ruminant stomach found in most other artiodactyl families.{{cite book |editor=Macdonald, D.|author= Cumming, David|year=1984 |title= The Encyclopedia of Mammals|publisher= Facts on File|location=New York|pages= 500–503|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gHFFAQAAIAAJ|isbn= 0-87196-871-1}}

They are small to medium animals, varying in size from {{convert|58|to|66|cm|abbr=on}} in length, and {{convert|6|to|9|kg|abbr=on}} in weight in the case of the pygmy hog, to {{convert|130|-|210|cm|ft|abbr=on}} and {{convert|100|-|275|kg|abbr=on}} in the giant forest hog.{{cite web | url=http://www.ultimateungulate.com/Artiodactyla/Hylochoerus_meinertzhageni.html | title=Forest hog (Hylochoerus meinertzhageni) - Quick facts }} They have large heads and short necks, with relatively small eyes and prominent ears. Their heads have a distinctive snout, ending in a disc-shaped nose. Suids typically have a bristly coat, and a short tail ending in a tassle.{{citation needed|date=March 2014}} The males possess a corkscrew-shaped penis, which fits into a similarly shaped groove in the female's cervix.{{cite book|author1=Bonnie S. Dunbar|author2=M.G. O'Rand|title=A Comparative Overview of Mammalian Fertilization|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zjnnBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA330|date=29 June 2013|publisher=Springer Science & Business Media|isbn=978-1-4757-8982-9|pages=330–}}{{cite book|author1=Peter G. G. Jackson|author2=Peter D. Cockcroft|title=Handbook of Pig Medicine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BFQYKo6q3rUC&q=penis|year=2007|publisher=Elsevier Health Sciences|isbn=978-0-7020-2828-1}}{{cite book|author1=Virginia Douglass Hayssen|author2=Ari Van Tienhoven|title=Asdell's Patterns of Mammalian Reproduction: A Compendium of Species-specific Data|url=https://archive.org/details/asdellspatternso00hays|url-access=registration|quote=suidae penis.|year=1993|publisher=Cornell University Press|isbn=0-8014-1753-8}}

Suids have a well-developed sense of hearing, and are vocal animals, communicating with a series of grunts, squeals, and similar sounds. They also have an acute sense of smell. Many species are omnivorous, eating grass, leaves, roots, insects, worms, and even frogs or mice. Other species are more selective and purely herbivorous.

Their teeth reflect their diet, and suids retain the upper incisors, which are lost in most other artiodactyls. The canine teeth are enlarged to form prominent tusks, used for rooting in moist earth or undergrowth, and in fighting. They have only a short diastema. The number of teeth varies between species, but the general dental formula is: {{DentalFormula|upper=1–3.1.2–4.3|lower={{0}}3{{0}}.1.{{0}}2{{0}}.3}}.

Behavior and reproduction

File:Indian boar scavenging - Yala May 2010.jpg, Sri Lanka]]

Suids are intelligent and adaptable animals. Adult females (sows) and their young travel in a group (sounder; see List of animal names), while adult males (boars) are either solitary, or travel in small bachelor groups. Males generally are not territorial, and come into conflict only during the mating season.

Litter size varies between one and twelve, depending on the species. The mother prepares a grass nest or similar den, which the young leave after about ten days. Suids are weaned at around three months, and become sexually mature at 18 months. In practice, however, male suids are unlikely to gain access to sows in the wild until they have reached their full physical size, at around four years of age. In all species, the male is significantly larger than the female, and possesses more prominent tusks.

Classification

File:Bearded pig 2.jpg)]]

Image:Chleuastochoerus.JPG fossil skull]]

The following 18 extant species of suid are currently recognised:{{cite book | editor1-last= Wilson | editor1-first= Don E.| editor2-last= Mittermeier | editor2-first= Russell A. | date= 2011 |title= Handbook of the Mammal Species of the World, vol. 2|location= Barcelona|publisher= Lynx Edicions|pages= 274–291|isbn= 978-8496553774}}

Image	Genus	Living species
class="wikitable"
175px	Sus – pigs	*Sus ahoenobarbus – Palawan bearded pig Sus barbatus – Bornean bearded pig Sus cebifrons – Visayan warty pig Sus celebensis – Sulawesi warty pig Sus oliveri – Mindoro warty pig Sus philippensis – Philippine warty pig Sus scrofa – wild boar Sus scrofa domesticus – domestic pig (sometimes treated as a full species, S. domestica) Sus verrucosus – Javan warty pig
175px	Porcula	*Porcula salvania – pygmy hog
175px	Hylochoerus	*Hylochoerus meinertzhageni – giant forest hog
175px	Potamochoerus	*Potamochoerus larvatus – bushpig Potamochoerus porcus – red river hog
175px	Phacochoerus – warthog	*Phacochoerus africanus – common warthog Phacochoerus aethiopicus – desert warthog
175px	Babyrousa – babirusa	*Babyrousa babyrussa – Moluccan babirusa Babyrousa bolabatuensis – Bola Batu babirusa Babyrousa celebensis – North Sulawesi babirusa Babyrousa togeanensis – Togian babirusa

= Phylogeny =

Cladogram of Suidae. Mikko's Phylogeny Archive (Based is McKenna & Bell, 1997, Liu, 2003 и Harris & Liu, 2007):{{Cite web|language=en|url=https://www.mv.helsinki.fi/home/mhaaramo/metazoa/deuterostoma/chordata/synapsida/eutheria/artiodactyla/suina/suidae.html|title=SUIDAE – pigs|website=Mikko's Phylogeny Archive|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210717181723/https://www.mv.helsinki.fi/home/mhaaramo/metazoa/deuterostoma/chordata/synapsida/eutheria/artiodactyla/suina/suidae.html|archive-date=2021-07-17|access-date=2021-08-13}}

{{clade|{{clade

|1=? {{dagger}} Mabokopithecus

|2={{dagger}} Hemichoerus

|3={{dagger}} Paradoxodonides

|4={{dagger}} Cainochoerus

|5={{clade

|label1={{dagger}} Hyotheriinae

|1={{clade

|1={{dagger}} Chleuastochoerus

|2={{dagger}} Dubiotherium

|3={{dagger}} Sinapriculus

|4={{dagger}} Hyotherium