Suiyuan

{{Short description|Historical province of China}}

{{Infobox former subdivision

| native_name = {{nobold|{{lang|zh-hant|綏遠省}}}}

| conventional_long_name = Suiyuan Province

| common_name = Suiyuan

| subdivision =

| nation =

| status_text = Province of China

| capital = Guisui (Hohhot)

| today =

| year_start = 1928

| year_end =

| event_start = Established as a province of the ROC

| date_start =

| event2 = Reorganised as a province of the PRC

| date_event2 = 1949

| event3 = Incorporated into the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region

| date_event3 = 1954

| era =

| event_pre =

| date_pre =

| event_end =

| date_end =

| image_map = Republic of China edcp location map (disputed territories) Suiyüan.svg

| image_map_caption = Suiyuan as claimed by the Republic of China

| p1 = Suiyuan Special Administrative Region

| flag_p1 = Flag of the Republic of China.svg

| s1 = Inner Mongolia

| flag_s1 = Flag of China.svg

| stat_year1 = 1949

| stat_area1 =

| stat_pop1 = 2,000,000+

}}

Suiyuan ({{zh|t=綏遠|p=Suíyuǎn}}) was a historical province of China. Suiyuan's capital was Guisui (now Hohhot). The abbreviation was {{lang|zh-hant|綏}} (pinyin: {{lang|zh-latn|suí}}). The area Suiyuan covered is approximated today by the prefecture-level cities of Hohhot, Baotou, Wuhai, Ordos, Bayan Nur, and parts of Ulanqab, all today part of Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. Suiyuan was named after a district in the capital established in the Qing Dynasty.

In the early 1930s Suiyuan was occupied by the Shanxi warlord Yan Xishan, who mined Suiyuan's iron, reorganized the province's finances, and brought over {{convert|4,000|acre|km2}} of land under cultivation for the first time. Most of the work and settlement of Suiyuan at this time was done by Shanxi farmer-soldiers under the direction of retired officers from Yan's army. Yan's control of Suiyuan was sufficient to cause one visiting reporter to refer to Suiyuan as a "colony" of Shanxi.Gillin, Donald G. Warlord: Yen Hsi-shan in Shansi Province 1911-1949. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press. 1967. Page 128.

The Suiyuan campaign took place in Suiyuan during the Second Sino-Japanese War. It became a part of the puppet state of Mengjiang from 1937 to 1945 under Japanese rule.

During the Chinese Civil War in 1935, Communist leader Mao Zedong promised Mongol leaders a "unified autonomous" administration which would include all "historic" Mongol lands within China, in exchange for Mongol support against the Kuomintang. This promise included the declaration that, "Under no circumstances should other [non-Mongol ethnic groups] be allowed to occupy the land of the Inner Mongolian nation". However, following the communist victory in 1949, the administrators of the soon-to-be "Mongolian" territories with Han Chinese majorities, the biggest of which was Suiyuan with a population of over 2 million, resisted annexation by the new Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region. In 1954, Mao reached a compromise with Suiyuan, which involved the Mongols' taking over the administration of Suiyuan, but stipulated that the Han natives not be expelled from the territory. Uradyn Bulag thus notes that "ironically", the Mongols' territorial ambitions against Suiyuan resulted in their becoming a "small minority within their own [enlarged] autonomous region".{{Cite book|title=Chinese Society: Change, Conflict, and Resistance|editor1-first=Elizabeth|editor1-last=Perry|editor2-first=Mark|editor2-last=Selden|publisher=Taylor & Francis|year=2010|chapter=Alter/native Mongolian identity|first=Uradyn|last=Bulag|pages=266–268}}