Sukkot#Ushpizzin

File:Sukkah Roofs.jpg booths where Jewish families eat their meals and sleep throughout the Sukkot holiday]]

Sukkot shares similarities with older Canaanite new-year/harvest festivals, which included a seven-day celebration with sacrifices reminiscent of those in {{bibleverse|Num.|29:13-38}} and "dwellings of branches", as well as processions with branches. The earliest references in the Bible ({{bibleverse|Ex.|23:16}} & {{bibleverse|Ex.|34:22}}) make no mention of Sukkot, instead referring to it as "the festival of ingathering (hag ha'asif) at the end of the year, when you gather in the results of your work from the field," suggesting an agricultural origin. (The Hebrew term asif is also mentioned in the Gezer calendar as a two-month period in the autumn.)

The booths aspect of the festival may come from the shelters that were built in the fields by those involved in the harvesting process. Alternatively, it may come from the booths which pilgrims would stay in when they came in for the festivities at the cultic sanctuaries.{{cite web |last1=Farber |first1=Zev |title=The Origins of Sukkot|url=https://www.thetorah.com/article/the-origins-of-sukkot |website=www.thetorah.com}}{{cite web |title=Booths (Tabernacles), Feast of |url=https://www.encyclopedia.com/religion/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/booths-tabernacles-feast |website=www.encyclopedia.com |publisher=New Catholic Encyclopedia}}{{cite book |last1=Rubenstein |first1=Jeffrey L. |title=A History of Sukkot in the Second Temple and Rabbinic Periods |publisher=Brown Judaic Studies |isbn=978-1-946527-28-8 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvzpv502.7 |chapter=The Origins and Ancient History of Sukkot|year=2020 |pages=13–30 |doi=10.2307/j.ctvzpv502.7 |jstor=j.ctvzpv502.7 |s2cid=241670598 }}{{cite journal |last1=MacRae |first1=George W. |title=The Meaning and Evolution of the Feast of Tabernacles |journal=The Catholic Biblical Quarterly |date=1960 |volume=22 |issue=3 |pages=251–276 |jstor=43710833 |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43710833 |issn=0008-7912}}{{cite web |last1=Jacobs |first1=Joseph |title=TABERNACLES, FEAST OF - JewishEncyclopedia.com |url=http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/14185-tabernacles-feast-of |website=www.jewishencyclopedia.com}} Finally, {{bibleverse|Lev.|23:40}} talks about the taking of various branches (and a fruit), this too is characteristic of ancient agricultural festivals, which frequently included processions with branches.[https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvzpv502.7?seq=5 {{rp|17}}]

Later, the festival was historicized by symbolic connection with the desert sojourn of exodus ({{bibleverse|Lev.|23:42-43|HE}}). The narratives of the exodus trek do not describe the Israelites building booths,{{cite web |last1=Frankel |first1=David |title=How and Why Sukkot was Linked to the Exodus - TheTorah.com |url=https://www.thetorah.com/article/how-and-why-sukkot-was-linked-to-the-exodus |website=www.thetorah.com}}[https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvzpv502.7?seq=6 {{rp|18}}] but they indicate that most of the trek was spent encamped at oases rather than traveling, and "sukkot" roofed with palm branches were a popular and convenient form of housing at such Sinai desert oases.Yoel Bin Nun, Zachor Veshamor p.168; Noga Hareuveni, Teva Venof Bemoreshet Yisrael, p.68-70

File:Adlib_image_(3).jpg, a painting by Isidor Kaufmann, 1920]]

Sukkot is a seven-day festival. Inside the Land of Israel, the first day is celebrated as a full festival with special prayer services and holiday meals. Outside the Land of Israel, the first two days are celebrated as full festivals. The seventh day of Sukkot is called {{transliteration|he|Hoshana Rabbah}} ("Great Hoshana", referring to the tradition that worshippers in the synagogue walk around the perimeter of the sanctuary during morning services) and has a special observance of its own. The intermediate days are known as Chol HaMoed ("festival weekdays"). According to Halakha, some types of work are forbidden during Chol HaMoed.{{Cite book |title=Pesach: Its observance, Laws and Significance |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kZL9RW6q22wC |editor-last=Scherman |editor-first=Nosson |first1=Shimon |last1=Finkelman |first2=Mosheh Dov |last2=Shṭain |first3=Moshe |last3=Lieber |publisher=Mesorah Publications |year=1994 |page=88 |access-date=29 September 2019 |isbn=9780899064475}} In Israel many businesses are closed during this time.{{cite web |url=https://www.israelnationalnews.com/Articles/Article.aspx/15795#.VEEjc1eGffY |title=True Chol Hamoed Celebration is only in Israel |publisher=Arutz Sheva |first=Dr. Chaim Charles |last=Cohen |date=12 October 2014 |access-date=29 September 2019}}

Throughout the week of Sukkot, meals are eaten in the sukkah. If a brit milah (circumcision ceremony) or Bar Mitzvah rises during Sukkot, the seudat mitzvah (obligatory festive meal) is served in the sukkah. Similarly, the father of a newborn boy greets guests to his Friday-night Shalom Zachar in the sukkah. Males sleep in the sukkah, provided the weather is tolerable. If it rains, the requirement of eating and sleeping in the sukkah is waived, except for eating there on the first night where every effort needs to be made to at least say kiddush (the sanctification prayer on wine) and eat an egg-sized piece of bread before going inside the house to finish the meal if the rain does not stop. Every day except the Sabbath, a blessing is recited over the Lulav and the Etrog.{{Cite book|url=https://www.sefaria.org/Shulchan_Arukh%2C_Orach_Chayim.658?lang=bi|title=Shulchan Orech, Orach Chayim|pages=658:1|no-pp=y}}

Keeping of Sukkot is detailed in the Hebrew Bible ({{bibleverse|Nehemiah|8:13–18}}, {{Bibleverse||Zechariah|14:16–19|HE}} and {{bibleverse|Leviticus|23:34–44}}); the Mishnah (Sukkah 1:1–5:8); the Tosefta (Sukkah 1:1–4:28); and the Jerusalem Talmud (Sukkah 1a–) and Babylonian Talmud (Sukkah 2a–56b).

{{Main|Sukkah}}

File:Flickr - U.S. Embassy Tel Aviv - Sukkot2011No.075.jpg (top or "ceiling") on the inside of a sukkah]]

The sukkah walls can be constructed of any material that blocks wind (wood, canvas, aluminum siding, sheets). The walls can be free-standing or include the sides of a building or porch. There must be at least two and a partial wall.{{Cite web |title=Building the Sukkah - Halachipedia |url=https://halachipedia.com/index.php?title=Building_the_Sukkah |access-date=2022-10-13 |website=halachipedia.com |language=en}} The roof must be of organic material, known as s'chach, such as leafy tree overgrowth, schach mats or palm fronds – plant material that is no longer connected with the earth.{{cite web |title=How do we make a Sukkah? |url=http://www.beingjewish.com/yomtov/sukkos/build.html |website=BeingJewish.com |date=20 December 2017 |access-date=29 September 2019}} It is customary to decorate the interior of the sukkah with hanging decorations of the four species{{cite web |url=https://judaica101.ajudaica.com/sukkot/ |title=Sukkot |website=ajudaica.com |first=Yossi |last=Belz |date=10 September 2009 |access-date=29 September 2019}} as well as with attractive artwork.{{Cite web |title=Sukkah Decoration |author= |work=The Jewish Museum |date= |access-date=10 October 2022 |url= https://thejewishmuseum.org/collection/22450-sukkah-decoration}}{{clear left}}

File:Sukkot Prayer2.jpg

Prayers during Sukkot include the reading of the Torah every day, reciting the Mussaf (additional) service after morning prayers, reciting Hallel, and adding special additions to the Amidah and Grace after Meals. In addition, the service includes rituals involving the Four Species. The lulav and etrog are not used on the Sabbath.{{cite book |first=Lord Jonathan |last=Sacks |title=The Koren Siddur |edition=Nusaḥ Ashkenaz, 1st Hebrew/English |year=2009 |publisher=Koren Publishers |location=Jerusalem |isbn=9789653010673}}

On the Festival days, as well as the Sabbath of Chol Hamoed, some communities recite piyyutim.As they appear in Machzorim of the Ashkenazic and Italian rites.

File:PikiWiki Israel 14882 Western Wall in Jerusalem.jpg (the Kotel)]]

On each day of the festival, worshippers walk around the synagogue carrying the Four Species while reciting special prayers known as Hoshanot.{{rp|852}} This takes place either between Hallel and the morning's Torah reading or at the end of Mussaf. This ceremony commemorates the willow ceremony at the Temple in Jerusalem, in which willow branches were piled beside the altar with worshippers parading around the altar reciting prayers.{{cite web |title=Honshana Rabbah |url=https://www.chabad.org/holidays/JewishNewYear/template_cdo/aid/757453/jewish/Hoshana-Rabbah.htm |website=Chabad.org |access-date=29 September 2019}}

File:A_tabernacle_in_a_Jer._(i.e.,_Jerusalem)_Quarter_of_European_Jews._Rehavia,_Mr._Bassam's_flat,_closer_view_LOC_matpc.19885.jpg, 1939]]

A custom originating with Lurianic Kabbalah is to recite the ushpizin prayer to "invite" one of seven "exalted guests" into the sukkah.{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Judaica |title=ushpizin |volume=19 |page=303}} These ushpizin ({{langx|tmr|אושפיזין}} "guests", a loanword from Middle Persian špinza "lodging"), represent the "seven shepherds of Israel": Abraham, Isaac, Jacob, Moses, Aaron, Joseph and David, each of whom correlates with one of the seven lower sefirot (this is why Joseph, associated with Yesod, follows Moses and Aaron, associated with Netzach and Hod respectively, even though he precedes them in the narrative). According to tradition, a different guest enters the sukkah each night, followed by the other six. Each ushpiz has a lesson to teach that parallels the spiritual focus of the day on which they visit based on the sefira associated with that character.{{Cite web |last=Tauber |first=Yanki |title=The Ushpizin |url=https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/571505/jewish/The-Ushpizin.htm |website=Chabad}}

Some streams of Reconstructionist Judaism also recognize a set of seven female shepherds of Israel, called variously {{transliteration|he|Ushpizot}} (using the Modern Hebrew feminine plural), or {{transliteration|tmr|Ushpizātā}} (using the Aramaic feminine plural). Several lists of seven have been proposed. The Ushpizata are sometimes coidentified with the seven prophetesses of Judaism: Sarah, Miriam, Deborah, Hannah, Abigail, Hulda, and Esther.{{cite web |first=Arie |last=Hasit |date=4 October 2019 |access-date=29 September 2019 |work=Haaretz |url=https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/on-ushpizin-and-ushpizot-guests-1.5175599 |title=On Ushpizin and Ushpizot: The Guests at My Sukkah}} Some lists seek to relate each female leader to one of the sefirot to parallel their male counterparts. One such list in the order they would be invoked each evening is Ruth, Sarah, Rebecca, Miriam, Deborah, Tamar, and Rachel.{{cite web |first=David |last=Seidenberg |date=2006 |access-date=31 May 2020 |work=NeoHasid.org |url=http://www.neohasid.org/sukkot/ushpizintext/ |title=Egalitarian Ushpizin: The Ushpizata}}

{{Main|Chol HaMoed}}

File:Soukkah (Sukkah) fin du XIXe siècle, Autriche ou Sud de l'Allemagne - Musée d'art et d'histoire du Judaïsme.jpg]]

The second through seventh days of Sukkot (third through seventh days outside the Land of Israel) are called Chol HaMoed ({{lang|he|חול המועד}} – {{abbr|lit.|literally}} "festival weekdays"). These days are considered by halakha to be more than regular weekdays but less than festival days. In practice, this means that all activities that are needed for the holiday—such as buying and preparing food, cleaning the house in honor of the holiday, or traveling to visit other people's sukkot or on family outings—are permitted by Jewish law. Activities that will interfere with relaxation and enjoyment of the holiday—such as laundering, mending clothes, engaging in labor-intensive activities—are not permitted.Shulchan Aruch, Orach Chayim, 530{{cite web |last=Krakowski |first=Rabbi Y. Dov |title=Hilchos Chol HaMoed |url=https://www.ou.org/holidays/sukkot/hilchos-chol-hamoed/ |publisher=Orthodox Union |date=10 April 2014 |access-date=29 September 2019}}

Religious Jews often treat Chol HaMoed as a vacation period, eating nicer than usual meals in their sukkah, entertaining guests, visiting other families in their sukkot, and taking family outings. Many synagogues and Jewish centers also offer events and meals in their sukkot during this time to foster community and goodwill.{{cite news| last=Pine|first=Dan|title=Community festivals celebrate Sukkot with food and fun|newspaper=J |url=https://www.jweekly.com/2011/10/07/community-festivals-celebrate-sukkot-with-food-and-fun/|publisher=Jweekly|date=7 October 2011|access-date=5 December 2020}}{{cite web|title=Sukkot: The Festival of Booths|url=https://reformjudaism.org/jewish-holidays/sukkot|publisher=ReformJudaism.org|access-date=5 December 2020}}

On the Shabbat which falls during the week of Sukkot (or in the event when the first day of Sukkot is on Shabbat in the Land of Israel), the Book of Ecclesiastes is read during morning synagogue services in Ashkenazic communities. (Diaspora Ashkenazic communities read it the second Shabbat {eighth day} when the first day of sukkot is on Shabbat.) This Book's emphasis on the ephemeralness of life ("Vanity of vanities, all is vanity...") echoes the theme of the sukkah, while its emphasis on death reflects the time of year in which Sukkot occurs (the "autumn" of life). The penultimate verse reinforces the message that adherence to God and His Torah is the only worthwhile pursuit. (Cf. Ecclesiastes 12:13,14.){{cite web |last=Schlesinger |first=Hanan |title=Ecclesiastes (Kohelet) |url=https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/ecclesiastes-kohelet/ |website=MyJewishLearning.org |date=15 September 2002 |access-date=29 September 2019}}

{{Main|Hakhel}}

File:Flickr_-_Government_Press_Office_(GPO)_-_Sukkah_in_Abu_Kabir.jpg, 1949]]

In the days of the Temple in Jerusalem, all Israelite, and later Jewish men, women, and children on pilgrimage to Jerusalem for the festival would gather in the Temple courtyard on the first day of Chol HaMoed Sukkot to hear the Jewish king read selections from the Torah. This ceremony, which was mandated in Deuteronomy 31:10–13, was held every seven years, in the year following the Shmita (Sabbatical) year. This ceremony was discontinued after the destruction of the Temple, but it has been revived in Israel since 1952 on a smaller scale.{{cite journal |last=Appel |first=Gershion |title=A Revival of the Ancient Assembly of Hakhel |journal=Tradition: A Journal of Orthodox Jewish Thought |date=Fall 1959 |volume=2 |issue=1 |pages=119–127 |jstor=23255504}}

{{Main|Simchat Beit HaShoeivah}}

During the intermediate days of Sukkot, gatherings of music and dance, known as Simchat Beit HaShoeivah (Celebration of the Place of Water-Drawing), take place. This commemorates the celebration that accompanied the drawing of the water for the water-libation on the Altar, an offering unique to Sukkot, when water was carried up the Jerusalem pilgrim road from the Pool of Siloam to the Temple in Jerusalem.{{cite web |last=Prero |first=Rabbi Yehudah |title=Simchas Bais HaShoeva – A Happiness of Oneness |url=https://torah.org/learning/yomtov-sukkos-vol3no21/ |website=Torah.org |date=4 April 2016 |access-date=29 September 2019}}

{{Main|Hoshana Rabbah}}

The seventh day of Sukkot is known as Hoshana Rabbah (Great Supplication). This day is marked by a special synagogue service in which seven circuits are made by worshippers holding their Four Species, reciting additional prayers. In addition, a bundle of five willow branches is beaten on the ground.{{rp|859}}

{{Main|Shemini Atzeret|Simchat Torah}}

The holiday immediately following Sukkot is known as Shemini Atzeret ({{abbr|lit.|literally}} "Eighth [Day] of Assembly"). Shemini Atzeret is usually viewed as a separate holiday.See Rosh Hashanah 4b for rare cases where it is viewed as part of the Sukkot holiday. In the Diaspora a second additional holiday, Simchat Torah ("Joy of the Torah"), is celebrated. In the Land of Israel, Simchat Torah is celebrated on Shemini Atzeret. On Shemini Atzeret people leave their sukkah and eat their meals inside the house. Outside the Land of Israel, many eat in the sukkah without making the blessing. The sukkah is not used on Simchat Torah.{{cite web |title=A Deeper Look at Shemini Atzeret / Simchat Torah |url=https://www.chabad.org/holidays/JewishNewYear/template_cdo/aid/1288162/jewish/A-Deeper-Look-at-Shemini-Atzeret-Simchat-Torah.htm |website=Chabad.org |access-date=29 September 2019}}

According to {{bibleverse|1|Kings|12:32–33|CJB}}, King Jeroboam, first king of the rebellious northern kingdom, instituted a feast on the fifteenth day of the eighth month in imitation of the feast of Sukkot in Judah, and pilgrims went to Bethel instead of Jerusalem to make thanksgiving offerings. Jeroboam feared that continued pilgrimages from the northern kingdom to Jerusalem could lead to pressure for reunion with Judah:

{{blockquote|1=If these people go up to offer sacrifices in the house of the Lord at Jerusalem, then the heart of this people will turn back to their lord, Rehoboam king of Judah, and they will kill me and go back to Rehoboam king of Judah.|source={{bibleverse|1|Kings|12:27|NKJV}}}}

{{Expand Hebrew|section=yes|topic=culture|סוכות#גילוי החג בימי נחמיה|date=May 2023}}

{{Expand Hebrew|section=yes|topic=culture|סוכות#חנוכה|date=May 2023}}

{{Further|Christian observances of Jewish holidays}}

Sukkot is celebrated by a number of Christian denominations that observe holidays from the Old Testament. These groups base this on the belief that Jesus celebrated Sukkot (see the Gospel of John 7). The holiday is celebrated according to its Hebrew calendar dates. The first mention of observing the holiday by Christian groups dates to the 17th century, among the sect of the Subbotniks in Russia.{{Cite web |title=Understand the Feast of Tabernacles From a Christian Viewpoint |url=https://www.learnreligions.com/feast-of-tabernacles-700181 |access-date=2022-04-20 |website=Learn Religions |language=en}}

De Moor has suggested that there are links between Sukkot and the Ugaritic New Year festival, in particular the Ugaritic custom of erecting two rows of huts built of branches on the temple roof as temporary dwelling houses for their gods.{{cite book |title=New Year with Canaanites and Israelites |first=Johannes Cornelis |last=De Moor |year=1972 |publisher=Kok |pages=6–7}}{{cite book |title=Origin and Transformation of the Ancient Israelite Festival Calendar |first=Jan A. |last=Wagenaar |publisher=Otto Harrassowitz Verlag |year=2005 |page=156 |isbn=9783447052498}}

Some have pointed out that the original Thanksgiving holiday had many similarities with Sukkot in the Bible.{{cite web |title=Thanksgiving's Sukkot Roots |url=https://jewishjournal.com/culture/lifestyle/celebrations_simchas/8736/ |date=20 November 2003 |access-date=29 September 2019 |first=Linda |last=Morel |publisher=Jewish Journal}}{{cite web |title=Did Sukkot Shape Thanksgiving? |url=https://www.algemeiner.com/2013/09/17/did-sukkot-shape-thanksgiving/ |date=17 September 2013 |access-date=29 September 2019 |first=Robert |last=Gluck}}

• Feast of Wine
• List of harvest festivals
• Palm Sunday
• Sukkah City – a 2010 public art and architecture competition planned for New York City's Union Square Park
• Ushpizin, 2004 film
• Shkinta

{{Notelist}}

{{Reflist|30em}}

• {{cite book |last=Chumney |first=Edward |year=1994 |title=The Seven Festivals of the Messiah |publisher=Treasure House |isbn=978-1-56043-767-3 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/sevenfestivalsof00chum}}
• {{cite book |last=Howard |first=Kevin |year=1997 |title=The Feasts of the Lord God's Prophetic Calendar from Calvary to the Kingdom |publisher=Nelson Books |isbn=978-0-7852-7518-3}}

{{Commons category|Sukkot}}

• [https://www.thetorah.com/holidays/sukkot Thetorah.com - Sukkot]
• [https://www.britannica.com/topic/Sukkoth-Judaism Encyclopædia Britannica - Sukkot]
• [http://www.jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/14103-sukkot-feast-of Jewish Encyclopedia - Sukkot]
• [https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/sukkot/ Jewish Virtual Library – Jewish Holidays: Sukkot]
• [https://www.myjewishlearning.com/category/celebrate/sukkot/ My Jewish Learning: Sukkot 101]

• [https://www.reformjudaism.org/jewish-holidays/sukkot/ Reform Judaism: Sukkot] Reform Judaism
• [https://www.rabbinicalassembly.org/jewish-law/holidays/sukkot/ The Rabbinical Assembly: Sukkot] Conservative Judaism
• [https://www.ou.org/holidays/sukkot/ Orthodox Union – Jewish Holidays: Sukkot] Orthodox Judaism
• [https://www.chabad.org/library/article_cdo/aid/4126/jewish/sukkot.htm/ Chabad.org: Sukkot & Simchat Torah] Hasidic Judaism
• [https://www.reconstructingjudaism.org/jewish-time-shabbat-and-holidays/sukkot/ Reconstructing Judaism: Sukkot] Reconstructionist Judaism
• [https://shj.org/category/sukkot/ Sukkot – Society for Humanistic Judaism] Humanistic Judaism
• [https://www.karaites.org/sukkot.html/ The Karaite Jews of America: Sukkot] Karaite Judaism

• [https://www.sooj.org/ Sukkot: The Season of our Joy – The Feast of Tabernacles]

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