Sulayman Solong

The Keira dynasty (also spelled Kayra) sprang from the Kunjara, one of the three Fur tribes.Holt 1991, p. 122 Although Fur tradition speaks of early rulers such as Daali and Kuuruu, they are generally regarded as folk heroes.Holt 1982, p. 51 Sulaiman Solong is considered the first historical ruler of the Keira dynasty. According to traditional accounts, a land dispute erupted between Sulaiman's father Kuuruu and his uncle Tunsam, which forced Kuuruu to flee with Sulaiman to Dar Masalit in the west. Sulaiman grew up there among his mother's Masalit tribe, to whom an Arab origin is generally ascribed.Fisher 1977, p. 305 When he became strong enough, he overthrew his uncle Tunsam, recaptured Jabal Marra from him and forced him to flee east to the border with Kordofan. Modern historians hypothesize that the civil war between Kuuruu and Tunsam may be linked to the collapse of the Tunjur empire.

Little is known of Sulaiman's reignO'Fahey 2008, p. 37 with the traditions surrounding being recorded two centuries later. Sulaiman's nickname "Solong" means "the red-faced" or "the Arab" in the Fur language, in reference either to his complexion or to his mother's origins. He is remembered as a warrior and conqueror who led 33 military campaigns, thereby transforming his Fur tribal kingdom into a multiethnic empire in succession to the Tunjur. He conquered Kordofan and for a time extended his dominions over the Funj Sultanate, which was weakened due to a series of civil wars. His conquests were mainly aimed at increasing the number of slaves he held, which he could then barter with merchants from surrounding regions for arms, war-horses and fine cloth. Nevertheless, Sulaiman's sultanate lagged behind other Sub-Saharan African states in terms of modern weaponry. Unlike the Bornu or Songhai empires, Darfur did not use firearms.

The monarchy Sulaiman founded followed the then common African model of divine kingship, which was later transformed under the impact of Islam.O'Fahey 2008, p. 38 Sulaiman is traditionally credited with making Islam the sultanate's state religion. The prior religion of his semi-legendary predecessors is unclear, with some sources suggesting that it was paganism.Holt 1977, p. 332 Sulaiman built mosques for his subjects and encouraged Islamic practices such as circumcision. However, the Islamization of the Keira state was a slow process, and the monarchy retained pre-Islamic rituals throughout its existence.

Sulaiman was married to an Arab woman. He was succeeded on his death by his son Musa Sulayman and was buried on Jabal Marra, which went on to become the ancestral cemetery of the Fur sultans. Sulaiman was considered the "founding father" of the Keira state, a status that was highlighted in the oral traditions as well as on the seals of succeeding sultans,O'Fahey 2008, p. 39 which often gave a pedigree back to Sulaiman. Nevertheless, historian Peter Malcolm Holt writes in the Encyclopaedia of Islam that Sulaiman was probably not the founder of the Keira dynasty, but simply its first Muslim ruler. Sulaiman's descendants continued to reign over Darfur until Ali Dinar's death in battle at the hands of the British in 1916.

• History of Darfur
• Islamization of Sudan

{{Reflist|2}}

• {{Cite book |last=Fisher |first=Humphrey J. |editor-first=Roland |editor-last=Oliver |editor-link=Roland Oliver |title=The Cambridge History of Africa |volume=3: c. 1050 – c. 1600 |year=1977 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-20981-6 |pages=232–330 |chapter=The Eastern Maghrib and the Central Sudan |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=GWjxR61xAe0C&pg=PA232 |ref=Fis77}}
• {{Cite book |last=Hill |first=Richard Leslie |title=A Biographical Dictionary of the Sudan |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QS_GYMeSzRMC |edition=2nd |series=Library of African Study Series |year=1967 |orig-year=First published 1951 |publisher=Frank Cass and Company |location=London |isbn=978-0-7146-1037-5 |ref=Hil67}}
• {{Cite book |last=Holt |first=Peter Malcolm |editor1-first=Peter Malcolm |editor1-last=Holt |editor2-first=Ann K. S. |editor2-last=Lambton |editor2-link=Ann Lambton |editor3-first=Bernard |editor3-last=Lewis |editor3-link=Bernard Lewis |title=The Cambridge History of Islam |volume=2A |year=1977 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-29137-8 |pages=327–344 |chapter=The Nilotic Sudan |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y99jTbxNbSAC&pg=PA327 |ref=Hol77}}
• {{Cite book |last=Holt |first=Peter Malcolm |editor1-first=John Donnelly |editor1-last=Fage |editor1-link=John Donnelly Fage |editor2-first=Roland |editor2-last=Oliver |editor2-link=Roland Oliver |title=The Cambridge History of Africa |volume=4: c. 1600 – c. 1790 |year=1982 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-0-521-20413-2 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory04fage/page/14 14–57] |chapter=Egypt, the Funj and Darfur |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q3mx8aAo6x0C&pg=PA14 |ref=Hol82 |url=https://archive.org/details/cambridgehistory04fage/page/14 }}
• {{Cite encyclopedia |last=Holt |first=Peter Malcolm |encyclopedia=The Encyclopaedia of Islam |title=Dār Fūr |edition=New |year=1991 |publisher=E. J. Brill |volume=II: C–G |location=Leiden |isbn=978-90-04-07026-4 |pages=121–125 |ref=Hol91}}
• {{Cite book |last=MacMichael |first=Harold Alfred |author-link=Harold MacMichael |title= The Tribes of Northern and Central Kordofán |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YIqD51TsiwgC |series=Volume 42 of Cass Library of African Studies: General Studies |year=1967 |orig-year=First published 1912 |publisher=Frank Cass and Company |location=London |isbn=978-0-7146-1113-6 |ref=Mac67}}
• {{Cite book |last=O'Fahey |first=Rex S. |title=The Darfur Sultanate: A History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HQxYJWkO7EEC |series=Columbia/Hurst Series |year=2008 |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-231-70038-2 |ref=Ofa08}}
• {{Cite book |last=Ofcansky |first=Thomas |editor-first=Helen Chapin |editor-last=Metz |editor-link=Helen Chapin Metz |title=Sudan: A Country Study |url=https://archive.org/details/sudancountrystud00metz_0 |edition=4th |series=Country Studies |year=1992 |orig-year=Research completed June 1991 |publisher=Federal Research Division of the Library of Congress |location=Washington, D.C. |isbn=978-0-8444-0750-0 |chapter=Historical Setting |ref=Ofc92 |url-access=registration }}

• {{Cite encyclopedia | url = http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/572873/Suliman-Solong | title = Suliman Solong | year = 2011 | encyclopedia = Encyclopædia Britannica Online | publisher = Encyclopædia Britannica | access-date = 2011-01-27}}

{{S-start}}

{{S-hou | Keira dynasty| | c. 1550 | | c. 1637 | Kunjara tribe}}

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{{S-new | first}}

{{S-ttl | title = Sultan of Darfur | years = 1596–1637}}

{{S-aft | after = Musa Sulayman}}

{{S-end}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Sulayman Solong}}

Category:1550s births

Category:1637 deaths

Category:16th-century monarchs in Africa

Category:17th-century monarchs in Africa

Category:Founding monarchs

Category:Muslim monarchs

Category:Sultans of Darfur