Sumptuary law#Early Modern era

The seventh-century BC law-text of Locrians by Zaleucus, the first written 'law code' in ancient Greece, stipulated:

{{blockquote|A free-born woman may not be accompanied by more than one female slave, unless she is drunk; she may not leave the city during the night, unless she is planning to commit adultery; she may not wear gold jewelry or a garment with a purple border, unless she is a courtesan; and a husband may not wear a gold-studded ring or a cloak of Milesian fashion unless he is bent upon prostitution or adultery.|source={{cite web | title=Diodorus Siculus, Library, Book XII, chapter 21, section 1 | website=Perseus Digital Library | url=https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0060.tlg001.perseus-grc3:12.21.1 | language=la | access-date=2019-08-11}}, Demosthenes Against Timocrates 139–43}}

It also banned the drinking of undiluted wine except for medical purposes.{{Cite EB1911 |wstitle=Zaleucus |volume=28 |page=951}}

The {{lang|la|Sumptuariae Leges}} of ancient Rome were various laws passed to prevent inordinate expense (Latin {{lang|la|sūmptus}}) in banquets and dress, such as the use of expensive Tyrian purple dye.{{cite web | last=Austin | first=Alison | title=Dyeing in the ancient world | website=unc.edu | date=2000-01-17 | url=http://www.unc.edu/courses/rometech/public/content/survival/Alison_Austin/dyeing.html | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000117024929/http://www.unc.edu/courses/rometech/public/content/survival/Alison_Austin/dyeing.html | archive-date=2000-01-17 | url-status=dead | access-date=2019-08-11}}{{cite web | title=In Support of the Oppian Law by Cato the Censor. Rome (218 B.C.–84 A.D.). Vol. II. Bryan, William Jennings, ed. 1906. The World's Famous Orations | website=Bartleby | url=http://www.bartleby.com/268/2/3.html | access-date=2019-08-11}} Roman senators and senior magistrates were entitled to wear a Tyrian purple stripe on their toga and tunic.{{cite thesis |last1=Elliot |first1=Charlene D. |title=Colour Codification: Law, Culture and the Hue of Communication |url=https://curve.carleton.ca/system/files/etd/d054d9f0-e4a4-4cc4-9090-0ae8cda2e691/etd_pdf/10788fcddf146605fba2627a0125942c/elliott-colourcodificationlawcultureandthehueofcommunication.pdf |publisher=Carleton University |access-date=28 June 2022 |location=Ottawa, Ontario |pages=62–70 |date=1 May 2003}} In the early years of the Roman Empire, men were forbidden to wear silk, which was deemed an effeminate and morally suspect material.Whitfield, Susan (1999) Life Along the Silk Road, Berkeley University of California Press. p. 21. {{ISBN|0-520-23214-3}}. During the height of the Empire, expenditure on silk imported from China was so high that imperial advisers warned that Roman silver reserves were becoming exhausted.{{cite news |last1=Bradsher |first1=Keith |title=From the Silk Road to the Superhighway, All Coin Leads to China |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/02/26/weekinreview/from-the-silk-road-to-the-superhighway-all-coin-leads-to-china.html |access-date=15 April 2019 |work=The New York Times |date=26 February 2006}}

The Roman censors had a duty to put a check upon morals and extravagance in personal and political expenditure.{{cite encyclopedia | last = Smith | first = William | author-link = William Smith (lexicographer) |author2=William Wayte |author3=G. E. Marindin | encyclopedia= A Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiquities | title = Census | url = https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/cgi-bin/ptext?doc=Perseus%3Atext%3A1999.04.0063&query=head%3D%231015 | access-date = 2006-05-25 | edition = third | year = 1890 | publisher = Albemarle Street | location = London}} The censors published details of offences in the {{lang|la|nota censoria}}, which listed the names of everyone found guilty of a luxurious mode of living; a great many instances of this kind are recorded. Towards the end of the Roman Republic, laws were passed against political corruption of Roman magistrates, forbidding their attendance at banquets given by candidates or their agents.Lintott, Andrew, "Electoral Bribery in the Roman Republic", The Journal of Roman Studies, Vol. 80 (1990), pp. 1-7 During the period of transition from Republic to Empire, such antisumptuary laws, which may have still existed were virtually ignored by most. In the period of profligate luxury goods that characterized the height of the Roman Empire, the laws regarding the wearing of Tyrian purple were rigorously enforced. Infringement of this prohibition was treasonous, so punishable by death.Codex Theodosianus 14.10.2–3, tr. C. Pharr, "The Theodosian Code", p. 415

Roman sumptuary laws applied to both the living and the dead. Rome's most ancient laws, the laws of the Twelve Tables, forbade extravagant expenses at funerals. This included the pouring of wine over the ashes at cremations (which seems nevertheless to have been an invariable practise), the use of smoothed timbers in funeral pyres, and "excessive" mourning.Erker, Darja Šterbenc, "Gender and Roman funeral ritual", pp. 40–60 in Hope, V., Huskinson, J,. (Editors), Memory and Mourning in Ancient Rome, Oxbow, 2010, pp. 41,42

Sumptuary laws existed in China in one form or another from the Qin dynasty onward (221 BC). The Confucian virtue of restraint was embodied in the scholarly system central to China's bureaucracy and became encoded in its laws.{{cite book | last = Spence | first = Jonathan D. | author-link=Jonathan Spence| title = The Search for Modern China | publisher = W.W. Norton | year = 1991 | isbn = 978-0-393-30780-1}}

Some laws concerned the size and decoration of graves and mausoleums. The Hongwu Emperor, founder of the Ming dynasty, issued such regulations in the first year of his rule (1368) and tightened them in 1396, allowing only the highest nobility and officials of the top three ranks a memorial stele installed on top of a stone tortoise; the steles of lower-level mandarins were perched on rectangular pedestals, while commoners had to be satisfied with a simple gravestone. The location of graves and the number of attendant statues depended on rank.{{Cite book|publisher=Brill Archive |year=1892|first=Jan Jakob Maria |last=de Groot|title=The Religious System of China|volume=II

|url=https://archive.org/stream/religioussystem01groogoog#page/n105/mode/1up |pages=451–452 }}

After {{circa|1550}}, sumptuary law in China was reformed. It had long been ineffective.{{cite journal | last = Pomeranz | first = Kenneth | title = Political economy and ecology on the eve of industrialisation: Europe, China and the global conjuncture | journal = American Historical Review | volume = 107 | issue = 2 | year = 2002 | doi = 10.1086/532293 | pages = 425–446}} The consumption of luxuries had risen over the previous several centuries, and at the time of the Industrial Revolution in Europe, Chinese consumption of luxuries such as tea, sugar, fine silk, tobacco, and eating utensils was on a par with the core regions of Europe.

{{see also|Iki (aesthetics)}}

According to Britannica Online, "In feudal Japan, sumptuary laws were passed with a frequency and minuteness of scope that had no parallel in the history of the Western world."{{Cite EB1911|wstitle=Sumptuary Laws |volume=26 |pages=83–85 |first=John Kells |last=Ingram |authorlink=John Kells Ingram}} During the Edo period (1603–1868), people of every class were subject to strict sumptuary laws, including regulation of the types of clothing that could be worn. In the second half of that period (the 18th and 19th centuries), the {{transliteration|ja|chōnin}} merchant class had grown far wealthier than the aristocratic samurai, and these laws sought to maintain the superiority of the samurai class despite the merchants being able to afford far more luxurious clothing and other items. The shogunate eventually gave in and allowed certain concessions, including allowing merchants of a certain prestige to wear a single sword at their belt; samurai were required to wear a matched pair when on official duty.{{cite book|last=Harris|first=Victor|title=Cutting Edge: Japanese Swords in the British Museum|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vh_rAAAAMAAJ&q=%22matching+swords+when%22|date=15 March 2005|publisher=Tuttle Publishing|isbn=978-0-8048-3680-7|page=26}}

Islamic sumptuary laws are based upon teachings found in the Quran and Hadith. Males are exhorted not to wear silk clothes, nor have jewelry made of gold. Likewise, wearing clothes or robes that drag on the ground, seen as a sign of vanity and excessive pride, is also forbidden. These rules do not apply to women, who are allowed all this, but also need to cover their bodies and hair.

Prohibition of depictions of human and animal figures in general are similar to those of the Quranic prohibition on graven images. Hadiths do allow the depiction of animals on clothing items.{{cite book |last=Liu |first=Xinru |date=1998 |title=Silk and Religion: An Exploration of Material Life and the Thought of People |page=137 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=0-19-564452-2}}

Sumptuary laws issued by secular authorities, aimed at keeping the main population dressed according to their "station", do not begin until the later 13th century.{{sfn|Piponnier|Mane|1997|pp=114–41}}{{cite book |first=M.G. |last=Muzzarelli |title=Guardaroba medievale: Vesti e società dal XIII al XVI secolo |location=Bologna |date=1999 |pages=268–85, 306–49 |isbn=881507128-8}} These laws were addressed to the entire social body, but the brunt of regulations was directed at women and the middle classes. Their curbing of display was ordinarily couched in religious and moralizing vocabulary, yet was affected by social and economic considerations aimed at preventing ruinous expense among the wealthy classes and the drain of capital reserves to foreign suppliers.Summarized very succinctly in David Jacoby, "Silk Economics and Cross-Cultural Artistic Interaction: Byzantium, the Muslim World, and the Christian West" Dumbarton Oaks Papers 58 (2004: pp. 197–240) p. 206, with references.

Special forms of dress for prostitutes and courtesans were introduced during the 13th century – in Marseille, a striped cloak, in England a striped hood, and so on. Over time, these tended to be reduced to distinctive bands of fabric attached to the arm or shoulder, or tassels on the arm. Later restrictions specified various forms of finery that were forbidden, although there was also sometimes a recognition that finery represented working equipment (and capital) for a prostitute, and they could be exempted from laws applying to other non-noble women. By the 15th century, no compulsory clothing seems to have been imposed on prostitutes in Florence, Venice, or Paris.{{sfn|Piponnier|Mane|1997|pp=139–41}}

As early as the 12th century, certain articles of clothing were prohibited to crusaders and pilgrims traveling to the Holy Land under the Saladin Tithe of 1188, but scant evidence exists in the historical record of legal regulations on dress in Britain until the reign of Edward III, during which prohibitions were enacted on the import of textiles from lands outside Ireland, England, Scotland, and Wales and the exportation of domestically produced wool was likewise banned. The statute contained further restrictions on clothing based on social class; the earliest example of class-based restriction was that of fur, prohibited for anyone below the rank of lady or knight. The restriction on fur was expanded in subsequent decades in London to restrict prostitutes from wearing any furs, including budge (low-quality wool) or lambswool.{{cite book |editor1=Louise M. Sylvester |editor2=Mark C. Chambers|editor3=Gale R. Owen-Cocker|name-list-style=and |title=Medieval Dress and Textiles in Britain |date=2014 |publisher=The Boydell Press |page=199 |isbn=978-1-84383-932-3}}

In England, which in this respect was typical of Europe, from the reign of Edward III in the Middle Ages until well into the 17th century, sumptuary laws dictated what colour and type of clothing, furs, fabrics, and trims were allowed to persons of various ranks or incomes. In the case of clothing, this was intended, amongst other reasons, to reduce spending on foreign textiles and to ensure that people did not dress "above their station":

{{blockquote|The excess of apparel and the superfluity of unnecessary foreign wares thereto belonging now of late years is grown by sufferance to such an extremity that the manifest decay of the whole realm generally is like to follow (by bringing into the realm such superfluities of silks, cloths of gold, silver, and other most vain devices of so great cost for the quantity thereof as of necessity the moneys and treasure of the realm is and must be yearly conveyed out of the same to answer the said excess) but also particularly the wasting and undoing of a great number of young gentlemen, otherwise serviceable, and others seeking by show of apparel to be esteemed as gentlemen, who, allured by the vain show of those things, do not only consume themselves, their goods, and lands which their parents left unto them, but also run into such debts and shifts as they cannot live out of danger of laws without attempting unlawful acts, whereby they are not any ways serviceable to their country as otherwise they might be|Statute issued at Greenwich, 15 June 1574, by order of Elizabeth IStatute issued at Greenwich, 15 June 1574, 16 Eliz. 1, [http://elizabethan.org/sumptuary/ transcribed with modernized spelling], retrieved 6 October 2007.}}

The first major sumptuary act was passed in April 1463 during the reign of Edward IV. Earlier statutes1 Ric. 2 (1377), 13 Ric. 2. c. 7 (1389), 16 Ric. 2. c. 4 (1392), 20 Ric. 2. c. 2 (1396–70), 1 Hen. 4 (1399), 2 Hen. 4. c. 21 (1400), 7 Hen. 4. c. 14 (1405), 8 Hen. 6. c. 4 (1429), 8 Edw. 4. c. 2 (1468), 12 Edw. 4. c. 4 (1472), 3 Hen. 7 (1487), 19 Hen. 7 (1503) had sought to control the expense of household liveries, but the April 1463 statute marked the first attempt at a comprehensive sumptuary legislation. Scholars have interpreted the act as part of a set of protectionist economic measures that included regulations of the textile industry and trade in cloths. This statute is the first known English legislation restricting the use of "royal purple" – a term which, during the Middle Ages, referred not only to the Tyrian purple of Antiquity, but also to crimson, dark reds and royal blue. The language of the act uses technical terminology to restrict certain features of garments that are decorative in function, intended to enhance the silhouette.{{cite book |editor1=Louise M. Sylvester |editor2=Mark C. Chambers|editor3=Gale R. Owen-Cocker|name-list-style=and |title=Medieval Dress and Textiles in Britain |date=2014 |publisher=The Boydell Press |page=208 |isbn=978-1-84383-932-3}}

A second "Act of Apparel" followed in January 1483 restricting cloth-of-gold, sable, ermine, velvet on velvet and satin brocade to knights and lords. Damask and satin were allowed for yeoman of the Crown and esquires and other members of the gentry, only if they had a yearly income of £40. Bustian, fustian, scarlet-dyed cloths and any leathers or animal hides other than lambskins were also restricted.{{cite book |editor1=Louise M. Sylvester |editor2=Mark C. Chambers|editor3=Gale R. Owen-Cocker|name-list-style=and |title=Medieval Dress and Textiles in Britain |date=2014 |publisher=The Boydell Press |page=210 |isbn=978-1-84383-932-3}}

An act of Parliament, the Caps Act 1571 (13 Eliz. 1. c. 19) to stimulate domestic wool consumption and general trade decreed that on Sundays and holidays, all males over six years of age, except for the nobility and persons of degree, were to wear woolen caps on pain of a fine of three farthings ({{frac|3|4}} penny) per day.{{sfn|Luders|1963|p=555|loc=[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?num=555&u=1&seq=438&view=image&size=100&id=pst.000017915519 "13 Eliz. c. 19: An Acte for the making of Cappes"]}}{{cite web|url=https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/statute_cap|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180118181000/https://en.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/statute_cap|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 18, 2018|title=statute cap – definition of statute cap in English|work=OxfordDictionaries.com|access-date=28 May 2017}} This law instituted the flat cap as part of English wear.{{cite book |url=https://archive.org/details/statutesatlarge02raitgoog/page/n366/ |title=Caps Act 1570 |last1=Tomlins |first1=Thomas Edlyne |last2=Raithby |first2=John |year=1811 |trans-title=13 Eliz. I. – A.D. 1570 Chapter XIX |series=The Statutes at Large, of England and of Great Britain: from Magna Carta to the Union of the Kingdoms of Great Britain and Ireland |location=London, Great Britain |via=Internet Archive |publisher=George Eyre and Andrew Strahan |volume=IV |pages=315–17 |oclc=15609908}} The 1571 act was repealed in 1597 by the Continuance, etc. of Laws Act 1597 (39 Eliz. 1. c. 18).{{sfn|Luders|1963|pp=916–27|loc=[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=pst.000017915502;view=1up;seq=165 "39 Eliz. c. 18: An Acte for the reviving continuance explanacion perfecting and repealing of divers Statutes"]}}

An extremely long list of items, specifying colour, materials, and sometimes place of manufacture (imported goods being much more tightly restricted) followed for each sex, with equally specific exceptions by rank of nobility or position held. For the most part, these laws seem to have had little effect, though the Parliament of England made repeated amendments to the laws,{{cite book |last=Scarisbrick |first=Diana |date=1994 |title=Jewellery in Britain 1066–1837 A Documentary, Social, Literary and Artistic Survey |publisher=Michael Russell (Publishing) |page=1 |isbn=0859551903}} and several monarchs, most notably the Tudors, continually called for stricter enforcement, especially at Court "to the intent there may be a difference of estates known by their apparel after the commendable custom in times past."{{cite web | title=Elizabethan Sumptuary Statutes | website=elizabethan.org | date=2001-07-14 | url=http://elizabethan.org/sumptuary/ruffs-hose-swords.html | access-date=2019-08-11}}

The laws were justified by the reasoning that the price of certain goods increased to levels where "the treasure of the land is destroyed, to the great damage of the lords and the commonality" when "various people or various conditions wear various apparel not appropriate to their estate".{{cite book |editor1=Louise M. Sylvester |editor2=Mark C. Chambers|editor3=Gale R. Owen-Cocker|name-list-style=and |title=Medieval Dress and Textiles in Britain |date=2014 |publisher=The Boydell Press |page=203}}{{ISBN?}}

Adam Smith was against the necessity or convenience of sumptuary laws, he wrote: "of It is the highest impertinence and presumption... in kings and ministers, to pretend to watch over the economy of private people, and to restrain their expense... They are themselves always, and without any exception, the greatest spendthrifts in the society. Let them look well after their own expense, and they may safely trust private people with theirs. If their own extravagance does not ruin the state, that of their subjects never will."The Wealth Of Nations, Book II, Chapter III, p. 346, para. 36.

During the medieval and Renaissance eras in Italy, various towns passed sumptuary laws ({{lang|it|leggi suntuarie}}) often in response to particular events or movements. For example, Bernardino of Siena, in his public sermons in Siena, thundered against the vanity of luxurious dress; this, however, was counterbalanced by the economic benefit Siena derived as a manufacturer of items, including clothes, of luxury.{{cite news |url=http://www.accademiadeirozzi.it/wp-content/uploads/2014/03/numero6.pdf |work=Accademia dei Rozzi |title=L'importante e apparire: le leggi suntuarie a Siena e la loro funzione |trans-title=The important thing is to appear: the sumptuary laws in Siena and their function |first=Renato |last=Legarini |pages=13–15 |language=it |volume=6 |date=March 2014}} One source describes these types of laws as constantly published, and generally ignored. These laws, mostly aimed at female apparel, sometimes became a source of revenue for the state: the Florentine laws of 1415 restricted the luxury that could be worn by women, but exempted those willing to pay 50 florins a year.{{cite book|last=Riello|first= Giorgio|title=La moda: Una storia dal Medioevo a oggi|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=SiKODAAAQBAJ|year=2012|publisher=Gius Laterza & Figli Spa|isbn= 978-88-581-0462-0}}{{page needed|date=July 2021}} The laws were often quite specific. Low necklines were prohibited in Genoa, Milan, and Rome in the early 16th century,Payne, History of Costume, p. 222.{{ISBN?}} and laws restricting zibellini (sable furs carried as fashion accessories) with heads and feet of precious metals and jewels were

issued in Bologna in 1545 and Milan in 1565.{{cite book |editor1-last= Netherton |editor1-first=Robin |editor2-first=Gale R. |editor2-last= Owen-Crocker |title=Medieval Clothing and Textiles |volume=2 |location= Woodbridge, Suffolk, UK; Rochester, New York |publisher=Boydell Press |date=2006 |isbn=1-84383-203-8 |pages= 128–29}}

Montaigne's brief essay "On sumptuary laws" criticized 16th-century French laws, beginning:

{{blockquote|The way by which our laws attempt to regulate idle and vain expenses in meat and clothes, seems to be quite contrary to the end designed… For to enact that none but princes shall eat turbot, shall wear velvet or gold lace, and interdict these things to the people, what is it but to bring them into a greater esteem, and to set every one more agog to eat and wear them?}}

He also cites Plato and Zaleucus.

One of the earliest known Scottish sumptuary regulations was passed in 1429 during the reign of James I of Scotland. The text, written in Old Scots, preserves some medieval legal terminology related to textiles, limiting silk, some types of furs (pine martens, beech martens) and other items to men of certain social ranks like knight, lord, burgess, and their families. As with the laws of Henry V of England in 1420, silver plating was reserved for the spurs of knights and the apparel of barons or higher ranking persons. Metalsmiths caught violating these laws would be punished by death and all their lands and goods forfeit. Embroidery and pearls were also restricted. Yeomen and commoners could not wear colored clothes longer than the knee. The poke sleeve that narrowed at the wrist were allowed for sentinel yeomen who lived in their lord's house and rode with the gentlemen. Commoners' wives could not wear long-tail hoods or side-necked hoods, poked sleeves, or caps made from rich textiles like Lawn cloth or Rheims (fine linen).{{cite book |editor1=Louise M. Sylvester |editor2=Mark C. Chambers|editor3=Gale R. Owen-Cocker|name-list-style=and |title=Medieval Dress and Textiles in Britain |date=2014 |publisher=The Boydell Press |page=213 |isbn=978-1-84383-932-3}}

The Dress Act 1746, which formed part of the Act of Proscription issued under George II following the Jacobite rising of 1745, made the wearing of Highland dress, including tartan and kilts, illegal in Scotland (an exemption was made for soldiers and veterans). The act, which was poorly enforced, was eventually repealed in 1782, and during the Regency and Victorian eras Highland dress gained widespread popularity in part thanks to the visit of George IV to Scotland in 1822, which was organised by Scottish writer Walter Scott.{{cite book |last=Dunbar |first=John Telfer |title=The Costume of Scotland |orig-year=1981 |edition=Batsford |date=1989 |isbn=0-7134-2535-0 |pages=50–105|publisher=Batsford }}

Sumptuary laws were repealed in the early 17th century, but new protectionist laws were passed prohibiting the purchase of foreign silks and laces.{{cite book |last=Ribeiro |first=Aileen |title=Visual History of Costume |date=1989 |publisher=B.T. Batsford |isbn=9780713469165 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vYG5zQEACAAJ}} Prohibitions were tied to rank and income and continued to be widely ignored.

During the late 16th century, John Perrot, the Lord Deputy of Ireland under Elizabeth I, banned the wearing of traditional woollen mantles, "open smocks" with "great sleeves", and native headdresses, requiring the people to dress in "civil garments" in the English style.{{cite book |last=Berleth |first=Richard |title=The Twilight Lords |orig-year=1978 |edition=Barnes and Noble reprint |date=1994 |isbn=1-56619-598-5 |page=61 |publisher=Barnes & Noble |oclc=32372143}}

In 1629 and 1633, Louis XIII of France issued edicts regulating "Superfluity of Dress" that prohibited anyone but princes and the nobility from wearing gold embroidery or caps, shirts, collars, and cuffs embroidered with metallic threads or lace,Kõhler, Carl: A History of Costume, Dover Publications reprint, 1963, from 1928 Harrap translation from the German, {{ISBN|0-486-21030-8}}, p. 289 and puffs, slashes, and bunches of ribbon were severely restricted. As with other such laws, these were widely disregarded and enforced in a lax manner. A series of popular engravings by Abraham Bosse depicts the supposed effects of this law.{{cite book |last=Lefébure |first=Ernest |title=Embroidery and Lace: Their Manufacture and History from the Remotest Antiquity to the Present Day |page=[https://archive.org/details/embroiderylaceth00lefeiala/page/203 203] |url=https://archive.org/details/embroiderylaceth00lefeiala |date=1888}}

File:Colonial America Sumptuary laws 1634.jpg

In the Massachusetts Bay Colony, a 1634 prohibition{{Cite book |last1=Massachusetts |url=https://archives.lib.state.ma.us/handle/2452/802285 |title=Records of the governor and company of the Massachusetts Bay in New England |last2=Shurtleff |first2=Nathaniel B. (Nathaniel Bradstreet) |last3=Court |first3=Massachusetts General |date=1854 |publisher=William White, Printer to the Commonwealth |language=en}} deemed that only people with a personal fortune of at least two hundred pounds could wear lace, silver or gold thread or buttons, cutwork, embroidery, hatbands, belts, ruffles, capes, and other articles. After a few decades, the law was being widely defied.Linda M. Scott, Fresh Lipstick: Redressing Fashion and Feminism p. 24 {{ISBN|1-4039-6686-9}}Rawson, Edward, ed. "[https://quod.lib.umich.edu/e/evans/N00114.0001.001/1:2?rgn=div1;view=fulltext#backDLPS30 The general laws and liberties of the Massachusets colony: revised & re-printed, by order of the General Court holden at Boston. May 15th. 1672]," U. Michigan Library, 2024. The section notes this law was from 1651. Retrieved Jun 27, 2024.{{Cite web|url=https://www.constitution.org/primarysources/sumptuary.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20000816034744/http://www.constitution.org/primarysources/sumptuary.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=August 16, 2000|title=Colonial Laws of Massachusetts, 1651|website=Constitution.org|language=en|access-date=2019-08-11}} By 1651, flouting of the rules caused leadership to issue a new strongly worded regulation to the populace again. In the Province of South Carolina, the 1712 slave code forbade slaves in the colony to wear clothes finer than "Negro cloth".{{Cite journal |last=Rugemer| first=Edward B.|date=2013|title=The Development of Mastery and Race in the Comprehensive Slave Codes of the Greater Caribbean during the Seventeenth Century |journal=The William and Mary Quarterly|volume=70|issue=3|pages=429–458 |doi=10.5309/willmaryquar.70.3.0429|jstor=10.5309/willmaryquar.70.3.0429}}

{{Main|Clothing laws by country}}

While rarely do restrictions exist on the type or quality of clothing, beyond maintenance of public decency, wearing certain types of clothing is restricted to specific occupations, specifically the uniforms of organisations like the police and military.

In some jurisdictions, clothing or other visible signs of religious or political opinion (e.g. Nazi imagery in Germany) are forbidden in certain public places.{{cite news |url=http://www.eurasianet.org/node/65142 |work=Eurasianet |title=Uzbekistan Goes After Islam with Clothing Ban and Cameras |date=16 March 2012 |first=Ashley |last=Cleek |access-date=22 June 2013 |quote=A 1998 law forbids Uzbeks from wearing religious clothing in public.}}[http://www.wtamu.edu/webres/File/Journals/MCJ/aydin.pdf Hasan Aydin, University of Nevada, Reno: Headscarf (Hijab) Ban in Turkey: importance of veiling.] "Turkey has implemented a ban on the use of the Hijab, or the headscarf, in state controlled areas like universities, government offices, and other public places."{{cite news |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-europe-21997089 |title=Islamic headscarf debate rekindled in France |date=2 April 2013 |first=Georg |last=Lentze |work=BBC |access-date=22 June 2013 |quote=Conspicuous signs of religious affiliation, including Islamic headscarves, are banned from French state schools, and full-face veils (burkas and niqabs) cannot be worn in public places.}}The German Strafgesetzbuch (Criminal Code) in §86a outlaws "use of symbols of unconstitutional organisations".

Many American states in the 20th century prohibited the wearing of Ku Klux Klan hoods, masks, masquerade, or drag; gay men in New York City seized on the exemption for masquerade balls in the 1920s to 1930s to go in drag.{{cite book |last=Chauncey |first=George |author-link=George Chauncey |title=Gay New York: Gender, Urban Culture, and the Making of the Gay Male World, 1890–1940 |publisher=Basic Books |date=1995 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/gaynewyork00geor/page/169 169–175, nn. 55–58; 295–296, nn. 77–79] |isbn=0-465-02621-4 |url=https://archive.org/details/gaynewyork00geor/page/169 }}

In Bhutan, the wearing of traditional dress (which also has an ethnic connotation) in certain places, such as when visiting government offices, was made compulsory in 1989 under the driglam namzha laws.{{cite report |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2005/51617.htm |publisher=US Department of State |title=Bhutan: International Religious Freedom Report 2005 |author=Bureau of Democracy, Human Rights, and Labor |date=8 November 2005}}(two passages){{cite report |url=http://www.crin.org./docs/resources/treaties/crc.27/Bhutan.doc |page=4 |date=21 November 2000 |author=Bhutanese Refugee Support Group, Ireland and UK |title=Submission to the UN Committee on the Rights of the Child {{!}} NGO Response to Initial State Party Report: BHUTAN (CRC/C/3/Add.60) under the Convention of the Rights of the Child |access-date=7 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070927132458/http://www.crin.org./docs/resources/treaties/crc.27/Bhutan.doc |archive-date=27 September 2007 |url-status=dead}} Part of the traditional dress includes the kabney, a long scarf whose coloring is regulated. Only the King of Bhutan and Chief Abbot may don the saffron scarf, with various other colors reserved for government and religious officers, and white available for common people.

The term sumptuary law has been used as a pejorative term to describe any governmental control of consumption based on moral, religious, health, or public safety, or other concerns. American Judge Thomas M. Cooley generally described their modern form as laws that "substitute the legislative judgment for that of the proprietor, regarding the manner in which he should use and employ his property."{{cite book |first=Thomas M. |last=Cooley |title=Treatise on the Constitutional Limitations which Rest upon the Legislative Power of the States of the American Union |publisher=The Lawbook Exchange, Ltd. |edition=5th |date=1998 |orig-year=1868}} Policies to which the term has been critically applied include alcohol prohibition,{{cite book |first=Everett Sommerville |last=Brown |title=Ratification of the Twenty-First Amendment to the United States Constitution |publisher=University of Michigan Press |date=1938 |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.$b394443}} drug prohibition,{{cite report |url=http://www1.leg.wa.gov/documents/billdocs/1999-00/Htm/Initiatives/Initiative%20To%20The%20Legislature/INITIATIVE%20248.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071127063636/http://www1.leg.wa.gov/documents/billdocs/1999-00/Htm/Initiatives/Initiative%20To%20The%20Legislature/INITIATIVE%20248.htm |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 27, 2007 |title=Washington State Initiative 229 |access-date=5 August 2007}} smoking bans,Johns-Manville Sales Corp. v. International Ass'n of Machinists, Local Lodge 1609, 621 F.2d 756, 760 (5th Cir. 1980)People v. King, 102 A.D.2d 710, 712 (N.Y. App. Div. 1st. Dept. 1984) (Carro, J., dissenting)John C. Fox, "An assessment of the current legal climate concerning smoking in the workplace", 13 St. Louis U. Pub. L. Rev. 591, 623–624 (1994){{cite magazine |author-link=Lewis H. Lapham |first=Lewis |last=Lapham |title=Notebook: Social hygiene |magazine=Harper's Magazine |date=1 July 2003}} and restrictions on dog fighting.{{cite magazine |last=Amiel |first=Barbara |author-link=Barbara Amiel |title=Good luck if you've got nasty underclass tastes |magazine=Maclean's |date=10 September 2007 |url=http://archive.macleans.ca/article/2007/9/10/good-luck-if-youve-got-nasty-underclass-tastes |access-date=24 September 2019}}

{{main|Prohibition}}

As early as 1860, Anthony Trollope, writing about his experiences in Maine under the state's prohibition law, stated, "This law (prohibition), like all sumptuary laws, must fail."{{cite news |url=http://pressherald.mainetoday.com/specialrpts/alcohol/d1hist.htm |title=A History of Alcohol |work=Portland Press Herald |date=19 October 1997 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071205183206/http://pressherald.mainetoday.com/specialrpts/alcohol/d1hist.htm |archive-date=5 December 2007 |url-status=dead |last=Bartlett |first=Will}} In 1918, William Howard Taft decried prohibition in the United States as a bad sumptuary law, stating that one of his reasons for opposing prohibition was his belief that "sumptuary laws are matters for parochial adjustment."{{cite magazine |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,731975,00.html?promoid=googlep |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930071955/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,731975,00.html?promoid=googlep |url-status=dead |archive-date=September 30, 2007 |title=Burton, Baker, Taft |magazine=Time magazine |date=15 October 1928 |url-access=subscription}} Taft later repeated this concern.{{cite news |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,928319-2,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210062145/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,928319-2,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=February 10, 2009 |last=Taft |first=Charles Phelps |author-link=Charles Phelps Taft |title=Letters: Dec. 10, 1928 |work=Time Magazine |date=10 December 1928 |url-access=subscription}} The Indiana Supreme Court also discussed alcohol prohibition as a sumptuary law in its 1855 decision Herman v. State.Herman v. State, 8 Ind. 545 (1855). During state conventions on the ratification of the Twenty-first Amendment to the United States Constitution in 1933, numerous delegates throughout the United States decried prohibition as having been an improper sumptuary law that never should have been included in the Constitution of the United States.

In 1971, a United States federal study stated that federal laws on alcohol include "sumptuary laws which are directed at the purchaser", including, "Sales are not permitted to minors or intoxicated persons. Credit is often prohibited on liquor sales, as well. Criminal penalties may be imposed for driving under the influence of alcohol, as well as for drunken behavior."[http://www.druglibrary.org/Schaffer/LIBRARY/studies/nc/nc2a.htm Jane Lang McGrew, History of Alcohol Prohibition], published for the National Commission on Marihuana and Drug Abuse, 1971.

{{main|Prohibition of drugs}}

When the U.S. state of Washington considered cannabis decriminalization in two initiatives, 229 and 248, the initiatives' language stated, "Cannabis prohibition is a sumptuary law of a nature repugnant to our Constitution's framers."

• Statute Concerning Diet and Apparel 1363
• Dancing ban
• Fat tax

{{Reflist}}

• {{cite book |editor-last=Luders |editor-first=Alexander |title=The statutes of the realm : Printed by command of his majesty King George the Third, in pursuance of an address of the House of Commons of Great Britain. From original records and authentic manuscripts |url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=pst.000017915502 |volume=4 |at=part 2 |orig-year=1819 |year=1963 |location=London }}
• {{cite book |first1=Françoise |last1=Piponnier |first2=Perrine |last2=Mane |title=Dress in the Middle Ages |url=https://archive.org/details/dressinmiddleage00fran |url-access=registration |publisher=Yale University Press |date=1997 |isbn=0-300-06906-5 }}

• Brundage, James (1987). Sumptuary Laws and Prostitution in Late Medieval Italy. Elsevier.{{ISBN?}}
• Desierto, Desiree; Koyama, Mark (2024). "The Political Economy of Status Competition: Sumptuary Laws in Preindustrial Europe". The Journal of Economic History 84(2): 479–516.
• Dubos, Paul (1888). Droit romain, le luxe et les lois somptuaires: économie politique de l'influence du luxe sur la répartition des richesses. Paris: Université de France, Faculté de droit de Paris. (2014 reprint. Hachette: Paris. {{ISBN|978-2013478199}}.)
• Garlet, Tamara (2007). Le contrôle de l'apparence vestimentaire à Lausanne d'après les lois somptuaires bernoises et les registres du Consistoire de la Ville (1675–1706). University of Lausanne. www.rero.ch {{ISBN?}}
• Hayward, Maria (2009). Rich Apparel: Clothing and the Law in Henry VIII's England. Farnham: Ashgate.{{ISBN?}}
• Killerby, Catherine (2002). Sumptuary Law in Italy: 1200–1500. Oxford University Press.{{ISBN?}}
• Miles, Deri Pode (1987). Forbidden Pleasures: Sumptuary Laws and the Ideology of Decline in Ancient Rome. University of London Press.{{ISBN?}}
• Panizza, Letizia (2000). Women in Italian Renaissance Society. European Humanities Research Centre. {{ISBN?}}
• Zanda, Emanuela (2011). Fighting Hydra-Like Luxury: Sumptuary Laws in the Roman Republic. Bristol Classical Press.{{ISBN?}}

{{Wiktionary|sumptuary law|sumptuary}}

{{Clothing}}

{{Historical clothing}}

{{Population}}

{{Authority control}}

Category:Class discrimination

Category:Dress codes (legal)

Category:History of clothing

Category:Legal history

Category:Roman law

Category:Social classes

Category:Prohibitionism