embroidery

File:Chinese silk, 4th Century BC.JPG gauze ritual garment. Rows of even, round chain stitch used for outline and color. 4th century BC, Zhou tomb at Mashan, Hubei, China.]]

The process used to tailor, patch, mend and reinforce cloth fostered the development of sewing techniques, and the decorative possibilities of sewing led to the art of embroidery.{{sfn|Gillow|Sentance|1999|p=12}} Indeed, the remarkable stability of basic embroidery stitches has been noted:

{{blockquote|It is a striking fact that in the development of embroidery ... there are no changes of materials or techniques which can be felt or interpreted as advances from a primitive to a later, more refined stage. On the other hand, we often find in early works a technical accomplishment and high standard of craftsmanship rarely attained in later times.Marie Schuette and Sigrid Muller-Christensen, The Art of Embroidery translated by Donald King, Thames and Hudson, 1964, quoted in {{harvnb|Netherton|Owen-Crocker|2005|p=2}}.}}

The art of embroidery has been found worldwide and several early examples have been found. Works in China have been dated to the Warring States period (5th–3rd century BC).{{sfn|Gillow|Sentance|1999|p=178}} In a garment from Migration period Sweden, roughly 300–700 AD, the edges of bands of trimming are reinforced with running stitch, back stitch, stem stitch, tailor's buttonhole stitch, and Whip stitch, but it is uncertain whether this work simply reinforced the seams or should be interpreted as decorative embroidery.Coatsworth, Elizabeth: "Stitches in Time: Establishing a History of Anglo-Saxon Embroidery", in {{harvnb|Netherton|Owen-Crocker|2005|p=2}}.

File:A pair of Chinese shoes for bound 'lily' feet Wellcome L0035542.jpg]]

File:Elizabeth1book.jpg at the age of 11, presented to Katherine Parr]]

File:Ramallah Dress (Palestinian Thobe).jpg from Palestine]]

Depending on time, location and materials available, embroidery could be the domain of a few experts or a widespread, popular technique. This flexibility led to a variety of works, from the royal to the mundane. Examples of high status items include elaborately embroidered clothing, religious objects, and household items often were seen as a mark of wealth and status.

In medieval England, Opus Anglicanum, a technique used by professional workshops and guilds in medieval England,{{sfn|Levey|King|1993|p=12}} was used to embellish textiles used in church rituals. In 16th century England, some books, usually bibles or other religious texts, had embroidered bindings. The Bodleian Library in Oxford contains one presented to Queen Elizabeth I in 1583. It also owns a copy of The Epistles of Saint Paul, whose cover was reputedly embroidered by the Queen.{{Cite book |title=Needlework : an illustrated history |date=1978 |publisher=Paddington Press |author1=Harriet Bridgeman |author2=Elizabeth Drury |isbn=0-448-22066-0 |location=New York |oclc=3843144 |page=42}}

In 18th-century England and its colonies, with the rise of the merchant class and the wider availability of luxury materials, rich embroideries began to appear in a secular context. These embroideries took the form of items displayed in private homes of well-to-do citizens, as opposed to a church or royal setting. Even so, the embroideries themselves may still have had religious themes. Samplers employing fine silks were produced by the daughters of wealthy families. Embroidery was a skill marking a girl's path into womanhood as well as conveying rank and social standing.{{Cite news |url=http://www.smh.com.au/entertainment/ngv-embroidery-exhibition-imagine-a-12yearold-spending-two-years-on-this-20150324-1m699n.html |title=NGV embroidery exhibition: imagine a 12-year-old spending two years on this... |last=Power |first=Lisa |date=27 March 2015 |work=The Sydney Morning Herald |access-date=30 May 2015}}

Embroidery was an important art and signified social status in the Medieval Islamic world as well. The 17th-century Turkish traveler Evliya Çelebi called it the "craft of the two hands". In cities such as Damascus, Cairo and Istanbul, embroidery was visible on handkerchiefs, uniforms, flags, calligraphy, shoes, robes, tunics, horse trappings, slippers, sheaths, pouches, covers, and even on leather belts. Craftsmen embroidered items with gold and silver thread. Embroidery cottage industries, some employing over 800 people, grew to supply these items.{{cite magazine |url=http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200703/the.skill.of.the.two.hands.htm |magazine=Saudi Aramco World |title=The Skill of the Two Hands |last=Stone |first=Caroline |date=May–June 2007 |volume=58 |issue=3 |access-date=2011-01-21 |archive-date=2014-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141013230148/http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/200703/the.skill.of.the.two.hands.htm |url-status=dead }}

In the 16th century, in the reign of the Mughal Emperor Akbar, his chronicler Abu al-Fazl ibn Mubarak wrote in the famous Ain-i-Akbari:

{{blockquote|His majesty [Akbar] pays much attention to various stuffs; hence Irani, Ottoman, and Mongolian articles of wear are in much abundance especially textiles embroidered in the patterns of Nakshi, Saadi, Chikhan, Ari, Zardozi, Wastli, Gota and Kohra. The imperial workshops in the towns of Lahore, Agra, Fatehpur and Ahmedabad turn out many masterpieces of workmanship in fabrics, and the figures and patterns, knots and variety of fashions which now prevail astonish even the most experienced travelers. Taste for fine material has since become general, and the drapery of embroidered fabrics used at feasts surpasses every description.{{cite magazine |url=http://www.saudiaramcoworld.com/issue/201104/mughal.maal.htm |magazine=Saudi Aramco World |title=Mughal Maal |access-date=2011-08-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160222152801/http://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/201104/mughal.maal.htm |archive-date=2016-02-22 |url-status=live |last=Werner |first=Louis |date=July–August 2011 |volume=62 |issue=4}}}}

Conversely, embroidery is also a folk art, using materials that were accessible to nonprofessionals. Examples include Hardanger embroidery from Norway; Merezhka from Ukraine; Mountmellick embroidery from Ireland; Nakshi kantha from Bangladesh and West Bengal; Achachi from Peru; and Brazilian embroidery. Many techniques had a practical use such as Sashiko from Japan, which was used as a way to reinforce clothing.{{cite web|title=Handa City Sashiko Program at the Society for Contemporary Craft|url=http://www.japansocietypa.org:80/event-2293412|website=Japan-America Society of Pennsylvania|access-date=25 January 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170705152304/http://www.japansocietypa.org/event-2293412|archive-date=5 July 2017|date=7 Oct 2016|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.seamwork.com/issues/2016/04/sashiko|title=Sashiko|website=Seamwork Magazine|publisher=Colette Media, LLC|language=en|access-date=2018-01-26|first=Kat|last=Siddle}}

While historically viewed as a pastime, activity, or hobby, intended just for women, embroidery has often been used as a form of biography. Women who were unable to access a formal education or, at times, writing implements, were often taught embroidery and utilized it as a means of documenting their lives by telling stories through their embroidery.{{Cite journal|last=Murphy|first=A. Mary|date=July 2003|title=The Theory and Practice of Counting Stitches as Stories: Material Evidences of Autobiography in Needlework|journal=Women's Studies|volume=32|issue=5|pages=641–655|doi=10.1080/00497870390207149|s2cid=143527585}} In terms of documenting the histories of marginalized groups, especially women of color both within the United States and around the world, embroidery is a means of studying the everyday lives of those whose lives largely went unstudied throughout much of history.{{Cite journal |last=van der Merwe |first=Ria |date=November 2017 |title=From a silent past to a spoken future. Black women's voices in the archival process |journal=Archives and Records |volume=40 |issue=3 |pages=239–258 |doi=10.1080/23257962.2017.1388224|s2cid=220316392 |hdl=2263/72551 |hdl-access=free }}

File:Japanese embroidery on festival cart.jpg

File:Hardanger embroidery.png, a whitework technique. Contemporary]]

Since the late 2010s, there has been a growth in the popularity of embroidering by hand. As a result of visual social media such as Pinterest and Instagram, artists can share their work more extensively, which has inspired younger generations to pick up needlework. Kouhia, A. (2023). Crafts in the Time of Coronavirus: Pandemic Domestic Crafting in Finland on Instagram’s Covid-Related Craft Posts. M/C Journal, 26(6). https://doi.org/10.5204/mcj.2932 Mayne, A. (2020). Make/share: Textile making alone together in private and social media spaces. Journal of Arts & Communities, 10(1–2), 95–108. https://doi.org/10.1386/jaac_00008_1

Contemporary embroidery artists believe hand embroidery has grown in popularity as a result of an increasing need for relaxation and digitally disconnecting practices.{{Cite web|url=https://lekadre.com/embroidery-modern-art-form/|title=History of embroidery and its rise in popularity|last=Elin|date=2019-06-11|website=Charles and Elin|language=en-US|access-date=2019-07-25|archive-date=2019-07-25|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190725210010/https://lekadre.com/embroidery-modern-art-form/|url-status=dead}} Many people are also using embroidery to creatively upcycle and repair clothing, to help counteract over-consumption and fashion industry waste.{{Cite web |title=How a traditional craft became a Gen-Z statement |url=https://www.bbc.com/culture/article/20240405-how-a-traditional-craft-became-a-gen-z-statement |access-date=2025-01-13 |website=www.bbc.com |language=en-GB}}

Modern hand embroidery, as opposed to cross-stitching, is characterized by a more "liberal" approach, where stitches are more freely combined in unconventional ways to create various textures and designs.{{fact|date=April 2024}}

Modern canvas work tends to follow symmetrical counted stitching patterns with designs emerging from the repetition of one or just a few similar stitches in a variety of hues. In contrast, many forms of surface embroidery make use of a wide range of stitching patterns in a single piece of work.{{sfn|Reader's Digest|1979|pp=1–19, 112–117}}

Training women in traditional embroidery skills in Inner Mongolia, was begun by Bai Jingying as a reaction to the financial pressures caused by the impact of climate change, including desertification, in the region.{{Cite web |title=Community threads together |url=https://www.chinadailyhk.com/hk/article/252552#Community-threads-together-2021-12-20 |access-date=2024-07-14 |website=chinadailyhk |language=en}}

File:Cross stitch embroidery.jpg, mid-20th century|left]]

Embroidery can be classified according to what degree the design takes into account the nature of the base material and by the relationship of stitch placement to the fabric. The main categories are free or surface embroidery, counted-thread embroidery, and needlepoint or canvas work.{{ cite web|url =http://www.needlenthread.com/2016/10/needlework-terminology-surface-embroidery.html|title =Needlework Terminology: Surface Embroidery|last =Corbet|first =Mary|date =October 3, 2016|access-date =November 1, 2016}}

In free or surface embroidery, designs are applied without regard to the weave of the underlying fabric. Examples include crewel and traditional Chinese and Japanese embroidery.

Counted-thread embroidery patterns are created by making stitches over a predetermined number of threads in the foundation fabric. Counted-thread embroidery is more easily worked on an even-weave foundation fabric such as embroidery canvas, aida cloth, or specially woven cotton and linen fabrics. Examples include cross-stitch and some forms of blackwork embroidery.

While similar to counted thread in regards to technique, in canvas work or needlepoint, threads are stitched through a fabric mesh to create a dense pattern that completely covers the foundation fabric.{{sfn|Gillow|Sentance|1999|p=198}} Examples of canvas work include bargello and Berlin wool work.

Embroidery can also be classified by the similarity of its appearance. In drawn thread work and cutwork, the foundation fabric is deformed or cut away to create holes that are then embellished with embroidery, often with thread in the same color as the foundation fabric. When created with white thread on white linen or cotton, this work is collectively referred to as whitework.{{sfn|Reader's Digest|1979|pp=74–91}} However, whitework can either be counted or free. Hardanger embroidery is a counted embroidery and the designs are often geometric.{{cite book|author= Yvette Stanton|title= Early Style Hardanger|date= 30 March 2016|publisher=Vetty Creations|isbn=978-0-9757677-7-1}} Conversely, styles such as Broderie anglaise are similar to free embroidery, with floral or abstract designs that are not dependent on the weave of the fabric.{{cite book|author=Catherine Amoroso Leslie|title=Needlework Through History: An Encyclopedia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lEiGeSLKLjMC&pg=PA58|access-date=13 September 2013|date=1 January 2007|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=978-0-313-33548-8|pages=34, 226, 58}}

{{Dynamic list}}

File:Embroidery- Crewel Wool, early 18th century (CH 18432103).jpg threads on a panel of linen warp and cotton weft, 18th century English]]

The fabrics and yarns used in traditional embroidery vary from place to place. Wool, linen, and silk have been in use for thousands of years for both fabric and yarn. Today, embroidery thread is manufactured in cotton, rayon, and novelty yarns as well as in traditional wool, linen, and silk. Ribbon embroidery uses narrow ribbon in silk or silk/organza blend ribbon, most commonly to create floral motifs.{{sfn|van Niekerk|2006}}

Surface embroidery techniques such as chain stitch and couching or laid-work are the most economical of expensive yarns; couching is generally used for goldwork. Canvas work techniques, in which large amounts of yarn are buried on the back of the work, use more materials but provide a sturdier and more substantial finished textile.{{sfn|Reader's Digest|1979|pp=112–115}}

Image:Borduurring.jpg

A needle is the main stitching tool in embroidery, and comes in various sizes and types.{{Cite web|title=Needles|url=https://www.embroidery.rocksea.org/reference/glossary/needles/|website=Sarah's Hand Embroidery Tutorials|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-06}}

In both canvas work and surface embroidery an embroidery hoop or frame can be used to stretch the material and ensure even stitching tension that prevents pattern distortion.{{Cite web|title=Materials Required for Hand Embroidery|url=https://www.embroidery.rocksea.org/reference/for-hand-embroidery-beginners/materials-required-for-hand-embroidery/|website=Sarah's Hand Embroidery Tutorials|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-06}}

File:Brother Innov-is V7 machine, embroidering.jpg Innov-is V7 computerised Sewing/Quilting/Embroidery machine embroidering onto cloth held in a hoop]]

File:Machine chain stitch.jpg on a voile curtain, China, early 21st century]]

The development of machine embroidery and its mass production came about in stages during the Industrial Revolution. The first embroidery machine was the hand embroidery machine, invented in France in 1832 by Josué Heilmann.{{Cite web|url=https://trc-leiden.nl/trc-needles/tools/embroidery/hand-embroidery-machine|title=Hand Embroidery Machine|last=Willem|website=trc-leiden.nl|language=en-gb|access-date=2019-02-19}} The next evolutionary step was the schiffli embroidery machine. The latter borrowed from the sewing machine and the Jacquard loom to fully automate its operation. The manufacture of machine-made embroideries in St. Gallen in eastern Switzerland flourished in the latter half of the 19th century.Röllin, Peter. Stickerei-Zeit, Kultur und Kunst in St. Gallen 1870–1930. VGS Verlagsgemeinschaft, St. Gallen 1989, {{ISBN|3-7291-1052-7}} (in German) Both St. Gallen, Switzerland and Plauen, Germany were important centers for machine embroidery and embroidery machine development. Many Swiss and Germans immigrated to Hudson county, New Jersey in the early twentieth century and developed a machine embroidery industry there. Shiffli machines have continued to evolve and are still used for industrial scale embroidery.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3qkQAQAAMAAJ|title=Machine Made Embroideries|last=Schneider|first=Coleman|date=1968|publisher=Globe Lithographing Company|language=en}}

Contemporary embroidery is stitched with a computerized embroidery machine using patterns digitized with embroidery software. In machine embroidery, different types of "fills" add texture and design to the finished work. Machine embroidery is used to add logos and monograms to business shirts or jackets, gifts, and team apparel as well as to decorate household items for the bed and bath and other linens, draperies, and decorator fabrics that mimic the elaborate hand embroidery of the past.

Machine embroidery is most typically done with rayon thread, although polyester thread can also be used. Cotton thread, on the other hand, is prone to breaking and is avoided.{{Cite news|url=https://www.threadsmagazine.com/2008/11/02/choosing-machine-embroidery-threads|title=Choosing Machine-Embroidery Threads|date=2008-11-02|work=Threads Magazine|access-date=2018-11-27|publisher=The Taunton Press, Inc|language=en-US}}

There has also been a development in free hand machine embroidery, new machines have been designed that allow for the user to create free-motion embroidery which has its place in textile arts, quilting, dressmaking, home furnishings and more. Users can use the embroidery software to digitize the digital embroidery designs. These digitized design are then transferred to the embroidery machine with the help of a flash drive and then the embroidery machine embroiders the selected design onto the fabric.

In Greek mythology the goddess Athena is said to have passed down the art of embroidery (along with weaving) to humans, leading to the famed competition between herself and the mortal Arachne.{{Cite book|title=Art of Embroidery: History of Style and Technique|last=Synge|first=Lanto|publisher=Antique Collectors' Club|year=2001|isbn=9781851493593|location=Woodbridge, England|pages=32}}

File:Nakshi Kantha, Sonargaon Folk Art and Craft Museum.jpg|Nakshi Kantha from Sonargaon, Bangladesh Folk Arts and Crafts Foundation

File:Kazakh rug chain stitch embroidery.jpg|Traditional embroidery in chain stitch on a Kazakh rug, contemporary.

File:Cover, silk embroidery on cotton. Iran, Caucasus; 1st half of 18th century. Stored at The David Collection, inventarnummer 37-1969.jpg|Caucasian embroidery

File:English cope.jpg|English cope, late 15th or early 16th century. Silk velvet embroidered with silk and gold threads, closely laid and couched. Contemporary Art Institute of Chicago textile collection.

File:St. Galler Stickerei Muster c.jpg|Extremely fine underlay of St. Gallen Embroidery

File:Turkish embroidery.jpg|Traditional Turkish embroidery. Izmir Ethnography Museum, Turkey.

File:Croatian embroidery.jpg|Traditional Croatian embroidery.

File:EMBROIDERED EGGS BY I FOROSTYUK.jpg|Decorated Easter eggs from the Luhansk region of Ukraine

File:Ախալցխայի տարազ մանրամասն.jpg|Gold embroidery on a gognots (apron) of a 19th-century Armenian bridal dress from Akhaltsikhe

File:Korean embroidery patterns.jpg|Brightly coloured Korean embroidery.

File:Uzbekistan embroidery.jpg|Uzbekistan embroidery on a traditional women's parandja robe.

File:Woman headdress Kalash.jpg|Woman wearing a traditional embroidered Kalash headdress, Pakistan.

File:Bedouin bookmark.jpg|Bookmark of black fabric with multicolored Bedouin embroidery and tassel of embroidery floss

File:Woman's Robe a l'anglaise with Petticoat LACMA M.66.31a-b (4 of 6).jpg|Chain-stitch embroidery from England {{Circa|1775}}

File:Bulgarian embrodery from Sofia and Trun.jpg|Traditional Bulgarian Floral embroidery from Sofia and Trun.

File:Pedro Bruno - A Pátria.jpg|A 1919 painting depicting the Brazilian flag being embroidered by a family.

• Broderie de Fontenoy-le-Château
• Chikankari
• Chinese embroidery
• Embroidery of India
• Khamak
• Mary Ann Beinecke Decorative Art Collection
• Sachet (scented bag)
• Sampler (needlework)
• Sichuan embroidery

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{{wikt|embroider}}

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Category:Decorative arts