Suramadu Bridge
{{short description|Cable-stayed bridge across the Madura strait between Surabaya and Madura}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Use American English|date=July 2020}}
{{Infobox bridge
|bridge_name=Suramadu National Bridge
|native_name={{nobold|Jembatan Nasional Suramadu}}
|native_name_lang=id
|image=Suramadu Bridge 5.JPG
|alt=
|caption=View of the Suramadu Bridge
|coordinates={{coord|7|11|3|S|112|46|49|E|type:landmark_region:ID_dim:10000|display=inline,title}}
|carries=Vehicles
|crosses=Madura Strait
|locale=East Java (Surabaya–Bangkalan Regency)
|official_name=Jembatan Nasional Surabaya–Madura
|other_name=
|maint=
|heritage=
|id=
|preceded=
|followed=
|design=Cable stayed bridge
Box girder bridge
|material=
|length={{convert|5438|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
|width={{convert|30|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
|height={{convert|146|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
|mainspan={{convert|434|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}
|spans=
|pierswater=
|load=
|clearance=
|below={{convert|35|m|ft|1|abbr=on}}{{Cite news|url=https://nasional.kompas.com/read/2009/05/01/09291479/kapal.apa.saja.yang.tidak.boleh.lewat.kolong.suramadu|title=Kapal Apa Saja yang Tidak Boleh Lewat Kolong Suramadu? - Kompas.com|last=Media|first=Kompas Cyber|date=2009-05-01|work=KOMPAS.com|access-date=2018-09-26|language=en}}
|designer=
|builder=
|begin={{start date and age|2003|August|20|df=yes}}
|complete=
|open={{start date and age|2009|June|10|df=yes}}
|collapsed=
|closed=
|extra=
|map_image=
|map_width=
|map_alt=
|map_cue=
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|lat=
|long=}}
The Suramadu Bridge ({{langx|id|Jembatan Suramadu}}, Javanese: Kreteg Suramadu, Madurese: Tètè Suramadu; from the abbreviation of Surabaya–Madura Bridge) is a cable-stayed bridge between Surabaya on the island of Java and southern Bangkalan Regency on the island of Madura in Indonesia.Indra Harasputra, '[http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2009/06/10/special-report-suramadu-bridge-could-last-100-years.html Special report:Suramadu bridge could last for 100 years'], The Jakarta Post, 10 June 2009. Opened in June 2009,{{cite news | title = The Suramadu Bridge | url = http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2009/06/10/the-suramadu-bridge.html | publisher = The Jakarta Post | date = 2009-06-10 | access-date = 2009-06-10}} the {{convert|5.4|km|mi|adj=mid|-long}} bridge is the longest in Indonesia and the second-longest in the Southern Hemisphere. It is the first bridge to cross the Madura Strait.{{cite news | first = Rohman | last = Taufiq | title = Indonesia Launches First Inter-Island Bridge | url = http://www.tempointeractive.com/hg/nasional/2009/06/10/brk,20090610-181155,uk.html | publisher = Tempo | date = 2009-06-10 | access-date = 2009-06-10 | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20120222132202/http://www.tempointeractive.com/hg/nasional/2009/06/10/brk,20090610-181155,uk.html | archive-date = 2012-02-22 }}
The cable-stayed portion has three spans with lengths {{convert|192|m|ft|0}}, {{convert|434|m|ft|0}}, and {{convert|192|m|ft|0}}. The bridge has two lanes, an emergency lane, and a dedicated lane for motorcycles in each direction.{{Cite news|url=https://www.viva.co.id/berita/nasional/54160-motor-boleh-nyebrang-lewat-suramadu|title=Motor Boleh Nyebrang Lewat Suramadu – VIVA|last=VIVA|first=PT. VIVA MEDIA BARU -|date=2009-05-01|access-date=2018-09-26|language=id}}
History
=Early history=
File:The passage through the Madura Strait needs a pilot's skill..jpg in 1952]]
The idea of a bridge connecting Surabaya with Madura is said to have first been proposed in the early 1960s by the well-known Indonesian engineer Professor Sedyatmo from the Bandung Institute of Technology. Later, in the mid-1980s, there was renewed interest in the project when staff from the National Development Planning Bureau (Bappenas) met with Japanese aid donors to discuss the construction of a bridge.Jack Spotten, '{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20160103205715/http://www.tandapagar.com/sejarah-jembatan-suramadu/ Iniliah Sejarah Singkat Jembatan Suraamadu Yang Perlu Kita Tahu' (Need to Know: Short history of the Suramadu Bridge)]}}, #TandaPagar, 2 January 2016, accessed 22 July 2018. A pre-feasibility study was conducted in early 1990, and in December 1990, President Suharto appointed a team of ministers and advisers to consider plans for the bridge.[http://www.bphn.go.id/data/documents/90kp055.pdf Presidential Decision (Keputusan Presiden) No 55 of 1990], dated 14 December 1990. Later, a consortium consisting of the Indonesian state-owned firm {{interlanguage link|PT Jasa Marga|id}} and other Indonesian firms, along with Japanese firms Mitsubishi Corporation, Itochu, Shimizu, and the Long-Term Credit Bank, was established to proceed with the bridge.
=Further developments=
File:Stamps of Indonesia, 035-09.jpg
In 1997–98, a range of problems arising from the Asian financial crisis in Indonesia led to the suspension of activities. However, within a few years, the East Java Provincial Government took up a renewed interest in plans and 2000 announced that further initiatives would be made at the provincial level. These steps gained impetus when President Megawati issued a decree instructing ministers to take additional steps to support the bridge's construction and appoint PT Jasa Marga as the lead Indonesian firm for the project.{{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20180722041316/http://tataruangpertanahan.com/regulasi/pdf/keppres/keppres_79_2003.pdf Presidential Decision (Keputusan Presiden) No 79 of 1993]}}, dated 27 October 2003.
The bridge was built by a consortium of Indonesian companies PT Adhi Karya and PT Waskita Karya, working with China Road and Bridge Corp. and China Harbor Engineering Co. Ltd. The total cost of the project, including connecting roads, has been estimated at Rp4.5 trillion (US$445 million).{{cite news | first = Rendi A. | last = Witular | title = Special Report: 'Made in China' poses as RI's pride | url = http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2009/06/10/special-report-made-china039-poses-ri039s-pride.html | publisher = The Jakarta Post | date = 2009-06-10 | access-date = 2009-06-10}}
Construction began in August 2003. In July 2004, a girder collapsed, killing one worker and injuring nine others. Work on the bridge halted at the end of 2004 due to a lack of funds but was restarted in November 2005. The main span of the bridge was connected on 31 March 2009,{{cite news | title = Akhirnya, Bagian Tersulit Pada Jembatan Suramadu Tersambung | url = http://www.suramadu.com/berita/40-berita/119-akhirnya-bagian-tersulit-pada-jembatan-suramadu-tersambung.html | publisher = Suramadu Bridge Project | date = 2009-04-01 | language = id | access-date = 2009-06-10}} and the bridge was opened to the public on 10 June 2009.{{cite news | title = Sebanyak 6.500 Undangan Hadiri Peresmian Jembatan Suramadu | url = http://www.suramadu.com/berita/40-berita/161-sebanyak-6500-undangan-hadiri-peresmian-jembatan-suramadu.html | publisher = Suramadu Bridge Project | date = 2009-06-09 | language = id | access-date = 2009-06-10}}
Within a week of the opening, it was discovered that nuts and bolts and maintenance lamps had been stolen and that there was evidence of vandalism of cables supporting the main span.{{cite news |author=Tejo |first=Amir |date=2009-06-17 |title=Newly Opened East Java Bridge Gets Pilfered For Scrap Metal And Used Parts |publisher=The Jakarta Globe |url=http://thejakartaglobe.com/home/newly-opened-east-java-bridge-gets-pilfered-for-scrap-metal-and-used-parts/312859 |url-status=dead |access-date=2009-06-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090619052459/http://thejakartaglobe.com/home/newly-opened-east-java-bridge-gets-pilfered-for-scrap-metal-and-used-parts/312859 |archive-date=2009-06-19}}
Tariffs
As is often the case with public sector infrastructure facilities in Indonesia, there has been pressure to keep the tariffs for using the bridge low. Tolls were initially set at Rp30,000 (US$3 in 2009) for four-wheeled vehicles and Rp3,000 (US$0.30) for two-wheelers.{{cite news | title = Suramadu Toll Bridge Fares Announced | url = http://english.kompas.com/read/xml/2009/06/10/14042324/Suramadu.Toll.Bridge.Fares.Announced | publisher = Kompas | date = 2009-06-10 | access-date = 2009-06-10}} However, in early 2016, it was announced that President Jokowi favored a 50% cut in the tolls to help promote the competitiveness of industries on the Madura side of the bridge.
No details were available as to how toll cuts would be funded.Ayomi Amindoni, '[http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2016/02/04/govt-cut-suramadu-bridge-tolls.html Govt to cut Suramadu Bridge tolls'], The Jakarta Post, 4 February 2016. However, a spokesperson for the state-owned company PT Jasa Marga, which operated the bridge, said that the tariff reductions would not cause a problem for the operating firm itself because Jasa Marga was paid directly by the government to manage the bridge.'[http://www.thejakartapost.com/news/2016/03/01/govt-cuts-suramadu-bridge-fee-50-percent.html Govt cuts Suramadu bridge fee by 50 percent'], The Jakarta Post, 1 March 2016.
Starting on 27 October 2018, toll tariffs were abolished for all types of vehicles.{{Cite news |last=Dwinanda |first=Reiny |date=28 Oct 2018 |title=Jokowi announces no more toll fee in Suramadu bridge {{!}} Republika Online |language=en |work=Republika Online |url=https://www.republika.co.id/berita/en/national-politics/18/10/28/phaxrn414-jokowi-announces-no-more-toll-fee-in-suramadu-bridge |access-date=2018-11-04}}
Gallery
File:Suramadu Bridge 2.JPG
File:Suramadu Bridge 3.JPG
File:Suramadu Bridge 4.JPG
File:Suramadu Bridge 5.JPG
File:Jembatan suramadu,madura-surabaya,indonesia.jpg
File:Suramadu-near.jpg
File:Jembatan Suramadu.jpg
File:Jembatan Suramadu sepi.jpg
File:Suramadu on bridge.jpg
File:Madura strait and Suramadu.jpg
File:Madura strait and Suramadu 2.jpg
File:Jembatan Menuju Dunia Baru (34268637756).jpg
File:Jembatan Suramadu - Indonesia - panoramio.jpg
File:Jembatan Suramadu - panoramio.jpg
File:Suramadu Bridge, view from Labang - panoramio.jpg
See also
References
{{Reflist|2}}
External links
{{commons category|Suramadu Bridge}}
- [https://www.google.com/maps/@-7.1853481,112.7802841,3a,75y,20.42h,104.3t/data=!3m7!1e1!3m5!1s4zNoRibFaTvRcH0j0cwDtA!2e0!6shttps:%2F%2Fstreetviewpixels-pa.googleapis.com%2Fv1%2Fthumbnail%3Fcb_client%3Dmaps_sv.tactile%26w%3D900%26h%3D600%26pitch%3D-14.30144082358541%26panoid%3D4zNoRibFaTvRcH0j0cwDtA%26yaw%3D20.416106412034466!7i16384!8i8192!5m1!1e4?coh=205410&entry=ttu&g_ep=EgoyMDI0MTAyOS4wIKXMDSoASAFQAw%3D%3D Street View of the Suramadu Bridge]
{{Cable-stayed bridges in Southeast Asia}}
{{Tourist attractions in Indonesia}}
Category:Bridges completed in 2009
Category:Cable-stayed bridges in Indonesia