Svaliava
{{short description|City in Zakarpattia Oblast, Ukraine}}
{{Infobox settlement
| settlement_type = City
| timezone = CET
| utc_offset = +1
| timezone_DST = CEST
| utc_offset_DST = +2
| official_name = Svaliava
| native_name = {{lang|uk|Свалява}}
| image_skyline = Svaliava Aerial View 2019.jpg
| imagesize =
| image_caption = View of Svaliava
| image_flag = Svalava_flag.PNG
| image_shield = Svalyava_gerb.png
| nickname =
| motto =
| map_caption = Map of Zakarpattia Oblast with Svaliava.
| subdivision_type = Country
| subdivision_name = {{UKR}}
| subdivision_type1 = Oblast
| subdivision_name1 = Zakarpattia Oblast
| subdivision_type2 = Raion
| subdivision_name2 = Mukachevo Raion
| established_title = Founded
| established_date = 12th century
| established_title1 = Incorporated
| established_date1 = 1957
| leader_title = Mayor
| leader_name = Ivan Lanyo
| area_magnitude =
| area_total_km2 =
| area_land_km2 =
| area_water_km2 =
| population_as_of = 2022
| population_note =
| population_total = 17068
| population_footnotes =
| population_metro =
| population_density_km2 = auto
| pushpin_map = Ukraine Zakarpattia Oblast#Ukraine
| pushpin_label_position =
| pushpin_map_caption = Location of Svaliava
| pushpin_mapsize =
| coordinates = {{coord|48|32|50|N|22|59|10|E|region:UA|display=inline,title}}
| elevation_m = |
| postal_code_type = Postal code
| postal_code = 89300
| area_code = +380-3133
| blank_name_sec1 = Climate
| blank_info_sec1 = Dfb
| website = http://www.svalyava.org/
| footnotes =
| subdivision_type3 = Hromada
| subdivision_name3 = Svaliava urban hromada
}}
Svaliava ({{langx|uk|Свалява}}, {{IPA|uk|swɐˈlʲɑwɐ|ipa|audio=LL-Q8798 (ukr)-Gzhegozh-Свалява.wav}}) is a city located on the Latorytsia River in Zakarpattia Oblast in western Ukraine. It was the administrative center of the former Svaliava Raion (district) until its abolition in 2020, now it is located in Mukachevo Raion. Population: {{Ua-pop-est2022|17,068|.}}
Etymology
Due to the city's complex history, there are also alternative names for it in other languages, including:
- {{langx|rue|Свалява|Svaliava}};
- {{langx|hu|Szolyva}};
- {{langx|sk|Svaľava}};
- {{langx|cs|Svaljava}};
- {{langx|de|Schwalbach, Schwallbach}};
- {{langx|ro|Svaliava}};
- {{langx|ru|Свалява|Svalyava}};
- {{langx|yi|סוואליאווע|Svalyave}}.
Although the name of the city is similar to the Gothic swaljawa meaning "swallow", the etymology of the name Svalyava comes from the Slavic roots Zolva, Solyava, Solva, meaning "salt". Its origin dates back to ancient times, when salt from the Marmaros County was transported to neighboring regions.{{Cite book|url=http://archive.org/details/topon1998|title=Топонімічний словник України: словник-довідник|last=Янко М.Т.|date=1998}}
Demographics
The 2001 census officially identified more than 94% of the population.{{cite web |url=http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/Zakarpattia/ |title=Всеукраїнський перепис населення 2001 | English version | Results | General results of the census | National composition of population | Zakarpattia region |website=www.ukrcensus.gov.ua |access-date=12 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070911044252/http://www.ukrcensus.gov.ua/eng/results/general/nationality/Zakarpattia/ |archive-date=11 September 2007 |url-status=dead}}
- Ukrainians 94.5%
- Russians 1.5%
- Hungarians 0.7%
- Slovaks 0.6%
History
Swaljawa was first mentioned in the 12th century as a small settlement of a Hungarian feudal lord. In the 18th century, the village was annexed to the Austro-Hungarian Monarchy and was called Schwalbach. These lands later passed to the Count of Schönborn and his descendants. Gradually, Swaljawa became a multinational town with a significant part of the population being ethnic Germans.{{cite web|url=https://ukrainer.net/deutsche-der-ukraine/|title=Deutsche der Ukraine. Wer sind Sie?|date=28 October 2020 |lang=de|access-date=2023-03-14}}
According to the census of 1910, 47.1% of the population was Greek Catholic, 26.2% Jewish and 22.9% Roman Catholic. The Jewish population was deported to Auschwitz after the German occupation of Hungary, in May 1944, and most of them was murdered there.
After the Second World War a concentration camp was working near the town. Hungarian and German-born civilians (born between 1896, and 1926) were carried off by Soviet forces to the camp purely on the basis of their nationality. They were ordered to report for "malenkij robot" (a corrupted Russian for "small work"), but most of them – more than 20 thousand deportees were killed in the deathcamp after being subjected to various tortures (no water for days, glass powder mixed into their food). A further 50 000, or so Hungarians (not only men, but also women and children) were deported from Szolyva to the Soviet Union or Galicia. They were later exterminated.{{cite web | url=https://demokrata.hu/magyarorszag/magyar-holokauszt-77112/ | title=Magyar holokauszt | date=3 December 2008 }} The site of the camp is now a memorial park established in 1994.{{Cite web |url=http://karpataljaturizmus.info/the-memorial-park-in-svalyava-town-p-537.html?language=en |title=The memorial park in Svalyava town - Places of interest from a to Z, Places of interest / Places of interest |access-date=2014-10-24 |archive-date=2016-03-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304045513/http://karpataljaturizmus.info/the-memorial-park-in-svalyava-town-p-537.html?language=en |url-status=dead }}
Gallery
File:Wooden church in Svaliava, Zakarpatska oblast.jpg|St. Nicholas Church
File:Svaliava (Szolyva) synagogue.jpg|Synagogue in Svaliava
File:Svaliava,former synagogue,now-bakery.JPG|Former synagogue, now a bakery
File:Svaliava,former synagogue.jpg|Former synagogue
File:Svaliava,jewish cemetery.JPG|Jewish cemetery
File:Szolyva 12.jpg|Memorial park
References
{{reflist}}
External links
- [http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com/display.asp?AddButton=pages\S\V\Svaliava.htm Svaliava] in the [http://www.encyclopediaofukraine.com Encyclopedia of Ukraine]
{{Zakarpattia Oblast}}
{{Authority control}}
Category:Cities in Zakarpattia Oblast