Sweden-bashing

In proposing the use of the term "Sweden-bashing", historian Dr. Carl Marklund posited the phenomenon as follows:{{cite journal |title=From "False" Neutrality to "True" Socialism: US "Sweden-bashing" during the Later Palme Years, 1973–1986 |journal=Journal of Transnational American Studies |volume=7 |number=1 |author=Carl Marklund |date=2016 |accessdate=22 February 2017 |url=http://escholarship.org/uc/item/0dt8v3mq |archive-date=23 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223042357/http://escholarship.org/uc/item/0dt8v3mq |url-status=live }}

The often cited exemplarity of Sweden among progressive countries worldwide—due to its Third World solidarity abroad as well as its social policies at home—also made it the subject of an admittedly marginal, but vocal genre of diagnosis and criticism, first from conservatives, later from liberals, that can be termed "Sweden-bashing." Key themes in this genre include allegedly totalitarian tendencies in the Swedish welfare state as well as a supposedly anti-Western bias in Swedish Cold War neutrality.

Sweden-bashing was used in the 1960s U.S. presidential election between Eisenhower and John F. Kennedy.{{citation |url=https://www.dn.se/kultur-noje/kulturdebatt/darfor-beskrivs-sverige-som-en-dystopi/ |work=Dagens Nyheter |title=Därför beskrivs Sverige som en dystopi |date=21 February 2017 |access-date=22 February 2017 |archive-date=21 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221235828/http://www.dn.se/kultur-noje/kulturdebatt/darfor-beskrivs-sverige-som-en-dystopi/ |url-status=live }} In 1960 while addressing the Republican National Committee, President Eisenhower described Sweden as a cautionary tale about socialism and government intrusion into the affairs of individuals. He described Sweden as engaging in an "experiment of almost complete paternalism", and cited what he said were allegedly high rates of alcoholism, suicide, and divorce, as well as a "lack of ambition".

Although American criticisms of Swedish welfare policies were initially received with skepticism among Swedish conservatives, they gradually became accepted as part of a "shift to the right" in Sweden's self-image and perception abroad.{{rp|2}} He wrote that this "underscor[ed] how originally distant actors, marginal discourses and random events may be amplified through transnational circulation of ideas and images", and noted that some regarded the shift to the right as evidence of a counter-strategy by business interests to oppose the radical left of the 1970s, or as a "purposive elite strategy of political communication."{{rp|2}}

A renewal of negative American publicity about Sweden followed the Social Democrats' return to power in 1982, focusing on alleged problems of rising racism and xenophobia focused on immigrants.{{rp|7}} He also noted that Gösta Grassman, a foreign affairs press officer with the Swedish government, had referred to criticism of the Swedish welfare state as "the 1984 reports" due to the portrayal of Sweden as a totalitarian state by such critics.{{rp|8}} Grassman said that in this new strain of criticism, the previous portrayal of Sweden's welfare state as a ploy to mask what was allegedly a covert form of capitalism had evolved into a similar allegation that the welfare state masked what was allegedly a form of socialism.{{rp|8}} The point of the reference to Nineteen Eighty-four, the dystopian novel by George Orwell, according to Grassman, was "to shock by reimagining a democratic, egalitarian, and prosperous Western society as 'totalitarian.'"{{rp|8}}

Marklund wrote that in the tumult of debate, "it became increasingly difficult to distinguish the foreign reporting on Sweden and the Swedish debate on Sweden from the Swedish discussion of the image of Sweden abroad."{{rp|8}} While he acknowledged that the criticisms "can be viewed as examples of legitimate international journalism or political debate in Sweden itself", Marklund argued that they were often blown out of proportion in late 1983, both in foreign press coverage of Sweden and in the Swedish reception of that coverage.{{rp|9}} He noted that in the Swedish foreign ministry, believing that foreign criticism was amplifying or even distorting the significance of some issues in the political discourse, summoned 150 correspondents of the foreign press corps to receive what The New York Times described as "a lecture on their supposedly less-than-objective articles about Sweden."{{rp|9}} He wrote that the strategy backfired, as the journalists felt curtailed.{{rp|9}}

As Sweden's international visibility has increased a market for Sweden-bashing has emerged.{{Cite web |url=http://uscpublicdiplomacy.org/blog/swedens-public-diplomacy-must-adapt-its-new-global-role |title=USC Center on Public Diplomacy: Sweden's Public Diplomacy Must Adapt to Its New Global Role |date=24 April 2017 |access-date=9 November 2017 |archive-date=10 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110114315/http://uscpublicdiplomacy.org/blog/swedens-public-diplomacy-must-adapt-its-new-global-role |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |url=http://www.ch.lu.se/nyheter/visa/article/james-pamment-swedens-public-diplomacy-must-adap/ |title=Campus Helsingborg: James Pamment: Sweden's public diplomacy must adapt to its new global role |access-date=9 November 2017 |archive-date=10 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110005219/http://www.ch.lu.se/nyheter/visa/article/james-pamment-swedens-public-diplomacy-must-adap/ |url-status=live }}

Japanese Sweden-bashing often focus on the care of the elderly.{{Cite web |url=https://www.dn.se/arkiv/namn-och-nytt/mord-pa-svensk-myt/ |title=Dagens Nyheter: Mord på svensk myt |date=21 February 1994 |access-date=9 November 2017 |archive-date=9 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171109145115/https://www.dn.se/arkiv/namn-och-nytt/mord-pa-svensk-myt/ |url-status=live }}

According to political scientist Bruce Miroff, American conservatives may engage in Sweden-bashing as Sweden managed to have both economic efficiency and equality, something they feel is impossible.[https://books.google.com/books?id=Nd88AAAAQBAJ&dq=%22Sweden-bashing%22&pg=PA317 Debating Democracy: A Reader in American Politics, p. 317]

In a February 2016 report to the Swedish Foreign Ministry, the Swedish Embassy in London indicated that the widely distributed "right-wing UK tabloid newspaper", the Daily Mail, said to be known for its "vigorous anti-immigration stance", was running a campaign against Sweden's refugee policy.{{citation |title=Daily Mail running migrant campaign against Sweden |url=http://www.thelocal.se/20160227/daily-mail-runs-campaign-against-sweden |publisher=The Local|date=27 February 2016 |accessdate=23 February 2017 |archive-date=24 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224132203/http://www.thelocal.se/20160227/daily-mail-runs-campaign-against-sweden |url-status=live }} The report said that Sweden was being used as a deterrent and an argument against allowing more refugees, and was being characterised by the Daily Mail as "naive and an example of the negative consequences of a liberal migration policy."

In mid-January 2017, Czechoslovakia-born Swedish author Katerina Janouch made claims in an interview with a Czech television station which the Swedish government labelled as a "bizarre declaration".{{citation |title=Stockholm dit stop au "Suède bashing" |url=http://www.lemonde.fr/m-moyen-format/article/2017/01/30/stockholm-dit-stop-au-suede-bashing_5071314_4497271.html#bsrYXKMQU8F8uZWh.99 |author=Anne-Françoise Hivert |newspaper=Le Monde.fr |location=Malmö, Sweden |date=30 January 2017 |accessdate=22 February 2017 |archive-date=17 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217020404/http://www.lemonde.fr//m-moyen-format/article/2017/01/30/stockholm-dit-stop-au-suede-bashing_5071314_4497271.html#bsrYXKMQU8F8uZWh.99 |url-status=live }} Janouch said that "Swedes were learning to use guns to defend themselves as a result of increased immigration,"{{citation |url=http://www.thelocal.se/20170118/theres-great-respect-for-the-swedish-model |title='There's great respect for the Swedish model': Swedish Prime Minister Stefan Löfven has said that the world still has great respect for the Swedish model, despite increasing negative media coverage abroad |publisher=The Local|date=18 January 2017 |accessdate=22 February 2017 |archive-date=24 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224131933/http://www.thelocal.se/20170118/theres-great-respect-for-the-swedish-model |url-status=live }} that Swedish seniors do not have enough money for food, cancer patients were dying because of the long waiting lines caused by tens of thousands newly arrived refugees—77% of whom are men pretending to be minors—women are being raped, and 150,000 left Sweden for the United States and elsewhere. Swedish Prime Minister Stefan Löfven spoke of "increasing negative media coverage abroad" at Davos and in interviews with the local Swedish media with reassurances that there was still "great respect for the Swedish model'.

After Donald Trump claimed at a 2017 rally that Sweden had serious crime and social problems related to immigrants, Olle Lönnaeus published an article in Sydsvenskan accusing Trump of spreading fake news, and said that "[a]s Trump wants to close the US border to Muslim immigration, it is in his interest to spread the idea that Europe's most refugee friendly country is on the road to perdition."{{citation |url=http://www.sydsvenskan.se/2017-02-21/trump-loves-to-hate-malmo-this-is-why |title=Trump loves to hate Malmö - this is why |author=Olle Lönnaeus |publisher=Sydsvenskan |date=21 February 2017 |accessdate=22 February 2017 |archive-date=21 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170221234705/http://www.sydsvenskan.se/2017-02-21/trump-loves-to-hate-malmo-this-is-why |url-status=live }} In response, Jimmie Åkesson and Mattias Karlsson of the far-right,{{Citation | first =William M. |last=Downs |title = Political Extremism in Democracies: Combating Intolerance |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan | year =2012 |pages=33, 149}} anti-immigrant Sweden Democrats party published an op-ed in The Wall Street Journal arguing that Trump had understated Sweden's problems, not exaggerated them, and that riots, attacks on emergency service personnel, gang violence, gun violence, and anti-Semitism were booming as a result of immigration.{{citation |url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/trump-is-right-swedens-embrace-of-refugees-isnt-working-1487807010 |publisher=The Wall Street Journal |title=Trump Is Right: Sweden's Embrace of Refugees Isn't Working: The country has accepted 275,000 asylum-seekers, many without passports—leading to riots and crime |author1=Jimmie Åkesson |author2=Mattias Karlsson |date=22 February 2017 |accessdate=23 February 2017 |archive-date=23 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223071341/https://www.wsj.com/articles/trump-is-right-swedens-embrace-of-refugees-isnt-working-1487807010 |url-status=live }} Reacting to the editorial, Sweden's justice and migration minister Morgan Johansson accused Åkesson and Karlsson of lying about the immigrant crime situation, saying "They're painting a picture of a country characterized by violence, when it's the exact opposite."{{citation |url=http://www.thelocal.se/20170223/minister-morgan-johansson-blasts-sweden-democrats-wall-street-journal-op-ed-theyre-lying-about-sweden |title=Minister blasts Sweden Democrats' Wall Street Journal op-ed: 'They're lying about Sweden' |publisher=The Local|author=Emma Löfgren |date=22 February 2017 |accessdate=22 February 2017 |archive-date=23 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223185108/http://www.thelocal.se/20170223/minister-morgan-johansson-blasts-sweden-democrats-wall-street-journal-op-ed-theyre-lying-about-sweden |url-status=live }}

During the COVID-19 pandemic Donald Trump claimed that Sweden was suffering greatly from the situation and that had US followed the same strategy as Sweden, there would have been significantly more deaths in the US.{{citation |url=https://www.svt.se/nyheter/utrikes/trump-usa-hade-haft-tva-miljoner-doda-om-vi-foljt-sveriges-coronalinje |title=Trump: USA hade kanske haft två miljoner döda om vi följt Sveriges coronalinje |publisher=SVT |author=Maria Makar |newspaper=SVT Nyheter |date=10 April 2020 |accessdate=13 April 2020 |language=sv |archive-date=12 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200412225341/https://www.svt.se/nyheter/utrikes/trump-usa-hade-haft-tva-miljoner-doda-om-vi-foljt-sveriges-coronalinje |url-status=live }}{{citation |url=https://www.svt.se/nyheter/inrikes/trump-om-sveriges-strategi-lider-mycket-svart |title=Trump: "Sverige lider mycket svårt" |publisher=SVT |author=Maria Makar |newspaper=SVT Nyheter |date=8 April 2020 |accessdate=13 April 2020 |language=sv |archive-date=13 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413002117/https://www.svt.se/nyheter/inrikes/trump-om-sveriges-strategi-lider-mycket-svart |url-status=live }} Despite the fact that Trump himself downplayed the dangers of the virus in the beginning of the pandemic, advocating for a more calm approach.{{cite news |last1=Mangan |first1=Dan |title=Trump dismissed coronavirus pandemic worry in January—now claims he long warned about it |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2020/03/17/trump-dissed-coronavirus-pandemic-worry-now-claims-he-warned-about-it.html |accessdate=13 April 2020 |publisher=CNBC |date=17 March 2019 |archive-date=19 March 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200319083242/https://www.cnbc.com/2020/03/17/trump-dissed-coronavirus-pandemic-worry-now-claims-he-warned-about-it.html |url-status=live }} The Swedish state epidemiologist Anders Tegnell has responded to the critique by saying that the comments made by Trump are not to be taken seriously and that by doing the comparison between Sweden and the city of New York, Sweden is still doing comparatively good.{{citation |url=https://www.svt.se/nyheter/inrikes/tegnell-om-trumps-utspel-jamfort-med-new-york-fungerar-det-bra-i-sverige |title=Tegnell om Trumps utspel: Man ska inte ta det på allvar |publisher=SVT |author=Prescilia Haddad |newspaper=SVT Nyheter |date=8 April 2020 |accessdate=13 April 2020 |language=sv |archive-date=13 April 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200413150529/https://www.svt.se/nyheter/inrikes/tegnell-om-trumps-utspel-jamfort-med-new-york-fungerar-det-bra-i-sverige |url-status=live }}

Eurosceptic politician Nigel Farage has consistently criticised Sweden in similar rhetoric to Trump, making references to refugees, immigrants and violent crime.{{cite news |last1=Savage |first1=James |title=Why Farage and his friends are willing Sweden to fail |url=https://www.thelocal.se/20171128/why-nigel-farage-and-his-friends-are-willing-sweden-to-fail |accessdate=23 May 2020 |publisher=The Local|date=28 November 2017 |archive-date=1 October 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201001193829/https://www.thelocal.se/20171128/why-nigel-farage-and-his-friends-are-willing-sweden-to-fail |url-status=live }}{{cite news |last1=Carlström |first1=Vilhelm |title=Nigel Farage falsely claimed an 'immigration crisis' had led to 'mass arson' and sex offences in Sweden |url=https://www.businessinsider.com/nigel-farage-claims-immigration-crisis-led-to-mass-arson-in-sweden-2018-8?r=US&IR=T |accessdate=23 May 2020 |work=Business Insider |date=17 August 2018 |archive-date=8 March 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308063825/https://www.businessinsider.com/nigel-farage-claims-immigration-crisis-led-to-mass-arson-in-sweden-2018-8?r=US&IR=T |url-status=live }}

The former ambassador from Israel Zvi Mazel consistently criticized Sweden for lacking press freedom.<[http://www.trelleborgsallehanda.se/frontpage/sweden-condemned-in-israeli-press/ Trelleborgs Allehanda: Sweden condemned in Israeli press] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180410201739/http://www.trelleborgsallehanda.se/frontpage/sweden-condemned-in-israeli-press/ |date=10 April 2018 }}

At a 2016 discussion forum titled "Transnationalizing Swedish–American Relations",{{cite journal |author1=Dag Blanck |author2=Adam Hjorthén |title=Transnationalizing Swedish–American Relations: An Introduction to the Special Forum |url=http://escholarship.org/uc/item/4nf10473 |journal=Journal of Transnational American Studies |quote=Finally, the circulation of discourses and ideas of Swedish and American modernity is a theme explored in this Forum through the article by Carl Marklund, dealing specifically with the phenomenon of "Sweden-bashing" during the years of Swedish Prime Minister Olof Palme. Marklund argues that critical American discussions about the Swedish welfare state in the 1970s and 1980s were incorporated into the discourse of Swedish conservatives. This is one example were notions about American and Swedish modernities have resonated with each other during the twentieth and twenty-first century.32 Both Swedish conservatives and liberals used the United States as a source of inspiration as well as a warning, seeking not primarily to understand the United States but to promote or prevent social change in Sweden. Sweden has, in fact, occupied a similar position in the United States, as both a model and a dangerous example of a welfare state |volume=7 Number=1 |date=2016 |accessdate=23 February 2017 |archive-date=24 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170224052747/http://escholarship.org/uc/item/4nf10473 |url-status=live }}{{rp|7}} Carl Marklund, a postdoctoral researcher in Eastern European studies at Södertörn University, argued that Swedish conservatives had been influenced by American criticism of the Swedish welfare state in the 1970s and 80s.{{rp|7}} Marklund said that Swedes had "used the United States as a source of inspiration as well as a warning, seeking not primarily to understand the United States but to promote or prevent social change in Sweden."{{rp|7}} Furthermore, Marklund argued, Sweden was viewed similarly by Americans, "as both a model and a dangerous example of a welfare state." Marklund referred to this as "Sweden-bashing".{{rp|7}}

The term has also been used by journalists and by Swedish government officials discussing Swedish foreign relations, as well as by other commentators.{{Cite news | url=https://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=2054&artikel=6624307 | title='Sweden bashing' peaked during 2015 migration wave - Radio Sweden | newspaper=Sveriges Radio | date=17 February 2017 | access-date=18 March 2020 | archive-date=18 March 2020 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200318052259/https://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=2054&artikel=6624307 | url-status=live }}

In a 2002 opinion article in New York Times Magazine, progressive economist Paul Krugman used the term "Sweden-bashing" in arguing that American conservatives attacked Swedish welfare policies as part of an effort to spread a misguided view that redistribution of wealth to poorer citizens promotes economic inefficiency.{{cite web |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2002/10/20/magazine/for-richer.html |title=For Richer |last=Krugman |first=Paul |date=20 October 2002 |website=The New York Times |access-date=22 February 2017 |archive-date=23 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160723023942/http://www.nytimes.com/2002/10/20/magazine/20INEQUALITY.html?pagewanted=all |url-status=live }} Krugman argued that one influential conservative economic critique of Swedish policy was misguided because it focused on per-capita income, which Krugman argued was not a good measure of quality of life in Sweden, and because high wealth inequality in the United States skewed the available data.

In an editorial titled "Political Strategy Behind Sweden-Bashing" in the daily newspaper Sydsvenskan, Joakim Palmkvist and Olle Lonnaeus identified possible political motives that might explain some Israeli criticism of Swedish press freedoms, such as a desire by the critics to gain domestic support, to pressure Sweden as chairman of the European Union in advance of coming peace talks on the Palestinian conflict, or even to prompt a press crackdown by the Swedish government.{{cite web |url=http://www.sydsvenskan.se/2009-08-24/political-strategy-behind-sweden-bashing |title=Political strategy behind Sweden-bashing: There are two possible reasons for Israeli political leaders to attack Sweden |last1=Palmkvist |first1=Joakim |last2=Lonnaeus |first2=Olle |date=24 August 2009 |website=www.sydsvenskan.se |publisher=Sydsvenskan |access-date=22 February 2017 |archive-date=23 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170223043728/http://www.sydsvenskan.se/2009-08-24/political-strategy-behind-sweden-bashing |url-status=live }}

According to government agency Swedish Institute, while much of the foreign media reporting on how Sweden was to handle so many migrants at one time was accurate, some people with a political agenda turned to Sweden-bashing. Sweden-bashing peaked again in 2016 as foreign media criticized Sweden's open immigration policies as swelling numbers of displaced peoples, refugee, and asylum seekers—many of whom had Sweden as their destination—travelled to Sweden via other European countries.{{citation |url=http://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=2054&artikel=6624307 |newspaper=Sveriges Radio |title='Sweden bashing' peaked during 2015 migration wave |quote=Some would like Sweden to be an element in their story of a failed state. |location=Sweden |date=17 February 2017 |accessdate=22 February 2017 |archive-date=22 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222170205/http://sverigesradio.se/sida/artikel.aspx?programid=2054&artikel=6624307 |url-status=live }}

According to Christian Christensen, an American professor of journalism at Stockholm University Sweden have become the symbol of everything that many American Republicans believe is wrong with Europe: feminism, environmentalism, and openness to refugees.{{citation |url=https://euobserver.com/nordic/136959 |publisher=euobserver |title=Sweden fights back as foreign leaders make up bad news |author=Aleksandra Eriksson |location=Brussels |date=20 February 2017 |accessdate=20 February 2017 |archive-date=22 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170222100546/https://euobserver.com/nordic/136959 |url-status=live }} Donald Trump has been criticized for engaging in the hard-core American right's Sweden-bashing.{{Cite web |url=https://www.salon.com/2017/06/02/sweden-is-the-gateway-to-the-alt-right-anti-immigrant-agenda-in-europe_partner/ |title=Salon: Sweden is the gateway to the alt-right anti-immigrant agenda in Europe |date=2 June 2017 |access-date=9 November 2017 |archive-date=10 November 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171110061715/https://www.salon.com/2017/06/02/sweden-is-the-gateway-to-the-alt-right-anti-immigrant-agenda-in-europe_partner/ |url-status=live }}

• Swedish-Americans
• Last night in Sweden
• Crime in Sweden
• Suecophile
• Anti-Japanese sentiment
• Anti-French sentiment in the United States
• Anti-German sentiment
• Anti-Americanism

{{reflist}}

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• Harvard, Jonas, and Peter Stadius, eds. Communicating the North: Media Structures and Images in the Making of the Nordic Region (Ashgate, 2013)
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• McKnight, Roger. "Those Swedish Madmen Again: The Image of the Swede in Swedish-American Literature." Scandinavian Studies 56.2 (1984): 114-139. [https://www.jstor.org/stable/40918382 online]

• Marklund, Carl. "From ‘False’ Neutrality to ‘True’ Socialism: Unofficial US ‘Sweden-bashing’ During the Later Palme Years, 1973–1986." Journal of Transnational American Studies 7.1 (2016): 1-18. [https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:1096596/FULLTEXT01.pdf online]
• Marklund, Carl. "Swedishness on Stage: The New Sweden'88 Jubilee and the Renegotiations of Swedish Self-Identity." Culture Unbound: Journal of Current Cultural Research 13.1 (2021).
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• Marklund, Carl. "American Mirrors and Swedish Self-Portraits: American Images of Sweden and Swedish Public Diplomacy in the USA from Olof Palme to Ingvar Carlsson,” in Histories of Public Diplomacy and Nation Branding in the Nordic and Baltic Countries, ed. Louis Clerc, Nikolas Glover and Paul Jordan (Leiden: Brill, 2015), 172–94.
• O’Dell, Tom. Culture Unbound: Americanization and Everyday Life in Sweden (Lund: Nordic Academic Press, 1997).

• Kastrup, Allan. Med Sverige i Amerika: Opinioner, stämningar och upplysningsarbete: En rapport (Malmö: Corona, 1985)
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