Sylvia Mendez

Mendez was born in 1936 in Santa Ana, California. Her parents were Gonzalo Mendez, an immigrant from Mexico who had a successful agricultural business, and Felicitas Mendez, a native of Juncos, Puerto Rico. The family had just moved from Santa Ana to Westminster to tend a farm that they were renting from the Munemitsus, a Japanese-American family that had been sent to an internment camp during World War II. This took place during a period in history when racial discrimination against Hispanics, and minorities in general, was widespread throughout the United States.{{cite web |access-date=2007-04-05 |url=http://www.history.com/encyclopedia.do?articleId=207654 |title=Discrimination |publisher=History.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061109205846/http://www.history.com/encyclopedia.do?articleId=207654 |archive-date=2006-11-09 }}

In the 1940s, there were only two schools in Westminster: Hoover Elementary and 17th Street Elementary. Orange County schools were segregated and the Westminster school district was no exception. The district mandated separate campuses for Hispanics and Whites. In 1944, when she was eight, her family tried to register Sylvia and her brothers at a nearby Westminster elementary school. However, the public school did not admit Hispanic students, and the family was told to enroll the Mendez children at Hoover Elementary School, which was specifically for Mexican Americans. After appeals to Westminster’s principal and the county school board were unsuccessful, Gonzalo Mendez decided to take legal action. Hoover Elementary was a two-room wooden shack in the middle of the city's Mexican neighborhood, along with the other Hispanics. 17th Street Elementary, which was a "Whites-only" segregated school, was located about a mile away. Unlike Hoover, the 17th Street Elementary school was amongst a row of palm and pine trees and had a lawn lining the school's brick and concrete facade.{{cite news|accessdate=2007-04-03

|work=Orange Country Register|date=March 21, 2007|quote=The post office in April will unveil a stamp commemorating the 1947 Mendez v. Westminster case|last=Leal|first=Fermin|title=Desegregation landmark has O.C. ties|url=https://www.ocregister.com/2007/03/21/desegregation-landmark-has-oc-ties/|language=en-US}}

In 1943, when Sylvia Mendez was only eight years old, she accompanied her aunt Sally Vidaurri, her brothers and cousins to enroll at the 17th Street Elementary School. Her aunt was told by school officials, that her children, who had light skin would be permitted to enroll, but that neither Sylvia Mendez nor her brothers would be allowed because they were dark-skinned and had a Hispanic surname. Mrs. Vidaurri stormed out of the school with her children, niece and nephews and recounted her experience to her brother Gonzalo.{{cite web|accessdate=2007-04-03|url=http://www.latinola.com/story.php?story=432|title=Mendez v. Westminster: Landmark Latino history finally to be told on PBS|author=Robbie, Sandra|date=September 16, 2002|work=Latino Hollywood}}

{{Main|Mendez v. Westminster}}

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Mendez's father Gonzalo and his wife Felicitas took on the task of leading a community battle that changed California, and set an important legal precedent for ending segregation in the United States. Felicitas attended the family's agricultural business, giving Gonzalo time to meet with community leaders to discuss the injustices of the segregated school system. Initially, Gonzalo received little support from the local Latino organizations, but finally, on March 2, 1945, he hired civil rights attorney David Marcus, who filed a federal lawsuit with four other Mexican-American fathers from the Gomez, Palomino, Estrada, and Ramirez families in Los Angeles against four Orange County school districts, Westminster, Santa Ana, Garden Grove, and El Modena (now eastern Orange), on behalf of about 5,000 Hispanic-American schoolchildren.{{cite web

|access-date=2007-04-03 |url=http://www.mendezvwestminster.com |title=Mendez v. Westminster, A Look At Our Latino Heritage |publisher=mendezvwestminster.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070403030425/http://www.mendezvwestminster.com/ |archive-date=2007-04-03 }}

During the trial, the Westminster school board countered that the segregation was based on the fact that Hispanic students were deficient in the English language and thus needed special instruction. Their claim that there was a "language issue" fell apart when one of the children was asked to testify. The testimony proved that most of the children spoke English and showed that Hispanic-American students had the same capacity for learning as their white counterparts.

On February 18, 1946, Judge Paul J. McCormick ruled in favor of Mendez and his co-plaintiffs. However, the school district appealed. Several organizations joined the appellate case as amicus curiae, including the ACLU, American Jewish Congress, Japanese American Citizens League, and the NAACP which was represented by Thurgood Marshall. More than a year later, on April 14, 1947, the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals affirmed the district court's ruling in Mendez v. Westminster in favor of the Mexican families. After the ruling was upheld on appeal, then-Governor Earl Warren moved to desegregate all public schools and other public spaces in California.

On January 19, 1948, Mendez and her siblings were finally allowed to attend the 17th Street Elementary school, thus becoming one of the first Hispanics to attend an all-white school in California. However, the situation was not easy for her. Her white peers called her names and treated her poorly. She knew that she had to succeed after her father fought for her to attend the school. Gonzalo Mendez died in 1964 at the age of 51, unaware of the impact that the case for which he fought would have on the nation. Felicitas Mendez lived another 3 decades and died of heart failure at her daughter's home in April 1998.{{Cite web |date=1998-04-16 |title=Felicitas Mendez; Filed Key School Desegregation Suit |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1998-apr-16-mn-39917-story.html |access-date=2023-04-25 |website=Los Angeles Times |language=en-US}}

Mendez v. Westminster set an important precedent for ending segregation in the United States. Thurgood Marshall, who was later appointed a Supreme Court justice in 1967, became the lead NAACP attorney in the 1954 Brown case. He used Marcus’s equal protection argument to successfully argue that racial segregation in public schools was unconstitutional. The amicus brief filed for Mendez on behalf of the NAACP contained the arguments he would later use in the Brown case. The Mendez case also deeply influenced the thinking of the California governor at the time, Earl Warren. By 1954, when the Brown case appeared before the high court, Warren had become the chief justice.{{cite web|accessdate=2007-04-03

|url=http://www.inmotionmagazine.com/er/cm_brown.html

|title=50 years after Brown: Latinos paved way for historic school desegregation

|author=Munoz, Carlos Jr.

|work=In Motion Magazine|date=May 20, 2004}}

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Mendez became a nurse and retired after working for thirty years in her field. She adopted two girls and lives in Fullerton, California. She travels and gives lectures to educate others on the historic contributions made by her parents and the co-plaintiffs to the desegregation effort in the United States. The success of the Mendez v. Westminster case made California the first state in the nation to end segregation in school, paving the way for better-known Brown vs. Board of Education seven years later, which would bring an end to school segregation in the entire country.

Sandra Robbie wrote and produced the documentary Mendez v. Westminster: For all the Children / Para Todos los Niños, which debuted on KOCE-TV in Orange County on September 24, 2002, as part of their National Hispanic Heritage Month celebration. The documentary, which also aired on PBS, won an Emmy award and a Golden Mike Award.{{cite web

|access-date=2007-04-03

|url=http://www.koce.org/prodMendez.htm

|title=Mendez v Westminster

|publisher=KOCE-TV press release

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070217075321/http://www.koce.org/prodMendez.htm

|archive-date=2007-02-17

|url-status=dead

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A ribbon-cutting ceremony was held in the Los Angeles County Law Library for the opening of a new exhibit in the law library display case titled "Mendez to Brown: A Celebration." The exhibit features photos from both the Mendez and Brown cases, in addition to original documents. In 1998, the district of Santa Ana, California honored the Mendez family by naming a new school the "Gonzalo and Felicitas Mendez Fundamental Intermediate School", after Sylvia Mendez's parents.{{cite journal|accessdate=2007-04-03

|url=http://lalaw.lib.ca.us/newsletter/v03n07p1.html

|title=On Display: Mendez to Brown

|author=Acuña, Gilbert

|journal=The Newsletter of the Los Angeles County Law Library

|volume=III |issue=7|date=April 21, 2004|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070309145246/http://lalaw.lib.ca.us/newsletter/v03n07p1.html |archive-date = March 9, 2007}}

In 2004, Mendez was invited to the White House for the celebration of National Hispanic Heritage Month. She met with President George W. Bush, who shared her story with key Democrats, including U.S. Senator Hillary Clinton of New York.{{cite press release

|accessdate=2007-04-03

|url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2004/09/20040915-8.html

|title=Hispanic Heritage Month Celebrated |date=September 15, 2004

|publisher=Office of the Press Secretary, The White House}}

On April 14, 2007, the U.S. Postal Service unveiled a stamp commemorating the Mendez v. Westminster case.{{cite press release

|url=http://www.usps.com/communications/newsroom/2007stamps/

|access-date=2007-04-05

|title=The 2007 Commemorative Stamp Program

|publisher=United States Postal Service

|id=Stamp News Release #06-050

|date=October 25, 2006

|url-status=dead

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090508223851/http://www.usps.com/communications/newsroom/2007stamps/

|archive-date=May 8, 2009

}}{{cite web |url=http://www.chapman.edu/mendez/

|accessdate=2007-04-06

|title=Chapman University Commemorates Mendez v. Westminster 60th Anniversary & U.S. Postage Stamp Unveiling

|work=Special Events

|publisher=Chapman University}} The unveiling took take place during an event at Chapman University School of Education, Orange County, California commemorating the 60th anniversary of the landmark case.{{cite web|accessdate=2007-04-06

|url=http://www.chapman.edu/admission/news/news_story.asp?iNewsID=442&strBack=%2FDefault%2Easp

|title=Chapman Commemorates 60th Anniversary of Mendez v. Westminster Case on April 14

|date=March 26, 2007

|publisher=Chapman University}}

On September 9, 2009 a second school opened in the Los Angeles community of Boyle Heights bearing the name "Felicitas and Gonzalo Mendez Learning Center." The dual school campus commemorated the efforts of the Mendez and other families from the Westminster case.

On February 15, 2011, Sylvia Mendez was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom.{{cite press release|url=http://www.ocregister.com/news/mendez-288377-medal-case.html|accessdate=2011-05-16

|title=O.C. civil rights icon Mendez awarded Medal of Freedom|publisher=Orange County Register|date=February 15, 2011}} In 2012, Brooklyn College awarded Sylvia Mendez an honorary degree.[http://www1.cuny.edu/mu/forum/2012/05/03/cuny-commencements-2012/ CUNY]

On May 23, 2018, the board of Berkeley Unified School District voted unanimously to rename Le Conte Elementary School, as Sylvia Mendez Elementary School. The school is a Spanish-English two-way immersion school. Mendez has been a spokesperson at Berkeley schools.{{Cite news |last=Orenstein |first=Natalie |date=2018-05-24 |title=LeConte Elementary renamed for Sylvia Mendez, desegregation pioneer |url=https://www.berkeleyside.org/2018/05/24/leconte-elementary-renamed-for-sylvia-mendez-desegregation-pioneer |access-date=2023-04-25 |work=Berkeleyside |language=en-US}}

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| caption2 = Children walking with books in their hands. Resembling the many children that were represented in the civil rights case.

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The Mendez Historic Freedom Trail and Monument opened on December 1, 2022 at 7371 Westminster Boulevard, in Westminster California.{{Cite news |last=Turner |first=Andrew |date=2022-12-02 |title=Westminster opens Mendez Tribute Monument Park, celebrating historic civil rights case |url=https://www.latimes.com/socal/daily-pilot/news/story/2022-12-02/westminster-opens-mendez-tribute-monument-park-celebrating-historic-civil-rights-case |access-date=2023-04-25 |work=Daily Pilot |language=en-US}} It tells the story of what happened, in early 1944, when Sylvia Mendez and her brothers Gonzalo Jr. and Jerome, tried to start attending school the Westminster 17th Street School. Sylvia Mendez and her family had recently moved to Westminster and lived close by the school, but were turned away and were redirected to go to a "Mexican school."{{Cite web |title=Mendez Historic Freedom Trail and Monument |url=https://www.westminster-ca.gov/our-city/project-w/projects/mendez-historic-freedom-trail-and-monument |access-date=2023-04-18 |publisher=City of Westminster |language=en}}

The city of Westminster built the Mendez Historic Freedom Trail and Monument to honor the achievement of the landmark Mendez v. Westminster School District case. It has interactive signs describing this historical desegregation case accompanied with statues and educational activities.

It has two statues, one is of the parents, Gonzalo and Felicitas Mendez, the second is two children walking with two books in their hands. The statue of the children honors the 5,000 children that were represented in this case. At the bottom of the statue it reads “1947: Toward equality in our schools.” The park also features a giant book monument that introduces the historical civil rights case. The trail and monument was funded by a state park program grant of close to $1.3 million and a California Natural Resources Agency of $2.3 million.{{Cite news |last=Kopetman |first=Roxana |date=2020-10-12 |title=Mendez Park in Westminster gets online groundbreaking |url=https://www.ocregister.com/2020/10/12/mendez-park-in-westminter-gets-online-groundbreaking |access-date=2023-04-18 |work=Orange County Register |language=en-US}}

• Lemon Grove Incident
• List of notable Puerto Ricans
• List of Puerto Rican Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients

{{Reflist|30em}}

• {{cite book|title=Blackwell Companion to Social Inequalities

|series=Editors Eric Margolis and Mary Romero, Blackwell Companions to Sociology

|publisher=Blackwell Publishing

|year=2005}}

• {{cite book|url=http://zinnedproject.org/materials/sylvia-and-aki/ |title=Sylvia & Aki

|author=Conkling, Winifred

|publisher=Tricycle Press/Random House

|year=2011}}

• David S. Ettinger, The History of School Desegregation in the Ninth Circuit, 12 Loyola of Los Angeles Law Review 481, 484-487 (1979).

• {{cite book|title=Labor and Community: Mexican Citrus Worker Villages in a Southern California County, 1900-1950

|url=https://archive.org/details/laborcommunityme0000gonz

|url-access=registration

|author=Gonzalez, Gilbert G.

|publisher=University of Illinois Press

|year=1994|isbn=9780252063886

}}

• {{cite book|title=Color Of Teaching

|series=Educational Change and Development Series

|author=Gordon, June

|publisher=RoutledgeFalmer

|year=2000}}

• {{cite book|url=http://www.ocregister.com/ocregister/news/local/article_1272654.php

|author=Matsuda, Michael and Sandra Robbie

|title=Mendez vs. Westminster: For All the Children – An American Civil Rights Victory

|year=2006}}

• {{cite book|title=Encyclopedia of the Mexican American Civil Rights Movement

|author=Meier, Matt S. and Margo Gutierrez

|publisher=Greenwood Press

|year=2000}}

• {{cite book

|author=Oropeza, Lorena

|title=Raza Sí! Guerra No!: Chicano Protest and Patriotism during the Viet Nam War Era

|publisher=University of California Press

|year=2005}}

• {{cite book|title=Mendez v. Westminster: School Desegregation and Mexican-American Rights

|author=Strum, Philippa

|publisher=University Press of Kansas

|year=2010}}

• {{cite book|url=http://zinnedproject.org/materials/sylvia-mendez-separate-is-never-equal/ |title=Separate Is Never Equal: Sylvia Mendez and Her Family's Fight for Desegregation

|author=Tonatiuh, Duncan

|publisher=Abram Books for Young Readers

|year=2014}}

• {{cite news|url=http://www.ocregister.com/ocregister/homepage/abox/article_1007060.php |accessdate=2007-04-05

|title=Historic lawsuit regains public notice: Hundreds turn out to discuss the O.C. court case that helped to end school segregation.

|date=February 19, 2006

|author=Walker, Theresa|work=Orange County Register}}

• {{cite web

|url=http://w3.uchastings.edu/wingate/Mendez%20v.htm

|title=Mendez v. Westminster School Dist. of Orange County: District court ruling

|access-date=2007-04-02

|url-status=dead

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070604114948/http://w3.uchastings.edu/wingate/Mendez%20v.htm

|archive-date=2007-06-04

}}

• {{cite web |url=http://tcla.gseis.ucla.edu/equalterms/history/pdf/mendez.pdf|accessdate=2007-04-02

|title=Westminster School Dist. of Orange County et al. v. Mendez et al., Ninth Circuit opinion

}}

• {{cite web |url=https://library.miracosta.edu/smendez|accessdate=2022-10-24

|title=Sylvia Mendez: This is What Courage Looks Like

}}

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|portal2=Biography

|portal3=Hispanic and Latino Americans

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Category:American people of Puerto Rican descent

Category:American activists of Mexican descent

Category:1936 births

Category:Living people

Category:Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients

Category:People from Westminster, California

Category:American civil rights activists