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Symphyotrichum puniceum

{{Short description|Species of flowering plant in family Asteraceae}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}}

{{Use shortened footnotes|date=July 2021}}

{{Speciesbox

| image = Symphyotrichum puniceum flowers.jpg

| image_caption = In Beaver County, Pennsylvania

| range_map = Symphyotrichum puniceum distribution.png

| range_map_alt = Symphyotrichum puniceum native distribution: Canada — Alberta, British Columbia, Labrador, Manitoba, New Brunswick, Newfoundland, Nova Scotia, Ontario, Prince Edward Island, Québec, and Saskatchewan; US — Alabama, Connecticut, Delaware, Georgia, Illinois, Indiana, Iowa, Louisiana, Maine, Maryland, Michigan, Minnesota, Mississippi, Missouri, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New Jersey, New York, North Carolina, North Dakota, Ohio, Pennsylvania, Rhode Island, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Texas, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia, and Wisconsin.

| range_map_caption = Native distribution{{sfn|POWO|2019}}

| status = G5

| status_system = TNC

| status_ref = {{sfn|NatureServe|2021a}}

| display_parents = 5

| parent = Symphyotrichum sect. Symphyotrichum

| taxon = Symphyotrichum puniceum

| authority = (L.) Á.Löve & D.Löve{{sfn|POWO|2019}}

| subdivision_ranks = Varieties

| subdivision_ref = {{sfn|POWO|2019}}

| subdivision =

| synonyms_ref = {{sfn|POWO|2019}}

| synonyms =

Basionym

  • Aster puniceus {{small|L.}}

{{Collapsible list|title=Alphabetical list

|{{Species list

| Aster calderi | B.Boivin

| Aster carneus var. ambiguus | Torr. & A.Gray

| Aster conduplicatus | E.S.Burgess

| Aster demissus | J.Forbes

| Aster forwoodii | S.Watson

| Aster puniceus f. albiflorus | Ralph Hoffm.

| Aster puniceus f. albiligulatus | Pease & A.H.Moore

| Aster puniceus f. brachypyllus | Lepage

| Aster puniceus var. calderi | Lepage

| Aster puniceus var. calvus | Shinners

| Aster puniceus f. candidus | Fernald

| Aster puniceus var. colbyi | Benke

| Aster puniceus f. colbyi | (Benke) Shinners

| Aster puniceus var. compactus | Fernald

| Aster puniceus var. crawfordii | Porter

| Aster puniceus f. demissus | (Lindl.) Fernald

| Aster puniceus var. demissus | Lindl.

| Aster puniceus f. etiamalbus | Venard

| Aster puniceus f. glabratus | Shinners

| Aster puniceus var. laevicaulis | A.Gray

| Aster puniceus var. lancifolius | Fernald

| Aster puniceus var. lucidus | MacMill.

| Aster puniceus var. monocephalus | Farw.

| Aster puniceus var. oligocephalus | Fernald

| Aster puniceus var. perlongus | Fernald

| Aster puniceus var. purpureus | Pursh

| Aster puniceus var. rufescens | Pursh

| Aster puniceus f. rufescens | Fassett

| Aster puniceus var. vimineus | Torr. & A.Gray

| Symphyotrichum puniceum var. calderi | (B.Boivin) G.L.Nesom

| Symphyotrichum puniceum f. candidum | (Fernald) G.Wilh. & Rericha

|}}

}}

}}

Symphyotrichum puniceum (formerly Aster puniceus), is a species of flowering plant in the family Asteraceae native to eastern North America. It is commonly known as purplestem aster,{{sfn|NRCS|2014}} red-stalk aster,{{sfn|LeGrand|Sorrie|Howard|2021}} red-stemmed aster,{{sfn|Bebeau|2015}} red-stem aster, and swamp aster.{{sfn|Chayka|Dziuk|2016}} It also has been called early purple aster, cocash, swanweed, and meadow scabish.{{sfn|Blanchan|1917|p=190}}

Its range extends from the edges of the Great Plains to the Atlantic coast, and from the Gulf coast of Texas north to southern Ungava Bay in the north of Quebec.{{sfn|NRCS|2014}} It is adventive in Europe.{{sfn|POWO|2019}}

Description

Symphyotrichum puniceum produces flowers between August and October. The ray florets range from dark blue or purple to white (rarely). The disc florets are yellow to cream-colored, becoming pink or purple with maturity.{{sfn|Brouillet|Semple|Allen|Chambers|2006a}}

{{Gallery

|mode=packed

|height=120

|Symphyotrichum puniceum iNat-13630849.jpg|Stem and leaves

|Symphyotrichum puniceum 96170432.jpg|Involucre showing phyllaries and bracts

|Symphyotrichum puniceum flower.jpg|Flower head

}}

Taxonomy

Symphyotrichum puniceum is a variable species, and many forms have been named.{{sfn|IPNI|2021}} {{As of|2021|July}}, Plants of the World Online (POWO) accepts one variety in addition to the autonym.{{sfn|POWO|2019}} S. puniceum var. scabricaule occurs in the southern United States from Texas to Alabama.{{sfn|Brouillet|Semple|Allen|Chambers|2006b}} The autonym, S. puniceum var. puniceum, occurs in most of the eastern United States and southern Canada.{{sfn|Brouillet|Semple|Allen|Chambers|2006c}}

The species Symphyotrichum firmum is sometimes considered a variety of S. puniceum, but POWO and Flora of North America treat them as distinct species.{{sfn|POWO|2019}}{{sfn|Brouillet|Semple|Allen|Chambers|2006a}} In 1999, Calvin College botanists David P. Warners and Daniel C. Laughlin gave evidence that they should be considered two distinct species.{{sfn|Warners|Laughlin|1999}} Compared to S. firmum, Symphyotrichum puniceum is typically hairier, with purpler flowers, and does not form dense colonies but rather small clusters or scattered individuals.{{sfn|Reznicek|Voss|Walters|2011}}

{{Gallery

|Symphyotrichum puniceum on left and Symphyotrichum firmum on right.jpg|Symphyotrichum puniceum on left and S. firmum on right

}}

Hybrids between this species and Symphyotrichum boreale have been recorded and are called Symphyotrichum × longulum.{{sfn|Brouillet|Semple|Allen|Chambers|2006d}}

File:Aster longulus specimen.jpg of Aster longulus, basionym of hybrid Symphyotrichum × longulum]]

Conservation

{{As of|2021|July}}, NatureServe listed Symphyotrichum puniceum as Secure (G5) worldwide and Critically Imperiled (S1) in Mississippi.{{sfn|NatureServe|2021a}} It listed S. puniceum var. puniceum as Vulnerable (S3) in Kentucky,{{sfn|NatureServe|2021b}} and S. puniceum var. scabricaule as overall an Imperiled Variety (T2) and Critically Imperiled (S1) in Texas.{{sfn|NatureServe|2021c}}

Uses

Symphyotrichum puniceum has been used for medicinal purposes among indigenous people in North America. It has been documented that the Chippewa have smoked the root with tobacco to attract game.{{sfn|Densmore|1928}} Multiple uses have been reported for the Woodland Cree, including as an aid for tooth pain{{sfn|Leighton|1985|loc=[http://naeb.brit.org/uses/39209/ 39209]}} and for healing a woman after childbirth.{{sfn|Leighton|1985|loc=[http://naeb.brit.org/uses/39206/ 39206]}} The Iroquois have used the roots for healing of various ailments including colds,{{sfn|Herrick|1977|loc=[http://naeb.brit.org/uses/39211/ 39211]}} fevers,{{sfn|Herrick|1977|loc=[http://naeb.brit.org/uses/39212/ 39212]}} pneumonia,{{sfn|Herrick|1977|loc=[http://naeb.brit.org/uses/39214/ 39214]}} typhoid,{{sfn|Herrick|1977|loc=[http://naeb.brit.org/uses/39213/ 39213]}} and tuberculosis.{{sfn|Herrick|1977|loc=[http://naeb.brit.org/uses/39215/ 39215]}}

Citations

{{Reflist|20em}}

References

{{refbegin}}

  • {{Cite web

| last1 = Bebeau | first1 = G.D.

| date = 2015

| title = Red-stemmed Aster & Purplestem Aster (Swamp Aster, Aster Ponceau) Symphyotrichum puniceum (L.) A. Löve & D. Löve var. puniceum

| url = https://www.friendsofthewildflowergarden.org/pages/plants/redstemmedaster.html

| website = Friends of the Wild Flower Garden (www.friendsofthewildflowergarden.org)

| archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210705103555/https://www.friendsofthewildflowergarden.org/pages/plants/redstemmedaster.html

| archive-date = 5 July 2021

| url-status = live

| access-date = 5 July 2021

}}

  • {{Cite book

| last1 = Blanchan | first1 = N. | author-link1 = Neltje Blanchan

| date = 1917

| title = Wild Flowers Worth Knowing

| publisher = IndyPublish.com

| location = Boston

| url = https://archive.org/details/wildflowersworth00nelt_1/page/190/mode/1up

| access-date = 15 July 2021

| via = Internet Archive (www.archive.org)

}}

  • {{Cite eFloras

| 1

| 250067678

| Symphyotrichum puniceum

| tribe = Astereae

| volume = 20

| last1 = Brouillet | first1 = L. | author-link1 = Luc Brouillet

| last2 = Semple | first2 = J.C. | author-link2 = John C. Semple

| last3 = Allen | first3 = G.A. | author-link3 = Geraldine A. Allen

| last4 = Chambers | first4 = K.L. | author-link4 = Kenton Lee Chambers

| last5 = Sundberg | first5 = S.D. | author-link5 = Scott D. Sundberg

| date = 2006a

| access-date = 5 July 2021

}}

  • {{Cite eFloras

| 1

| 250068858

| Symphyotrichum puniceum var. scabricaule

| tribe = Astereae

| volume = 20

| last1 = Brouillet | first1 = L. | author-link1 = Luc Brouillet

| last2 = Semple | first2 = J.C. | author-link2 = John C. Semple

| last3 = Allen | first3 = G.A. | author-link3 = Geraldine A. Allen

| last4 = Chambers | first4 = K.L. | author-link4 = Kenton Lee Chambers

| last5 = Sundberg | first5 = S.D. | author-link5 = Scott D. Sundberg

| date = 2006b

| access-date = 15 July 2021

}}

  • {{Cite eFloras

| 1

| 250068857

| Symphyotrichum puniceum var. puniceum

| tribe = Astereae

| volume = 20

| last1 = Brouillet | first1 = L. | author-link1 = Luc Brouillet

| last2 = Semple | first2 = J.C. | author-link2 = John C. Semple

| last3 = Allen | first3 = G.A. | author-link3 = Geraldine A. Allen

| last4 = Chambers | first4 = K.L. | author-link4 = Kenton Lee Chambers

| last5 = Sundberg | first5 = S.D. | author-link5 = Scott D. Sundberg

| date = 2006c

| access-date = 15 July 2021

}}

  • {{Cite eFloras

| 1

| 250067627

| Symphyotrichum boreale

| tribe = Astereae

| last1 = Brouillet | first1 = L. | author-link1 = Luc Brouillet

| last2 = Semple | first2 = J.C. | author-link2 = John C. Semple

| last3 = Allen | first3 = G.A. | author-link3 = Geraldine A. Allen

| last4 = Chambers | first4 = K.L. | author-link4 = Kenton Lee Chambers

| last5 = Sundberg | first5 = S.D. | author-link5 = Scott D. Sundberg

| date = 2006d

| access-date = 13 September 2021

}}

  • {{Cite Minnesota Wildflowers

| 1= flower/purple-stemmed-aster

| 2= Symphyotrichum puniceum (Purple-stemmed Aster)

| last1 = Chayka | first1 = K.

| last2 = Dziuk | first2 = P.

| date = 2016

| access-date = 16 March 2021

}}

  • {{Cite book

| last1 = Densmore | first1 = F. | author-link1 = Frances Densmore

| date = 1928

| title = Uses of Plants by the Chippewa Indians

| url = https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/44193133/

| page = 376

| via = Biodiversity Heritage Library

| access-date = 22 June 2021

}}

  • {{Cite thesis

| last1 = Herrick | first1 = J.W.

| date = 1977

| title = Iroquois Medical Botany

| institution = State University of New York

| location = Albany

| type = PhD

| via = abstract at Native American Ethnobotany DB (naeb.brit.org)

}}

  • {{Cite web

| author1 = IPNI | author-link1 = International Plant Names Index

| date = 2021

| title = Aster puniceus search

| url = http://www.ipni.org/?q=aster%20puniceus

| website = International Plant Names Index (www.ipni.org)

| publisher = The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Harvard University Herbaria & Libraries and Australian National Botanic Gardens

| access-date = 5 July 2021

}}

  • {{Cite web

| last1 = LeGrand | first1 = H.

| last2 = Sorrie | first2 = B.

| last3 = Howard | first3 = T.

| date = 2021

| title = Account for Purplestem Aster - Symphyotrichum puniceum (L.) A. Love & D. Love

| url = https://auth1.dpr.ncparks.gov/flora/species_account.php?id=4269

| website = Vascular Plants of North Carolina

| access-date = 16 March 2021

}}

  • {{Cite book

| last1 = Leighton | first1 = A.L.

| date = 1985

| title = Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central Saskatchewan, Ottawa

| publisher = National Museums of Canada

| page = 31

| via = abstract at Native American Ethnobotany DB (naeb.brit.org)

}}

  • {{Cite NatureServe

| date = 2 July 2021a

| title = Symphyotrichum puniceum - Swamp Aster

| id = 2.150750

| access-date = 5 July 2021

}}

  • {{Cite NatureServe

| date = 2 July 2021b

| title = Symphyotrichum puniceum var. puniceum - Swamp Aster

| id = 2.152119

| access-date = 5 July 2021

}}

  • {{Cite NatureServe

| date = 2 July 2021c

| title = Symphyotrichum puniceum var. scabricaule - Rough-stem Aster

| id = 2.138241

| access-date = 5 July 2021

}}

  • {{Cite POWO

| author1 = POWO | author-link1 = Plants of the World Online

| date = 2019

| title = Symphyotrichum puniceum (L.) Á.Löve & D.Löve

| id = 247116-2

| access-date = 5 July 2021

}}

  • {{Cite Michigan Flora

| id = 492

| genus = Symphyotrichum

| species = puniceum

| access-date = 5 July 2021

| date = February 2011

| editor-last1 = Reznicek | editor-first1 = A.A.

| editor-last2 = Voss | editor-first2 = E.G.

| editor-last3 = Walters | editor-first3 = B.S.

}}

  • {{Cite PLANTS

| date = 2014

| id = SYPU

| taxon = Symphyotrichum puniceum

| access-date = 7 December 2015

}}

  • {{Cite journal

| last1 = Warners | first1 = D.P.

| last2 = Laughlin | first2 = D.C.

| year = 1999

| title = Evidence for a species-level distinction of two co-occurring asters: Aster puniceus L. and Aster firmus Nees

| journal = Great Lakes Botanist

| url = http://hdl.handle.net/2027/spo.0497763.0038.201

| volume = 38

| issue = 2

| hdl = 2027/spo.0497763.0038.201

| issn = 2573-4172

| access-date = 5 July 2021

}}

{{refend}}

{{Taxonbar|from1=Q7661736|from2=Q21871640|from3=Q15555018}}

puniceum

Category:Flora of Canada

Category:Flora of the United States

Category:Plants used in traditional Native American medicine

Category:Plants described in 1753

Category:Taxa named by Carl Linnaeus