Syria–Turkey border

File:Mount Dyunag and Karadouran beach, Kessab, Syria.jpg, Syria, along the Syrian-Turkish borderline, where Mount Dyunag touches the Mediterranean Sea]]

Since Turkey's 1939 appropriation of the Hatay State, the Syrian–Turkish border touches the Mediterranean coast at Ras al-Bassit, south of Mount Aqra ({{coord|35.9288|N|35.9178|E|}}). Hatay province borders the Syrian Latakia and Idlib governorates. The westernmost (and southernmost) border crossing is at {{coord|35.905|N|36.010|E|}}, some 3 km west of Yayladağı. The border reaches its southernmost point at {{coord|35.808|N|36.152|E|}}, 2 km west of Bidama, to include the now-abandoned village of Topraktutan (Beysun) in Hatay.

The village's population was 583 in 1980 ([https://books.google.com/books?id=LjtpAAAAMAAJ&q=Topraktutan+%28Beysun%29 Türk Dünyası Araştırmaları Vakfı], 1986, p. 142); it was later evacuated due to landslides. A police station and a monument mark the southernmost point of Turkey. Topraktutan forms a small salient into Syrian territory. It corresponds to the Turkish airspace claimed to have been violated prior to the 2015 Russian Sukhoi Su-24 shootdown.

The border runs north and east, following the Orontes River for a part of its course, where in 2011 construction of a Syria–Turkey Friendship Dam began (but was delayed by the Syrian Civil War),{{cite news|title=Construction interrupted for friendship dam along Turkey-Syria border|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/newsDetail_getNewsById.action?newsId=248885|access-date=29 April 2012|newspaper=Today's Zaman|date=29 June 2011}} and east to the Bab al-Hawa Border Crossing on the İskenderun–Aleppo road, then further north to the border between Hatay and Gaziantep Province, where it turns sharply east outside of Meidan Ekbis (Afrin District), at {{coord|36.830|N|36.665|E}}.

With the exception of Hatay province, the Turkish side of the border is entirely within the Southeastern Anatolia Region. East of Meidan Ekbis, the border stretches eastward for some 400 km, roughly following the 37th parallel north and passing the 37th to 42nd meridians. From Al-Rai to Nusaybin/Qamishli, the border follows the tracks of the Konya-Baghdad Railway. It crosses the Euphrates River at Jarabulus/Karkamış and passes north of the border town of Kobanî (Ayn al Arab) (built in 1912 as part of the Baghdad Railway construction project). The Raqqa Governorate's Tell Abyad District borders the Turkish Şanlıurfa Province, including the divided border town of Tell Abyad/Akçakale. The Al-Hasakah Governorate, still bordering Şanlıurfa Province, has a border crossing at Ras al-Ayn, connecting to Ceylanpınar. Some 100 km east of Ceylanpınar, the border passes the border town of Nusaybin in the Turkish Mardin Province (ancient Nisibis, the birthplace of Ephraim the Syrian), next to Syrian Qamishli. The Syrian Aleppo Governorate has a {{convert|221|km}} long northern boundary with the Turkish Kilis, Gaziantep, and Şanlıurfa provinces.{{citation needed|date=April 2020}}

On the Turkish side, the European route E90 runs alongside the length of the border, crossing the Euphrates at Birecik and the Tigris at Cizre. For the final 30 km the border follows the course of the Tigris, turning towards the south-east, until it reaches the Iraq-Syria-Turkey tripoint at {{coord|37.106|N|42.355|E}}.

File:Treaty of Sèvres 1920.svg

At the start of the 20th century the entire border region was part of the Ottoman Empire. During the First World War, the Arab Revolt (supported by the British) ousted the Ottomans from Syria and Mesopotamia. However Britain and France secretly agreed to partition the area between them in 1916 via the Sykes–Picot Agreement.{{citation |url= https://fall.fsulawrc.com/collection/LimitsinSeas/IBS163.pdf|title=International Boundary Study No. 163 Syria-Turkey Boundary|date= 7 March 1978| access-date= 4 April 2020}}

In 1920 Syria formally became a French mandatory territory, being initially split into a number of states, including the French-controlled Sanjak of Alexandretta (modern Hatay province). By the 1920 Treaty of Sèvres Anatolian Turkey was to be partitioned, with the Syrian-Turkish frontier placed further north than its current position.{{Cite book |last=Helmreich |first=Paul C. |title=From Paris to Sèvres: The Partition of the Ottoman Empire at the Peace Conference of 1919–1920 |publisher=Ohio State University Press |location=Columbus, Ohio |year=1974 |page=[https://archive.org/details/fromparistosevre0000helm/page/320 320] |isbn=9780814201701 |oclc=694027 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/fromparistosevre0000helm/page/320 }} Turkish nationalists protested the treaty, contributing to the outbreak the Turkish War of Independence; the Turkish success in this conflict rendered Sèvres obsolete. A new border more favourable to Turkey was drawn by the Franco-Turkish Treaty of Ankara in 1921 after negotiations between French Prime Minister Aristide Briand and Turkish Foreign Minister Yusuf Kemal Bey.{{Cite book|last=Steiner|first=Zara|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/86068902|title=The lights that failed : European international history, 1919-1933|date=2005|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-151881-2|location=Oxford|oclc=86068902}}"Ankara, Treaty of" in The New Encyclopædia Britannica. Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 15th edn., 1992, Vol. 1, p. 423. By the 1923 Treaty of Lausanne Turkey's independence was recognised and a more generous territorial settlement was agreed upon, with Turkey formally renouncing any claim to Arab lands.{{Citation|date=24 July 1923|title=Treaty of Peace with Turkey signed at Lausanne|place=Lausanne, Switzerland|access-date=28 November 2012|url=http://wwi.lib.byu.edu/index.php/Treaty_of_Lausanne}} Following Lausanne, the Syrian-Turkish frontier was delimited more precisely between Meidan Ekbis and Nusaybin in 1926, and between Nusaybin and the tripoint with Iraq in 1929. A Final Delimitation Protocol covering the entire boundary east of Hatay was then confirmed and deposited with the League of Nations on 3 May 1930.

File:Turkey Peace treaty.gif. Note that Hatay province is shown as Syrian territory.]]

A special case was Turkey's Hatay province, which remained autonomous until 1923. In 1938, in the wake of the Franco-Syrian Treaty of Independence (1936), the Sanjak of Alexandretta became the Hatay State and was annexed by Turkey as Hatay Province in 1939.{{cite web |title=Franco-Turkish agreement of Ankara |url=http://www.hri.org/docs/FT1921/Franco-Turkish_Pact_1921.pdf |access-date=8 August 2014 |language=fr, en}} The Hatay section of the boundary was delimited in 1938 and confirmed the following year, being marked on the ground by numerous pillars. Hatay was then formally transferred to Turkey on 23 July 1939.

Syria gained independence in 1944, and the frontier then became the border between two sovereign states. When Turkey joined NATO (1952) and the OSCE (1973), its boundary with Syria

was recognized as a border by these organisations. Syria continued to claim Hatay province as part of Greater Syria, depicting the region as part of Syria on official maps.[http://www.parliament.gov.sy/ar/syria.php parliament.gov.sy – معلومات عن الجمهورية العربية السورية] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070602042619/http://www.parliament.gov.sy/ar/syria.php |date=2007-06-02 }}[https://www.jstor.org/pss/2193522 "The Alexandretta Dispute"], American Journal of International LawLundgren Jörum, Emma: "The Importance of the Unimportant" in Hinnebusch, Raymond & Tür, Özlem: Turkey-Syria Relations: Between Enmity and Amity (Farnham: Ashgate), p 114-122.Lundgren Jörum, Emma, Beyond Syria's Borders: A history of territorial disputes in the Middle East, (London & New York: I.B. Tauris), p 108

Since the outbreak of the Syrian civil war in 2011, tensions across the border have increased. In addition to repeated border incidents there has also been a substantial influx of refugees across the border to Turkey.{{cite news| url=https://www.reuters.com/article/syria-turkey-border-idUSL6E8F60LY20120406 | work=Reuters | title=Syria refugees brave mines, machineguns to reach Turkish sanctuary | date=6 April 2012}}

{{cite news|url=http://www.kuna.net.kw/ArticleDetails.aspx?id=2232121&Language=en |title=IOM distributes aid to Syrian refugees – Society |publisher=KUNA |date=6 April 2012 |access-date=23 February 2013}} Turkey began construction of a border barrier in 2014.[https://www.reuters.com/article/us-turkey-construction-toki-idUSKBN13Y1XX Reuters: "Turkish developer confident Syria wall in place by spring" By Nevzat Devranoglu and Orhan Coskun] December 9, 2016[https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/europe/turkey/11758050/Turkey-to-build-wall-on-Syria-border-after-Isil-Suruc-bombing.html The Daily Telegraph: "Turkey to build 500-mile wall on Syria border after Isil Suruc bombing" by Nabih Bulos] 23 Jul 2015

According to the Syrian Observatory for Human Rights, 471 Syrians civilians, including 86 children and 45 women, have been killed by the Turkish gendarmerie at the Syrian–Turkish border since the beginning of the Syrian civil war.{{cite web |url=https://www.syriahr.com/en/214507/ |title=In 72 hours {{!}} Number of people killed by Turkish border guards increases to four, as woman shot dead in northern Idlib |date=April 22, 2021|website=www.syriahr.com |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210423105139/https://www.syriahr.com/en/214507/ |archive-date=23 April 2021}}

From west to east, as of 18 April 2023.{{cite web |url= https://www.unocha.org/publications/report/syrian-arab-republic/turkiye-syria-border-crossings-status-18-april-2023-enartr|title=Turkey / Syria: Border Crossings Status (18 April 2023) |work=ReliefWeb |publisher=UN Office for the Coordination of Humanitarian Affairs |access-date=22 February 2025}}

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File:Syria-Turkey_border_map.png|Map of the Syria–Turkey border

File:Turkey-Syria Barrier.jpg|A section of the border wall built by Turkey

File:Bassin Tigre Euphrate.jpg|Map of the Tigris–Euphrates river system across the eastern part of the Syro-Turkish border

File:الجبل الأقرع خلف كسب.JPG|The Syrian town of Kessab, with the peak of Mount Aqra (Turkey) in the background

• Hatay dispute
• Syria–Turkey barrier
• Syria–Turkey relations
• Syrian–Turkish border clashes during the Syrian Civil War
• Northern Syria Buffer Zone
• Syrian Turkmen
• Refugees of the Syrian Civil War

{{reflist}}

{{Borders of Syria}}

{{Borders of Turkey}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Syria-Turkey border}}

Category:1961 establishments in Syria

Category:1961 establishments in Turkey

Category:1961 in international relations

Category:International borders