Syzygium smithii

Syzygium smithii{{'}}s name dates from its 1789 description as Eugenia smithii by French botanist Jean Louis Marie Poiret,{{APNI | name = Eugenia smithii Poir. | id = 10329}} its specific name honouring James Edward Smith,Floyd, Alexander G., Rainforest Trees of Mainland South-eastern Australia, Inkata Press 2008, {{ISBN|978-0-9589436-7-3}} pp. 265–66 who had described it two years earlier as E. elliptica. The name was unusable due to that combination having been used for another species.{{APNI | name = Eugenia elliptica Sm. | id = 28800}} It gained its current binomial name in 1893 when reclassified in the genus Syzygium by German botanist Franz Josef Niedenzu, and since 2009 the Council of Heads of Australasian Herbaria (CHAH) Australian Plant Census has confirmed the recognition of this current name.

Common names include lilly pilly, Chinese Apple, coast satinash, Eungella gum, and in the timber trade, lilipilli satinash.

Syzygium smithii grows as a tree to {{convert|20|m|ft|abbr=on}} high by {{convert|5|–|15|m|ft|abbr=on}} wide, with a trunk attaining a diameter of {{convert|70|cm|ft|abbr=on}}. The largest tree was recorded at Dingo Creek Flora Reserve, south of Tenterfield, being {{convert|30|m|ft|abbr=on}} tall and a trunk {{convert|60|cm|ft|abbr=on}} wide.Floyd, Alexander G., Australian Rainforests in NSW, volume 2, Surrey Beatty & Sons 1990, {{ISBN|0-949324-32-9}} page 176

The trunk is sometimes buttressed. The bark is brown and scaled and flakes off easily. Its dark green shiny leaves are arranged oppositely on the stems, and are lanceolate or ovate and measure {{convert|2|–|10|by|1|-|3|cm|in|round=0.5|abbr=on}}. The cream-white flowers appear from October to March, occurring in panicles at the end of small branches. Berries follow on, appearing from May to August, and are oval or globular with a shallow depression at the top.{{cite web |access-date=21 March 2021 |title=Syzygium smithii |url=https://apps.lucidcentral.org/rainforest/text/entities/syzygium_smithii.htm |author=F.A. Zich |author2=B.P.M Hyland |author3=T. Whiffen |author4=R.A. Kerrigan |website=Australian Tropical Rainforest Plants, Edition 8 |year=2020 |publisher=Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) }} They measure 0.8 to 2 cm in diameter, and range from white to maroon in colour.

A distinctive narrow leaved form with thin leaves 3–6 cm long is found along rainforest riverbanks from Sydney northwards through Queensland, (rheophytic race{{cite book|author=Harden, Gwen Jean|title=Flora of New South Wales. 2|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MtKLQQlu0qkC&pg=PA169|access-date=31 July 2013|year=2001|publisher=UNSW Press|isbn=978-0-86840-609-1|page=169}}) and a small leaved form (known as the small-leaved race or var. minor) with leaves measuring 1.6–6 cm found in dryer rainforests from Colo Heights near Sydney north to the Bunya Mountains.

Syzygium smithii is found in rainforest from the Windsor Tablelands in north-east Queensland south through New South Wales and Victoria to Wilsons Promontory.

Associated trees species include bangalow palm (Archontophoenix cunninghamiana), ironwood (Backhousia myrtifolia), black wattle (Callicoma serratifolia), sassafras, (Doryphora sassafras), blueberry ash (Elaeocarpus reticulatus), pinkwood (Eucryphia moorei), sweet pittosporum (Pittosporum undulatum) and kanuka (Tristaniopsis laurina). Stunted coastal plants are often associated with coast banksia (Banksia integrifolia).

File:Lilli pilli flowers.JPG

File:Syzygium smithii.jpg

File:2015-11-13 ~ NSW - Mount Keira - Syzygium smithii.jpg

The Australian king parrot, crimson rosella, rose-crowned fruit-dove, superb fruit-dove, topknot pigeon, white-headed pigeon, wonga pigeon, satin bowerbird, and pied currawong have all been recorded eating the berries as have brushtail possums and flying foxes. Ringtail possums also eat fresh leaves.{{citation |last=Myerscough |first=Peter J. |title=Ecology of Myrtaceae with special reference to the Sydney region |journal=Cunninghamia |volume=5 |issue=4 |year=1998 |pages=797–807 |url=http://www.rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/58051/Cun5Mye787.pdf |access-date=2010-05-11 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110311141153/http://rbgsyd.nsw.gov.au/__data/assets/pdf_file/0019/58051/Cun5Mye787.pdf |archive-date=2011-03-11 |url-status=dead }} In New Zealand, wood pigeons (kererū) eat the fruit and disperse the seeds.{{cite web|title=Pest management programmes|publisher=Waikato Regional Council|url=http://www.waikatoregion.govt.nz/Council/Policy-and-plans/Regional-Pest-Management-Strategy/Regional-Pest-Management-Strategy-2008-2013/Part-2/5-Pest-plants/54-Potential-pest-plants/5415-Monkey-apple-tree-Syzygium-smithii-also-known-as-Acmena-smithii/|access-date=2 August 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210035105/http://waikatoregion.govt.nz/Council/Policy-and-plans/Regional-Pest-Management-Strategy/Regional-Pest-Management-Strategy-2008-2013/Part-2/5-Pest-plants/54-Potential-pest-plants/5415-Monkey-apple-tree-Syzygium-smithii-also-known-as-Acmena-smithii/|archive-date=2013-02-10|url-status=dead}} The leaf-mining larvae of the moth species Pectinivalva acmenae feed on the leaves.{{cite journal|last1=Hoare|first1=Robert|last2=van Nieukerken|first2=Erik|title=Phylogeny and host-plant relationships of the Australian Myrtaceae leafmining moth genus Pectinivalva (Lepidoptera, Nepticulidae), with new subgenera and species | journal=ZooKeys|year=2013|issue=278|pages=1–64|issn=1313-2970|doi=10.3897/zookeys.278.4743|pmid=23794827|pmc=3677346|doi-access=free}} Other moth larvae that feed on the leaves include the species Agriophara horrida, Cryptophasa pultenae and Macarostola formosa.{{cite book|author=Common, I.F.B.|title=Moths of Australia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=magzbmvdRvQC|access-date=2 August 2013|year=1990|publisher=CSIRO Publishing|isbn=978-0-643-10271-2}}

In New Zealand, where it is known as "monkey apple", the species has become naturalised in forest and scrub and has been classified as an "unwanted organism".{{cite web |title=Monkey apple |work=Pests & Diseases |publisher=Ministry for Primary Industries |url=http://www.biosecurity.govt.nz/pests/monkey-apple |access-date=1 August 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160126204818/http://www.biosecurity.govt.nz/pests/monkey-apple |archive-date=26 January 2016 |url-status=dead}} In the Waikato region, at least, it can outgrow native canopy tree species such as puriri (Vitex lucens) and taraire (Beilschmiedia tarairi), and become the permanent canopy.{{cite book |title=Waikato Regional Pest Management Plan 2014-2024: Appendix 1, Cost benefit analysis |url= https://www.waikatoregion.govt.nz/assets/PageFiles/21542/Appendix_1.pdf |publisher=Waikato Regional Council |page=199 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190127102952/https://www.waikatoregion.govt.nz/assets/PageFiles/21542/Appendix_1.pdf |archive-date=27 January 2019 |url-status=dead}}

The species was introduced into cultivation as Eugenia elliptica at the Royal Botanic Gardens Kew by Sir Joseph Banks in 1790.{{cite book|author=Sims, John|title=Curtis's Botanical Magazine|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_VICAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA1872|access-date=2 August 2013|year=1817|pages=1872}}

Syzygium smithii is widely grown in cultivation as a specimen tree. Noted American landscape architect Thomas Church used the species in gardens that he created in the San Francisco Bay Area in the 1950s. These were often clipped to shape.{{cite book|author=McClintock, Elizabeth May |title=The Trees of Golden Gate Park and San Francisco|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ko2UC_mthOIC&pg=PA34|access-date=3 August 2013|year= 2001|publisher=Heyday|isbn=978-1-890771-28-7|page=34}} The species has also been used as a subject for bonsai.{{cite web|title=Australian Native Plants as Bonsai - 2008|publisher=Australian National Botanic Gardens|url=http://www.anbg.gov.au/bonsai/bonsai-anbg-2008/bonsai-anbg-2008.html|access-date=3 August 2013}}

Of the several species grown in cultivation, S. smithii is one of the more resistant to attacks by psyllids.{{cite web|url=http://www.burkesbackyard.com.au/2001/archives/2001_archives/in_the_garden/flowering_plants_and_shrubs/best_lilly_pilly_varieties|title=Best Lilly Pilly Varieties|last=Burke|first=Don|year=2001|work=Burke's Backyard website|publisher=CTC Productions|access-date=10 May 2010}}{{cite web|url=http://asgap.org.au/a-smi.html|title=Acmena smithii|last=Walters|first=Brian|date=December 2008|work=Australian Native Plants Society website|publisher=Australian Native Plants Society|access-date=10 May 2010|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070104143652/http://asgap.org.au/a-smi.html|archive-date=4 January 2007}} The species can tolerate both full sun and full shade. Established plants withstand dry periods and moderate frost.{{cite book|author=Tong Kwee|title=Edible Medicinal And Non Medicinal Plants: Volume 3, Fruits|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=32rWbxUtjeMC&pg=PA787|access-date=2 August 2013|year= 2012|publisher=Springer|isbn=978-94-007-2534-8|pages=787}}

Syzygium smithii is listed as a fire retardant species by such authorities as Gosford Council NSW, NSW Fire Service and the Country Fire Authority.{{Cite web | year= 2010 | title= Plant Selection in Fire Prone Areas | location= Central coast NSW, Australia | publisher= Gosford City Council | url= http://www.gosford.nsw.gov.au/recreation/natural_areas/bushfire-management/images/Fire%20Resistant%20Plants%20for%20BFP%20Areas%206-9-05.pdf | access-date= 30 July 2013 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140623160544/http://www.gosford.nsw.gov.au/recreation/natural_areas/bushfire-management/images/Fire%20Resistant%20Plants%20for%20BFP%20Areas%206-9-05.pdf | archive-date= 2014-06-23 | url-status= dead }}

A number of forms have been selected for cultivation, including the following:

• {{'}}Allyn Magic{{'}}, a compact form of var. minor with greyed-orange new foliage bred by Noel Jupp of East Gresford, New South Wales.{{Cite journal | year = 2003 | title = Acmena smithii var. minor 'Allyn Magic' | journal = Plant Varieties Journal | volume = 16 | issue = 2 | pages = 19–20 | url = http://www.ipaustralia.gov.au/pdfs/pbr/PVJ_Vol_162.pdf | access-date = 30 July 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140212032849/http://www.ipaustralia.gov.au/pdfs/pbr/PVJ_Vol_162.pdf | archive-date = 2014-02-12 | url-status = dead }}
• {{'}}Elizabeth Isaacs{{'}} (also known as 'Variegata'), a slightly smaller cultivar that has new growth flushes with a combination of pink, green, cream and cream-margined leaves.{{cite book|author=Rowell, Raymond J.| title=Ornamental Flowering Trees in Australia| publisher=AH & AW Reed Pty Ltd|location=Australia | year=1980 |page=40 |isbn=0-589-50178-X}}
• {{'}}Firescreen{{'}}, a select, fast growing, broad leaf form. Glossy, copper–red new foliage growth is encouraged by a regular prune and feed, maturing to mid green. Selected for hedging from 1.2 m high, Firescreen has a semi-pendulous, dense habit, a short leaf internode and holds its foliage all the way to the ground. Unpruned height over 6 metres. Can also be used as a pot specimen for topiary or as a standard. Firescreen tolerates full sun to shade, windy conditions, heat waves and cold to −2 °C and it is psyllid and borer resistant. Bred by Tracey and Stuart Knowland of Bangalow Wholesale Nursery NSW, with plant breeders' rights granted in 2010.
• {{'}}Hedgemaster{{'}} is a compact shrubby form reaching a metre (3 ft) tall and 0.5 m wide. It has a bushy dense habit and small leaves, and can be used in topiary or formal hedging. It was propagated and licensed under plant breeders' rights by television presenter Don Burke [Note: plant breeders rights since terminated].{{cite book |last=Stewart |first=Angus |author-link= Angus Stewart|title=Gardening on the Wild Side|year=2001 |publisher=ABC Books |location=Sydney |isbn=0-7333-0791-4 |page=159}}
• {{'}}Red Head{{'}}, a select, broad leaf, compact tree form. Glossy, burgundy-red new foliage is encouraged by a regular prune and feed, maturing to very dark green. Unpruned height 8{{nbsp}}m+. Selected for compact, bushy form suitable for pleaching, topiary, standards or as a stand-alone tree in urban areas. 'Red Head' tolerates full sun to shade, windy conditions, heat waves and cold to −2 degrees. 'Red Head' is psyllid and borer resistant. Bred by Tracey and Stuart Knowland of Bangalow Wholesale Nursery NSW, with plant breeders' rights granted in 2010. For best results add organic matter to soil when planting and feed and water regularly until established.{{Cite journal | year = 2010 | title = Lilly Pilly (Acmena smithii): varieties | journal = Plant Varieties Journal | volume = 22 | issue = 1 | url = http://www.ipaustralia.gov.au/pdfs/pbr/PVJ_22_1.pdf | access-date = 30 July 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140212032247/http://www.ipaustralia.gov.au/pdfs/pbr/PVJ_22_1.pdf | archive-date = 2014-02-12 | url-status = dead }}

The 1889 book The Useful Native Plants of Australia records that Eugenia smithii was called "Tdgerail" by the Indigenous people of the Illawarra (New South Wales); and "Coochin-coochin" by others in Queensland. It also states that the fruits were eaten by the Indigenous Australians and are "acidulous, and wholesome."{{cite book | author=J. H. Maiden | year=1889 | title=The useful native plants of Australia : Including Tasmania | publisher= Turner and Henderson, Sydney | url=https://primo-slnsw.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/primo-explore/fulldisplay?docid=SLNSW_ALMA21105097830002626&context=L&vid=SLNSW&search_scope=EEA&tab=default_tab&lang=en_US}}

J. H. Maiden in 1889 recorded that "The fruits are eaten by the aboriginals, small boys, and birds. They are formed in profusion, are acidulous, and wholesome. They are white with a purplish tint, and up to one inch in diameter."{{cite book |last1=Maiden |first1=J. H. |author-link1=Joseph Maiden |title=The Useful Native Plants of Australia (including Tasmania) |date=1889 |publisher=Turner and Henderson |location=Sydney |page=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/45057#page/21/mode/1up 3]}} The mildly acidic fruit have been described as somewhat lacking in taste.{{cite book | last1=Elliot | first1=Rodger W. | last2=Jones | first2=David L. | last3=Blake | first3=Trevor |title=Encyclopaedia of Australian Plants Suitable for Cultivation: Vol. 2|year=1985 |publisher=Lothian Press |location=Port Melbourne |isbn=0-85091-143-5|pages=139–40}}

The white to pinkish brown timber is used for flooring, frames and fittings.{{cite book|author=Chippendale, G.M.|title=Forest Trees of Australia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=q2v3kb9tFsYC&pg=PA196|access-date=2 August 2013|year=2006|publisher=Csiro Publishing|isbn=978-0-643-06969-5|pages=196}}

The character "Lilly Pilly" (based on the fruit of the tree) who is an actress friend of Snugglepot and Cuddlepie, was illustrated by author May Gibbs.{{cite book|author=Bernhardt, Peter|title=Gods and Goddesses in the Garden: Greco-Roman Mythology and the Scientific Names of Plants|url=https://archive.org/details/godsgoddessesing00bern|url-access=registration|access-date=2 August 2013|year=2008|publisher=Rutgers University Press|isbn=978-0-8135-4266-9|pages=[https://archive.org/details/godsgoddessesing00bern/page/141 141]}}{{cite book|author1=Bernhardt, Peter|author2=Holden, Robert|title=Gumnut Town: Botanic Fact and Bushland Fantasy|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YsvpAAAAMAAJ|access-date=2 August 2013|year=1992|publisher=Royal Botanic Gardens|isbn=978-0-7305-9715-5}}

The fruit and leaves of Syzigium smithii were featured on a 49c Australian stamp, one of a bush tucker set, in 2002. The stamp was designed by Janet Boschen and titled "Lilly-pilly".{{cite web|title=Plant: Acmena smithii|work=Stamps|publisher=Australian National Botanic Gardens|url=http://www.anbg.gov.au/stamps/stamp-acmena-02.html|access-date=2 August 2013}}

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smithii

Category:Bushfood

Category:Flora of New South Wales

Category:Flora of Queensland

Category:Flora of Tasmania

Category:Flora of Victoria (state)

Category:Myrtales of Australia

Category:Trees of Australia

Category:Ornamental trees