TAI TF Kaan
{{Short description|Turkish fighter aircraft}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2020}}
The TAI Kaan also called TF ("Turkish Fighter", formerly known as TF-X) and MMU ({{lang|tr|Milli Muharip Uçak}}, Turkish for 'National Combat Aircraft'), is a stealth, twin-engine, all-weather air superiority fighter in development by Turkish Aerospace Industries (TAI) and sub-contractor BAE Systems. The jet is to replace the Turkish Air Force's F-16 Fighting Falcon aircraft and to be sold to foreign governments.{{cite web|url=https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Defense/Turkish-fighter-jet-takes-first-flight-as-Ankara-eyes-Asian-buyers|title=Turkish fighter jet takes first flight as Ankara eyes Asian buyers|publisher=Nikkei Asia|date=21 February 2024|access-date=22 February 2024|archive-date=21 February 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240221160552/https://asia.nikkei.com/Politics/Defense/Turkish-fighter-jet-takes-first-flight-as-Ankara-eyes-Asian-buyers|url-status=live}}
The prototype performed taxi and ground tests on March 16, 2023 and was ceremonially rolled out two days later.{{cite web|url=https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/turkish-future-fighter-comes-together-ahead-of-victory-day-roll-out|title=Turkish future fighter comes together ahead of 'victory day' roll-out|website=janes.com|author=Gareth Jennings|date=24 November 2022|access-date=12 January 2023|archive-date=17 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230217140402/https://www.janes.com/defence-news/news-detail/turkish-future-fighter-comes-together-ahead-of-victory-day-roll-out|url-status=live}} Its maiden flight, initially scheduled for 27 December 2023 (one day before the maiden flight of the TAI Anka-3),{{cite web|url=https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/turkeys-anka-3-flying-wing-unmanned-combat-air-vehicle-flies|title=Turkey's ANKA-3 Flying Wing Unmanned Combat Air Vehicle Flies|author=Thomas Newdick|website=thedrive.com|date=28 December 2023|access-date=21 February 2024|archive-date=29 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229013030/https://www.thedrive.com/the-war-zone/turkeys-anka-3-flying-wing-unmanned-combat-air-vehicle-flies|url-status=live}} was completed on 21 February 2024.
Development
On 15 December 2010, Turkey's Defence Industry Executive Committee (SSIK) decided to design, develop, and manufacture a national next generation air-superiority fighter which would replace Turkey's F-16 fleet and operate with other critical assets like the F-35 Lightning II.
In 2011, Turkey's Undersecretariat for Defence Industries (SSM), now known as the Defence Industry Agency, the procurement agency for the Turkish Armed Forces, signed an agreement with TAI for the conceptual development of basic capabilities. TAI and TUSAŞ Engine Industries (TEI) would lead the design, entry, and development processes of the fighter jet. The studies would reveal the cost of the fighter, while investigating which mechanical and electronic systems would be employed and included, and a wider perspective of the opportunities and challenges in military aviation. Funding equivalent to US$20 million was allocated for a 2-year conceptual design phase performed by the Turkish Aerospace Industries. TAI officials stated that conceptual design phase should be complete in late 2013, with a report being prepared and submitted to the Prime Minister for the approval of development phase budget and framework. Janes has described the project as "extremely ambitious". It was announced that in 2024, Tübitak and Aselsan will also support TAI in the development work and will be involved in the construction of the aircraft.{{Cite web |date=26 February 2024 |trans-title=Türkiye's national combat aircraft KAAN will be "unique" with TUBITAK's domestic technologies|title=Türkiye'nin milli muharip uçağı KAAN, TÜBİTAK'ın yerli teknolojileriyle "benzersiz" olacak |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/savunma-sanayisi/turkiyenin-milli-muharip-ucagi-kaan-tubitakin-yerli-teknolojileriyle-benzersiz-olacak/3147717 |access-date=29 March 2025 |website=Anadolu Agency |language=tr}}{{Cite web |date=22 February 2024 |trans-title=National fighter jet KAAN will become "BİLGE KAAN" with ASELSAN|title=Milli savaş uçağı KAAN, ASELSAN ile "BİLGE KAAN" olacak|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/savunma-sanayisi/milli-savas-ucagi-kaan-aselsan-ile-bilge-kaan-olacak/3145409|access-date=29 March 2025 |website=Anadolu Agency |language=tr}}
= Design choice =
In 2015, the TAI released three potential airframe configurations:
- FX-1: Twin engine, Lockheed Martin F-22 like configuration
- FX-5: Single engine, General Dynamics F-16 like configuration
- FX-6: High agility single engine canard-delta Saab JAS 39 Gripen like configuration{{Cite web |date=2021-12-22 |title=MMU TF-X Programına Bir Bakış |url=https://www.savunmasanayist.com/mmu-tf-x-programina-bir-bakis/ |url-status=live |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=Savunma Sanayi ST |language=tr |archive-date=26 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220126171209/https://www.savunmasanayist.com/mmu-tf-x-programina-bir-bakis/}}
Turkish Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu announced on 8 January 2015, that the TF-X will be a twin-engined fighter. The Undersecretariat for Defence Industries published its 2016 Performance Report in March 2017, where it was revealed that the final decision was to continue with the twin engine FX-1 configuration.
=Bid=
On 13 March 2015, the Turkish Undersecretariat for Defence Industries (SSM) officially issued a Request for Information to Turkish companies which had the capability "to perform a genuine design, development and production activities of the first Turkish fighter aircraft to meet Turkish Armed Forces' next generation fighter requirements" signalling the official start of the program. The contract for design and development of the fighter was signed between the SSM of Ministry of Turkish National Defence and Turkish Aerospace Industries Inc. on 5 August 2016. The SSM granted $1.18 bn. to Turkish Aerospace Industries to acquire necessary technologies and infrastructure for the design, testing and certification of the aircraft. In the same period, Request for Proposal was published for the engine of the aircraft, and General Electric, Eurojet and Snecma companies returned to this file. Within the scope of the RFP, the condition was for the engine infrastructure to be developed in Turkey and production be domestic as long as possible.
=Former partnership plans and proposals=
== Saab AB ==
In February 2013, meetings were held with Saab AB upon the instruction of then-Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdoğan, and an agreement was signed between TAI and the Swedish firm Saab during the state visit of then-Turkish President Abdullah Gül to Sweden on 13 March 2013, according to which:{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2013-07-02 |title=Türkiye, SAAB ile masaya oturdu |url=https://www.dunya.com/sektorler/otomotiv/turkiye-saab-ile-masaya-oturdu-haberi-200300 |url-status=live |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=Dünya |language=tr-TR |archive-date=27 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127201437/https://www.dunya.com/sektorler/otomotiv/turkiye-saab-ile-masaya-oturdu-haberi-200300}}
- Saab AB would provide technological design assistance for Turkey's TF-X program.
- TAI would have the option to purchase Saab's fighter aircraft design unit.
This plan was later abandoned and on January 8, 2015, then-Prime Minister Ahmet Davutoğlu announced that the TF-X program will be a completely independent domestic platform, not in partnership with Korea, Sweden, Brazil or Indonesia.
=Cooperation agreement between TAI and BAE Systems=
File:Maquette TF-X Le Bourget 2019.jpg]]
File:Foreign_Secretary_James_Cleverly_visits_Turkey_-_53187333313.jpg Secretary James Cleverly examines the TFX-KAAN mock-up during his visit to the Turkish Aerospace Industries headquarters in Turkey (2023)]]
In December 2015, Turkey's Undersecretariat for Defence Industries (SSM) announced that it had chosen BAE Systems of the United Kingdom to assist with the design of the nation's next-generation air superiority fighter. On the same day, Rolls-Royce offered technology transfer for the EJ200 engine and joint-development of a derivative for the TF-X program. During the visit of British Prime Minister Theresa May to Turkey in January 2017, BAE Systems and TAI officials signed an agreement, worth about £100 million, for BAE Systems to provide engineering assistance in developing the aircraft. Following the agreement, the UK issued an open general export licence to defence companies willing to export goods, software or technology to Turkey.
=Engine=
On 20 January 2015, ASELSAN of Turkey announced that it had signed a memorandum of understanding with Eurojet, the manufacturer of the EJ200 engine used in the Eurofighter Typhoon. The announcement also stated that a derivative of the EJ200 will be used in the TF-X program. The two companies will additionally collaborate and co-develop engine control software systems and engine maintenance monitoring systems. Turkey's selection of the EJ200 evidenced TAI's intention to use supercruise capability. In May 2017, Rolls-Royce established a joint venture with the Kale Group of Turkey to develop and manufacture engines for the project. Another competitor is TRMotor Power Systems Inc. established in April 2017 by BMC, TAI and SSTEK. On 8 November 2018, TRMotor signed a memorandum of understanding with the Presidency of Defence Industries to develop a jet engine for the TF-X project.
While General Electric did not openly express interest in the TF-X project, its local partner Tusaş Engine Industries (TEI) announced that it will participate in the engine development phase. On 11 June 2018, TEI General Manager Mahmut Faruk Akşit said that they proposed a mature engine for which they had completed a commercial proposal for the infrastructure of sub-component tests for the compressor. He emphasized the advantage of GE engines over its competitors stating that they have significant OEM support whereas the collaboration between other companies were yet to thrive. TEI committed to submit all intellectual rights to the government. In October 2018, local media reported that an unknown number of initial production fighters will be equipped with General Electric F110 engines until Turkish Air Engine Company (TAEC){{Cite web |title=Kale Group and Rolls-Royce to Develop Unique Engine for Turkish Fighter |url=https://www.defenceturkey.com/en/content/kale-group-and-rolls-royce-to-develop-unique-engine-for-turkish-fighter-2727 |access-date=2022-06-02 |website=www.defenceturkey.com |archive-date=29 June 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220629133441/https://www.defenceturkey.com/en/content/kale-group-and-rolls-royce-to-develop-unique-engine-for-turkish-fighter-2727 |url-status=live}} finalizes the local engine.
On 14 March 2022 Kale & Rolls-Royce re-started the progress of developing an engine for the TF-X program, stating that the previous disputes between the companies have been resolved and that the first prototypes of the TF-X will use the F110 engine.{{Cite web |last=Bekdil |first=Burak Ege |date=2022-03-14 |title=Rolls-Royce, Kale to develop engine for Turkish fighter |url=https://www.defensenews.com/industry/2022/03/14/rolls-royce-kale-to-develop-engine-for-turkish-fighter/ |access-date=2022-03-30 |website=Defense News |language=en |archive-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327123106/https://www.defensenews.com/industry/2022/03/14/rolls-royce-kale-to-develop-engine-for-turkish-fighter/ |url-status=live}}
On 5 March 2022, İsmail Demir, undersecretary for Defence Industries, said the government would now negotiate a possible engine deal with Rolls-Royce. “We had some issues [with Rolls-Royce] before. These have been resolved. I think we are ready to work together.”{{cite web |title=Rolls-Royce, Kale to develop engine for Turkish fighter |date=14 March 2022 |url=https://www.airforcetimes.com/industry/2022/03/14/rolls-royce-kale-to-develop-engine-for-turkish-fighter/ |access-date=20 March 2022 |publisher=airforcetimes.com}}{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes}}
In May 2022, while visiting the U.K., Demir said, "It is imperative for us that the engine be produced in Turkey… that Turkey should possess intellectual property rights."{{cite web |title=Turkey sends Rolls-Royce another pitch to co-produce engines for the TF-X jet |date=31 May 2022 |url=https://www.defensenews.com/industry/2022/05/31/turkey-sends-rolls-royce-another-pitch-to-co-produce-engines-for-the-tf-x-jet/ |access-date=31 May 2022 |publisher=defensenews.com |archive-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327123042/https://www.defensenews.com/industry/2022/05/31/turkey-sends-rolls-royce-another-pitch-to-co-produce-engines-for-the-tf-x-jet/ |url-status=live}} His statement implied that the same dispute over intellectual properties of the engine which previously stalled the negotiation between Rolls-Royce and Turkey in 2019{{cite news |title=Rolls-Royce dials back on project to build new Turkish fighter jet |url=https://www.ft.com/content/164c5ee0-3d1d-11e9-8c2f-30761f19a974 |access-date=5 March 2019 |newspaper=The Financial Times |date=4 March 2019 |archive-date=4 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190304143138/https://www.ft.com/content/164c5ee0-3d1d-11e9-8c2f-30761f19a974 |url-status=live}} remained unresolved.
As of 2 June 2022, unknown number of General Electric F110 engines delivered to TEI as the first batch according to the agreement between Tusaş Engine Industries (TEI) and GE Aerospace that comprises delivery of 10 engines in total.{{cite web |title=MMU'da Kullanılacak İlk Parti F110 Motorları Teslim Edildi |url=https://www.defenceturkey.com/tr/icerik/mmu-da-kullanilacak-ilk-parti-f110-motorlari-teslim-edildi-5091 |website=Defence Turkey |access-date=5 July 2022 |archive-date=5 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705191016/https://www.defenceturkey.com/tr/icerik/mmu-da-kullanilacak-ilk-parti-f110-motorlari-teslim-edildi-5091 |url-status=live}}{{cite web |title=US delivered F110 engine for Turkish TAI TF-X next-gen fighter |url=https://bulgarianmilitary.com/2022/06/02/us-delivered-f110-engine-for-turkish-tai-tf-x-next-gen-fighter/ |website=Bulgarian Military |date=2 June 2022 |access-date=5 July 2022 |archive-date=5 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220705190938/https://bulgarianmilitary.com/2022/06/02/us-delivered-f110-engine-for-turkish-tai-tf-x-next-gen-fighter/ |url-status=live}}
On 2 July 2022, the Defence Industry Agency published the invitation to tender for the domestic development of the engine to be used and İsmail Demir, undersecretary for Defence Industry Agency, stated that TRMotor, which is a subsidiary of TAI, has submitted its proposal and Turkish Air Engine Company (TAEC), consortium by Kale Group and Rolls-Royce, will submit its offer soon.{{cite web |title=MMU motoru için Teklife Çağrı Dosyası yayımlandı |url=https://www.defenceturk.net/mmu-motoru-icin-teklife-cagri-dosyasi-yayimlandi |website=Defence Turk |date=July 2022 |access-date=5 July 2022 |archive-date=1 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220701195012/https://www.defenceturk.net/mmu-motoru-icin-teklife-cagri-dosyasi-yayimlandi |url-status=live}}
On 15 January 2025, President of Defence Industry Agency Haluk Görgün said that after 2030, KAAN will fly with a completely domestic engine.
=Development schedule overview=
Development Phase-1 was expected to officially commence by the end of 2014, however, initial conditions were met and the project has officially started in late 2018.
On June 30, 2021, the Turkish Air Force made an official presentation about the TF-X program to the press. In the presentation, it was stated that Phase-1 Stage-1 had started with preliminary design works, right after T0 stage. As part of preliminary design activities, a system requirements review (SRR) is currently being carried out. By the end of 2022, system functionality review (SFR) and system requirements review (SRR) will be completed. Thus, the preliminary design activities will come to an end. The program is expected to go to the next stage by 2023 when the initial roll-out occurs with engines capable of taxiing.
Phase-1 Stage-2 involves detailed design and qualifications carried out in the 2022-2029 period. The aircraft will roll out in 2023, critical design review (CDR) activities will be carried out in 2024, the production of the first aircraft, called Block-0, will be completed in 2025 and the first flight will be accomplished in 2026. Until that date, TAI aims to manufacture 3 prototypes. The Block-1 configuration is planned to be developed until 2029. The manufacture of 10 Block-1 fighter jets is planned within the scope of Phase-2, and the aircraft will be delivered to the Turkish Air Force between 2030 and 2033. In Phase-3, between 2034 and 2040, development and mass production activities of other TF-X blocks is planned.
= Start of production =
On November 4, 2021, the first piece of MMU was manufactured. Temel Kotil, CEO of TAI said; {{blockquote|We have realized the production of the first part of our National Combat Aircraft. Every step we take for the survival project of our country is very meaningful and valuable for us. I would like to thank all my friends with whom we walked on the same path by working with enthusiasm and effort.{{Cite web |date=2021-11-04 |title=Milli Muharip Uçak için ilk parça üretildi {{!}} SavunmaSanayiST |url=https://www.savunmasanayist.com/milli-muharip-ucak-icin-ilk-parca-uretildi/ |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=Savunma Sanayi ST |language=tr |archive-date=4 November 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104085304/https://www.savunmasanayist.com/milli-muharip-ucak-icin-ilk-parca-uretildi/ |url-status=live}}}} The other 20,000 parts of TF-X were planned to be ready by the end of 2022.{{Cite web |last=Yıldırım |first=Göksel |date=2021-11-04 |title=Milli Muharip Uçak'ın ilk parçası üretildi |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/bilim-teknoloji/milli-muharip-ucakin-ilk-parcasi-uretildi/2411746 |url-status=live |access-date=2022-04-03 |website=Anadolu Ajansı |archive-date=27 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220127190511/https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/bilim-teknoloji/milli-muharip-ucakin-ilk-parcasi-uretildi/2411746}}
TAI's Deputy General Manager responsible for TFX Dr. Uğur Zengin, stated on February 11, 2022, that 550 parts of TF-X were in production.{{Citation |title=MMU'nun 550 ana parçası imalatta | date=11 February 2022 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LBZhEmcHrkM |language=tr |access-date=2022-04-03 |archive-date=3 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220403110350/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LBZhEmcHrkM |url-status=live}} The maiden flight was planned for 2025,{{Cite web |date=2023-01-09 |title=Turkey's TF-X jet nears the end of assembly - AeroTime |url=https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/turkeys-tf-x-nears-the-end-of-assembly-ahead-of-scheduled-march-rollout |access-date=2023-01-11 |language=en-US |archive-date=10 January 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230110160234/https://www.aerotime.aero/articles/turkeys-tf-x-nears-the-end-of-assembly-ahead-of-scheduled-march-rollout |url-status=live}} but has been rescheduled for the end of 2023.{{Cite web |title=Log In to AviationWeek |url=https://login.aviationweek.com/login?state=hKFo2SAxUWhmX3hTalpOMlBtRk9USnJJQ3dUTmhJQmFIVUZEN6FupWxvZ2luo3RpZNkgYWtrNG85Mk5WQ3NIa0RYZllYd3JnbVlnT2pnMk1Bb1SjY2lk2SBQWi1hMTc2dEFibDFTdVRicDl1MjV1WWFDNFdxcFdoaA&client=PZ-a176tAbl1SuTbp9u25uYaC4WqpWhh&protocol=oauth2&nonce=9b6f18d4bf8e743fce6a4a38a9046af1&scope=openid%20email%20profile&response_type=code&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Faviationweek.com%2Fauth0%2Fcallback |access-date=2023-01-11 |website=login.aviationweek.com |archive-date=27 March 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230327123130/https://login.aviationweek.com/login?state=hKFo2SBOQjQ1ZGdLX2I0TmFiNW96ckRvUFNyTHJkanlMbS03b6FupWxvZ2luo3RpZNkgNEZ3VWR5U0lOU25rQnIxSmt5Mk4wRk1DVDd3QlBVeHijY2lk2SBQWi1hMTc2dEFibDFTdVRicDl1MjV1WWFDNFdxcFdoaA&client=PZ-a176tAbl1SuTbp9u25uYaC4WqpWhh&protocol=oauth2&nonce=8b5de24a9a6a5b4a589e8b61b963af9d&scope=openid%20email%20profile&response_type=code&redirect_uri=https%3A%2F%2Faviationweek.com%2Fauth0%2Fcallback |url-status=live}}
The aircraft was officially named Kaan on May 1, 2023.{{cite web |date=1 May 2023 |title=İşte Milli Muharip Uçak'ın Adı: KAAN |url=https://www.savunmasanayist.com/iste-milli-muharip-ucakin-adi-kaan/ |website=savunmasanayist.com |publisher=SavunmaSanayiST |access-date=1 May 2023 |archive-date=1 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501135941/https://www.savunmasanayist.com/iste-milli-muharip-ucakin-adi-kaan/ |url-status=live}}{{cite web |date=1 May 2023 |title=Milli Muharip Uçağın adı KAAN oldu |url=https://www.trthaber.com/haber/gundem/milli-muharip-ucagin-adi-kaan-oldu-764020.html |publisher=TRT Haber |access-date=1 May 2023 |archive-date=1 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230501135117/https://www.trthaber.com/haber/gundem/milli-muharip-ucagin-adi-kaan-oldu-764020.html |url-status=live}}{{cite web |date=2 May 2023 |title=Turkish Stealth KAAN Fighter will Replace American F-16 Fighter jets |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aijvas-MPfQ |publisher=The Military Curiosity |access-date=3 May 2023 |archive-date=3 May 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230503173907/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=aijvas-MPfQ&gl=US&hl=en |url-status=live}}
In May 2023, TAI CEO Temel Kotil said the company expects to deliver twenty Block 10 aircraft to the Turkish Air Force in 2028, then two aircraft per month by 2029, generating $2.4 billion in annual revenues for TAI.
Kotil also warned that the price tag of the aircraft may surpass his 2021 promise of $100 million per unit. This led the company to seek additional capital and production workers. In July 2023, at the 16th International Defense Industry Fair, a protocol agreement was signed to bring Azerbaijan into the project. Project officials began looking for Azerbaijani companies and production facilities that could be used and 200 Azerbaijani workers were to be immediately dispatched to join the fighter project.{{cite web | url=https://nordicmonitor.com/2023/08/turkey-involves-azerbaijan-in-the-national-fighter-jet-project-with-hopes-of-financial-contribution/ | title=Turkey involves Azerbaijan in national fighter jet project with hopes of financial contribution - Nordic Monitor | date=August 2023 | access-date=14 August 2023 | archive-date=14 August 2023 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230814015047/https://nordicmonitor.com/2023/08/turkey-involves-azerbaijan-in-the-national-fighter-jet-project-with-hopes-of-financial-contribution/ | url-status=live}}
On February 21, 2024, Kaan conducted its maiden flight. TAI shared a video showing a KAAN fighter jet taking off and then returning to Mürted Airfield Command in the north Ankara. During this flight, KAAN remained in the air for 13 minutes and reached a speed of 230 knots at an altitude of 8,000 feet.{{cite news |title=Turkey's KAAN fighter jet conducts first flight |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/middle-east/turkeys-kaan-fighter-jet-conducts-first-flight-2024-02-21/ |access-date=23 February 2024 |publisher=Reuters|date=February 21, 2024}}{{cite news |title=Türkiye's homegrown fighter jet KAAN conducts maiden test flight |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/economy/turkiyes-homegrown-fighter-jet-kaan-conducts-maiden-test-flight/3143485 |access-date=28 March 2025 |publisher=Anadolu Agency|date=21 February 2024}} KAAN successfully completed its second flight on 6 May 2024 and reached 10,000 feet.{{cite news |title=Turkish fighter jet KAAN successfully conducts 2nd test flight |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/turkiye/turkish-fighter-jet-kaan-successfully-conducts-2nd-test-flight/3211563 |access-date=28 March 2025 |publisher=Anadolu Agency|date=6 May 2024}}{{cite news|title=TAI TF Kaan: Turkey’s New Stealth Fighter Is Born|url=https://nationalinterest.org/blog/buzz/tai-tf-kaan-turkeys-new-stealth-fighter-born-213396|access-date=30 March 2025|author=Christian D. Orr |publisher=The National Interest|date=26 October 2024|language=tr}} KAAN successfully conducted a twin-engine afterburner test on the ground on 6 December 2024.{{cite news |trans-title=Afterburner was operated for the first time in both engines of the national combat aircraft KAAN|title=Milli muharip uçak KAAN'ın iki motorunda da art yakıcı (afterburner) ilk kez çalıştırıldı |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/vg/video-galeri/milli-muharip-ucak-kaanin-iki-motorunda-da-art-yakici-afterburner-ilk-kez-calistirildi/107|access-date=28 March 2025 |publisher=Anadolu Agency|date=6 December 2024|language=tr}}{{cite news |title=Turkish Fighter KAAN Successfully Completes Twin-Engine Afterburner Test|url=https://www.tusas.com/en/media-center/news/turkish-fighter-kaan-successfully-completes-twin-engine-afterburner-test|access-date=28 March 2025 |website=Turkish Aerospace Industries}} It was announced by TAI that the second prototype of KAAN is under construction and will fly in the last quarter of 2025.{{cite news |trans-title=SSB President Görgün examined the production and assembly activities of KAAN's second prototype|title=SSB Başkanı Görgün, KAAN'ın ikinci prototipinin üretim ve montaj faaliyetlerini inceledi |url=https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/gundem/ssb-baskani-gorgun-kaanin-ikinci-prototipinin-uretim-ve-montaj-faaliyetlerini-inceledi/3430045|access-date=28 March 2025 |publisher=Anadolu Agency|date=20 December 2024|language=tr}}{{cite news |trans-title=KAAN's second prototype will fly in 2025|title=KAAN'ın 2. prototipi 2025'te uçacak|url=https://www.trthaber.com/haber/savunma/kaanin-2-prototipi-2025te-ucacak-892189.html|access-date=2 April 2025 |website=trthaber.com|publisher=TRT|date=20 December 2024|language=tr}} The first image of the second prototype of KAAN was presented to the press by the President of the Defence Industry Agency on 14 January 2025. In addition, it was stated in the same statement that 6 prototypes of KAAN would be built for testing and development studies.{{cite news |trans-title=KAAN's second prototype was seen for the first time|title=KAAN'ın 2'nci prototipi ilk kez görüldü|url=https://www.trthaber.com/haber/bilim-teknoloji/kaanin-2nci-prototipi-ilk-kez-goruldu-894545.html|access-date=2 April 2025 |website=trthaber.com|publisher=TRT|date=14 January 2025|language=tr}}{{cite news |trans-title=KAAN's second prototype has been revealed|title=KAAN’ın ikinci prototipi ortaya çıktı|url=https://www.defenceturk.net/kaanin-ikinci-prototipi-ortaya-cikti|access-date=2 April 2025 |website=defenceturk.net|date=15 January 2025|language=tr}}
Design
=Requirements=
In June 2021, the Turkish Air Force, in a presentation made to the press, announced its requirements for minimum capabilities of the TF-X:
- Improved aerodynamics and propulsion
- Supercruise
- Sufficient and optimized combat radius
- Advanced and internal multi-spectral sensors (EW and RF/IR)
- Low observability
- Sensor fusion and autonomy
- Improved data-link capabilities for network-enabled warfare
- High precision stand-off weapons
=Airframe=
File:TAI TF-X(MMU)Mockup Teknofest2019 (1).jpg developed by TÜBİTAK SAGE and Roketsan is designed to fit the internal weapons bay of the TAI TF-X and F-35.]]
Hüseyin Yağcı, TAI's chief engineer on the TF-X program, has stated that all three conceptual designs thus far feature a design optimized for low radar cross-sectional density, internal weapons bays, and the ability to supercruise, features associated with fifth-generation fighter jets.
TAI's Advanced Carbon Composites fuselage facility, which was commissioned to produce fuselages for Lockheed Martin's Joint Strike Fighter (F-35) program, has been tasked with developing an Advanced Carbon Composite fuselage for the TF-X. The Turkish Defence Industry Agency has also issued a tender for the development of a new lighter carbon composite thermoplastic for the TF-X fuselage.
=Systems and capabilities=
Integrated Radio Frequency System (IRFS)
- MURAD AESA nose radar, part of ASELSAN’s Integrated RF System (IRFS), incorporates RF components with GaN-based transistors. In addition to radar functions, IRFS includes electronic warfare capabilities such as wideband spectrum monitoring, directional jamming, and synthetic-aperture radar (SAR) imaging modes, including ISAR, dot-SAR, and strip-SAR. The system also integrates cognitive operational mechanisms and neural network-based decision support systems.{{cite web | url=https://www.savunmasanayist.com/hava-kuvvetleri-mmu-tf-x-sunum/ |title=Türk Hava Kuvvetleri'nin MMU TF-X Sunumu ve Öne Çıkanlar |language=tr |trans-title=Turkish Air Force's MMU TF-X Presentation and Highlights |website=savunmasanayist.com |date=2021-07-01 |access-date=2025-01-25}}
Integrated Electro-Optical System (IEOS)
- The system includes an Infrared Search and Track (IRST), an Electro-Optical Targeting System (EOTS), and a Distributed Aperture System (DAS) for global day/night imaging and IR-Missile Warning System (MWS) These systems enable functions such as passive situational awareness, intelligence, reconnaissance, surveillance and targeting.{{cite web | url=https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/savunma-sanayisi/milli-savas-ucagi-kaan-aselsan-ile-bilge-kaan-olacak/3145409 |title=Milli savaş uçağı KAAN, ASELSAN ile "BİLGE KAAN" olacak |language=tr |website=aa.com.tr |date=2024-02-22 |access-date=2025-01-25}}
Integrated Communication, Navigation and Identification System (ICNI)
- The ICNAir-ASQ9683 and Mode-5 IFF CIT components address communication, navigation and identification requirements. The system integrates radio-navigation equipment, tactical air radios, ground and satellite-based communication systems, instrument approach and landing aids, anti-jam GNSS, obstacle and terrain detection systems, an automatic terrain and collision avoidance system, IFF Mode 5/S functionalities, and encrypted tactical data links.{{cite web | url= https://wwwcdn.aselsan.com/api/file/Aselsan_Investor_Presentation_12.pdf |title=Investor Presentation |website=aselsan.com |date=March 2024 |access-date=2025-01-25 }}
Integrated Processing Unit (IPU)
- The unit includes components for central management, flight control, aircraft management, and mission computing. It uses deterministic networking technologies, optical communication channels, a multi-core real-time operating system, and cybersecurity measures.{{cite web | url=https://tubitak.gov.tr/en/news/national-combat-aircraft-kaan-makes-its-first-flight |title=National Combat Aircraft KAAN Makes Its First Flight |website=tubitak.gov.tr |date=2024-05-14 |access-date=2025-01-25}}
Self-Protection Suite
- The suite consists of a Radar Warning Receiver (RWR), an IR-Missile Warning System (MWS), a Laser Warning Receiver (LWS), Directed Infrared Countermeasures, systems for managing countermeasures such as chaff and flares, a RF decoy dispensing system (CMDS), and a jamming system based Digital Radio-Frequency Memory (DRFM).
Autonomous Wingman Operations
- The Autonomous Wingman Operations (OKU) framework enables KAAN to control accompanying platforms, such as ANKA-III and Super-ŞİMŞEK using encrypted data links. The aircraft’s computational systems provide capabilities for autonomous mission execution, task assignment to UAVs, and coordination with other platforms in air, land, and naval domains, as well as air defense systems. The system allows for intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition, and reconnaissance (ISR), targeting, and air superiority tasks through collaborating aircraft and reduces the workload of onboard pilots.{{cite web | url=https://turdef.com/article/tusas-prepares-turkish-loyal-wingman-oku-concept |title=TUSAŞ Prepares Turkish Loyal Wingman: OKU |website=turdef.com |date=2023-08-07 |access-date=2025-01-25}}
=Propulsion=
File:TF-X TAI Le Bourget 2019.jpg
Prototypes and the first batch of aircraft will be equipped with General Electric F110 engines. TRMotor collaboration with TEI will develop locally made engines for the aircraft, which will produce at least 36.000 pound of thrust. Locally developed engines are planned to be integrated and tested on the aircraft in 2029-2030.{{Cite web |last=Yiğitoğlu |first=Eren |date=2024-06-08 |title=Yerli uçak motoru için yeni iş birliği |url=https://www.defenceturk.net/yerli-ucak-motoru-icin-yeni-is-birligi |access-date=2025-01-18 |website=DefenceTurk |language=tr}}[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RMsTqo8UnL4]
Future operators
; {{flag|Turkey}}
- Turkish Air Force: (at least 20 planned) - According to TAI executives, the company will supply at least 20 KAAN by 2028.{{Cite web |last=Helou |first=Agnes |date=2024-05-14 |title=TAI exec claims 20 Turkish KAAN fighters to be delivered in 2028 |url=https://breakingdefense.com/2024/05/tai-exec-claims-20-turkish-kaan-fighters-to-be-delivered-in-2028/ |access-date=2024-12-29 |website=Breaking Defense |language=en-US}}
Potential operators
; {{flag|Azerbaijan}}
- Azerbaijan Air Force: A protocol was signed with Azerbaijan to determine the working procedures and principles of cooperation on production data, including the development work of the 5th generation National Combat Aircraft KAAN, which is being developed for the Turkish Air Force.{{Cite web |last=Kita |first=Kita|date=2025-04-19|title=Milli Muharip Uçak, Azerbaycan ile geliştirilecek
|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/tr/ekonomi/milli-muharip-ucak-azerbaycan-ile-gelistirilecek-/2955985|access-date=2025-04-19 |website=Anadolu Ajansı|language=tr-TR}}
; {{flag|Saudi Arabia}}
- Royal Saudi Air Force: It has been claimed that Saudi Arabia is considering purchasing 100 KAAN fighter jets in line with its goals of modernizing its military capacity.Additionally, TUSAŞ General Manager Mehmet Demiroğlu announced that the United Arab Emirates is also interested in KAAN.{{Cite web |last=Kita |first=Kita|date=2025-04-19|title=TF Kaan: Why UAE Might Be Interested In Turkey’s Stealth Jet Project
|url=https://www.forbes.com/sites/pauliddon/2025/02/25/tf-kaan-why-uae-might-be-interested-in-turkeys-stealth-jet-project/|access-date=2025-04-19 |website=Forbes|language=en-US}}
; {{flag|Indonesia}}
- Indonesian Air Force: Indonesian President Prabowo Subianto said: We want to take part in Türkiye's fifth-generation national fighter jet project, KAAN. Likewise, we aim to benefit from Türkiye’s defense industry in our submarine program. in meeting with Turkish President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan on 10 April 2025.{{Cite web |last=Kita |first=Kita|date=2025-04-19|title=Indonesia Eyes Entry in Turkey’s Fifth-Gen ‘KAAN’ Fighter Jet Program|url=https://thedefensepost.com/2025/04/14/indonesia-turkey-kaan-fighter-jet//|access-date=2025-04-19 |website=The Defense Post|language=en-US}}
; {{flag|Ukraine}}
- Ukraine Air Force: Ukraine's ambassador to Ankara, Vasyl Bodnar has openly declared his country's interest in KAAN to the Turkish press. The Ukrainian defense industry has shown interest in KAAN's final engine.{{Cite web |last=Kita |first=Kita|date=2025-04-20|title=Homegrown 5th-generation jet KAAN geopolitically critical for Türkiye
|url=https://www.aa.com.tr/en/turkiye/homegrown-5th-generation-jet-kaan-geopolitically-critical-for-turkiye/3150942|access-date=2025-04-20 |website=Anadolu Ajansı|language=tr-TR}}
; {{flag|Egypt}}
- Egyptian Air Force: Egypt may consider equipping its air force with Türkiye's fifth-generation fighter jets, which were recently successfully tested, according to a report published by Turkish website Sanayi Gazetesi on Monday.{{Cite web |last=Kita |first=Kita|date=2025-04-20|title=Sisi ve Erdoğan'ın Ankara'da yapacağı görüşmelerin gündeminde savunma iş birliği var
|url=https://www.indyturk.com/node/744071/d%C3%BCnya/sisi-ve-erdo%C4%9Fan%C4%B1n-ankarada-yapaca%C4%9F%C4%B1-g%C3%B6r%C3%BC%C5%9Fmelerin-g%C3%BCndeminde-savunma-i%C5%9F-birli%C4%9Fi-var|access-date=2025-04-20|website=Independent Turkce|language=tr-TR}}
; {{flag|Malaysia}}
- Royal Malaysian Air Force: Turkiye has offered Malaysia the opportunity to participate in the Kaan. Deputy Minister of National Defense Celal Sami Tüfekçi, in a statement at a defense fair in Kuala Lumpur, offered Malaysia the opportunity to work on the fifth-generation fighter jet.{{Cite web |last=Kita |first=Kita|date=2025-04-19|title=Turkey Invites Malaysia To Invest In Kaan Fighter Program
|url=https://aviationweek.com/defense/aircraft-propulsion/turkey-invites-malaysia-invest-kaan-fighter-program|access-date=2025-04-19 |website=Aviation Week|language=en-US}}
; {{flag|Pakistan}}
- Pakistan Air Force: Turkey and Pakistan are reportedly set to establish and operate a joint factory to produce the new Turkish KAAN fighter jet, in what would be a significant move between the two countries.
According to a number of Turkish and Pakistani news outlets, representatives from 32 institutions gathered at the 8th meeting of the Pak-Turkish Industrial Expo in Pakistan earlier this month and finalized plans for a partnership between Ankara and Islamabad for the production of Turkiye's KAAN fighter jet.{{Cite web |last=Kita |first=Kita|date=2025-04-19|title=Turkiye, Pakistan to establish joint factory for production of KAAN fighter jet
|url=https://www.middleeastmonitor.com/20250122-turkiye-pakistan-to-establish-joint-factory-for-production-of-kaan-fighter-jet/|access-date=2025-04-19 |website=Middle East Monitor|language=en-US}}
Preliminary specifications
{{Aircraft specs
|ref=Turkish Aerospace Industries{{cite web|url=https://www.tusas.com/content/files/uploads/2852/TechnicSpec_EN_KAAN.pdf |title=Technic Spec KAAN |website=tusas.com |access-date=2025-01-25}}
|prime units?=met
|crew=One
|capacity=
|length m=20.3
|length ft=
|length in=
|length note=
|span m= 13.4
|span ft=
|span in=
|span note=
|height m= 5
|height ft=
|height in=
|height note=
|wing area sqm= 71.6
|wing area sqft= 770
|wing area note=
|empty weight kg=
|empty weight lb=
|empty weight note=
|gross weight kg=
|gross weight lb=
|gross weight note=
|max takeoff weight kg=34750
|max takeoff weight lb=76500
|max takeoff weight note=
|fuel capacity=
|more general=
|eng1 number= 2
|eng1 name= General Electric F110-GE-129{{efn|TAI Kaan will use the TF-35000 engine, which will be produced by TEI.{{cite web |url=https://www.tgrthaber.com/teknoloji/tusastan-milli-muharip-ucak-aciklamasi-35-bin-pound-gucte-motor-yapabiliriz-2825927 |title=TUSAŞ'tan Milli Muharip Uçak açıklaması: 35 bin pound güçte motor yapabiliriz |last=Güleş |first=Okan |date=3 May 2022 |website= |publisher=TGRT Haber |access-date=June 18, 2024 |quote=}}}}
|eng1 type= Turbofan
|eng1 kn= 76.3
|eng1 lbf= 17.155
|eng1 note=
|power original= General Electric F110-129
|thrust original=
|eng1 kn-ab= 131
|eng1 lbf-ab= 29.000
|max speed mph=
|max speed kts=
|max speed note=
|max speed mach= 1,8
|max speed kmh=
|cruise speed kmh=
|cruise speed mph=
|cruise speed kts=
|cruise speed note=
|stall speed kmh=
|stall speed mph=
|stall speed kts=
|stall speed note=
|range km=
|range miles=
|range nmi=
|range note=
|combat range km=
|combat range miles=
|combat range nmi=
|combat range note=
|ferry range km=
|ferry range miles=
|ferry range nmi=
|ferry range note=
|endurance=
|ceiling m=16,764
|ceiling ft=55,000
|ceiling note=
|g limits=+9,0 g & -3,5 g
|roll rate=
|glide ratio=
|climb rate ms=
|climb rate ftmin=
|climb rate note=
|time to altitude=
|lift to drag=
|wing loading kg/m2=485
|wing loading lb/sqft=
|wing loading note=
|fuel consumption kg/km=
|fuel consumption lb/mi=
|thrust/weight=0,75
|more performance=
|guns=30x113 mm
|hardpoints=8 internal; 3 per wing, total 6 external
|hardpoint capacity=
|rockets=
|missiles=
- Air-to-air missiles:
- GÖKTUĞ missile program:
- Peregrine (Gökdoğan) BVR active radar homing
- Gökhan ramjet engine powered BVR active radar homing
- Merlin (Bozdoğan) short-range infrared homing
- Air-to-surface missiles:
- SOM Cruise Missile (B1, B2, and J variants)
- KUZGUN-TJ, Turbojet-powered Air-to-surface missile
- KUZGUN-KY, Solid fuel Rocket-powered Air-to-surface missile
- KUZGUN-ER, Turbojet-powered, Air-to-surface missile (According to TUBITAK-SAGE, this missile will be equivalent to Penguin Missiles.){{cite web | url=https://www.savunmasanayist.com/tubitak-sageden-milli-penguin-kuzgun-er/ | language=tr | title=TÜBİTAK-SAGE'den Milli Penguin: KUZGUN-ER | date=20 March 2022 | access-date=27 March 2022 | archive-date=25 March 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325021016/https://www.savunmasanayist.com/tubitak-sageden-milli-penguin-kuzgun-er/ | url-status=live}}
- KUZGUN-EW, KUZGUN-EW will be able to carry miniaturised EW payload which will act as a stand-in jammer and suppress enemy air defences to significantly increase the survivability of the aircraft of the Turkish Air Force.{{cite web | url=https://www.savunmasanayist.com/tubitak-sageden-milli-penguin-kuzgun-er/ | language=tr | title=KUZGUN'un Elektronik Harp Konfigürasyonu: KUZGUN-EW | date=20 March 2022 | access-date=27 March 2022 | archive-date=25 March 2022 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220325021016/https://www.savunmasanayist.com/tubitak-sageden-milli-penguin-kuzgun-er/ | url-status=live}}
- AKBABA, Air-to-surface, Anti-radiation Missile (ARM)
- ROKETSAN ÇAKIR Missile Family, Anti-ship, Air-to-surface, surface-to-surface Cruise Missile.{{cite web|url=https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2022/03/turkish-roketsan-introduces-new-antiship-missile-family-cakir/|title=Turkish Roketsan Introduces New Antiship Missile Family "ÇAKIR"|date=31 March 2022|access-date=31 March 2022|archive-date=31 March 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220331094017/https://www.navalnews.com/naval-news/2022/03/turkish-roketsan-introduces-new-antiship-missile-family-cakir/|url-status=live}}
|bombs=
- Teber-81 (Mark 81 bomb w/ ROKETSAN Laser Guidance Kit)
- HGK-82 (Mark 82 bomb w/ TUBITAK-SAGE Precision Guidance Kit)
- KGK-82 (Mark 82 bomb w/ TUBITAK-SAGE Wing Assisted Guidance Kit)
- Teber-82 (Mark 82 bomb w/ ROKETSAN Laser Guidance Kit)
- HGK-83 (Mark 83 bomb w/ TUBITAK-SAGE Precision Guidance Kit)
- KGK-83 (Mark 83 bomb w/ TUBITAK-SAGE Wing Assisted Guidance Kit)
- HGK-84 (Mark 84 bomb w/ TUBITAK-SAGE Precision Guidance Kit)
- LHGK-84 (Mark 84 bomb w/ TUBITAK-SAGE Laser Sensitive Guidance Kit)
- SARB-83, Bunker buster
- NEB-84, Bunker buster
- MAM (Smart Micro Munition) (MAM-T variant)
- KUZGUN-SS, Glide bomb
- ASELSAN Miniature Bomb
- Integrated RF System (IRFS)
- MURAD-600A AESA radar
- Radar warning receiver
- Integrated Electro-Optical System (IEOS)
- KARAT-200{{cite web|url=https://www.aselsan.com/en/defence/product/3030/karat |title=KARAT INFRARED SEARCH AND TRACK SYSTEM |website=aselsan.com |access-date=2025-01-25}} Infrared Search and Track (IRST)
- TOYGUN-200{{cite web|url=https://wwwcdn.aselsan.com/api/file/TOYGUN_ENG.pdf |title=TOYGUN ELECTRO-OPTICAL SENSOR SYSTEM |website=aselsan.com |access-date=2025-01-25}} Electro-Optical Targeting System (EOTS)
- İRİS-300 Missile approach warning system (IR-MWS/360° day/night imaging)
- YILDIRIM-300 Directional Infrared Counter Measures (DIRCM)
- LİAS-300 Laser warning receiver (LWS)
- Integrated Communications Navigation and IFF (ICNI)
- ICNAir-ASQ9683 communications suite
- ARVEN radio-navigation equipment
- IdentIFF Mode-5 identification friend or foe{{cite web|url=https://www.aselsan.com/en/defence/product/3586/identiff-mode5-cit |title=IdentIFF Mode5 CIT |website=aselsan.com |access-date=2025-01-25}}
- Advanced Cockpit / Human Machine Interface
- TULGAR{{cite web|url=https://www.aselsan.com/en/defence/product/3469/tulgar#:~:text=TULGAR%20Helmet%20Mounted%20Display%20(HMD,system%20for%20fixed%20wing%20platforms. |title=TULGAR |website=aselsan.com |access-date=2025-01-25}} Helmet-mounted display (HMDS)
- LAD-208{{cite web|url=https://www.stgm.com.tr/lad-208/ |title=Geniş Alan Ekranı LAD-208 |language=tr |trans-title=Large Area Display LAD-208 |website=stgm.com.tr |access-date=2025-01-25}} Large area display (LAD)
}}
See also
{{Portal|Aviation|Turkey}}
{{Aircontent
|see also=
|related=
|similar aircraft=
|lists=
}}
Notes
{{notelist}}
References
{{reflist|refs=
{{Cite news |place= TR |url= http://www.todayszaman.com/news-247512-turkey-ready-to-produce-first-national-fighter-jet.html |title= Turkey ready to produce first national fighter jet |publisher= Feza Gazetecilik |work= Today's zaman |date= 15 June 2011 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://archive.today/20121208154642/http://www.todayszaman.com/news-247512-turkey-ready-to-produce-first-national-fighter-jet.html |archive-date= 8 December 2012}}
{{Cite news |place= TR |url= http://www.ssm.gov.tr/home/projects/Sayfalar/proje.aspx?projeID=147 |title= Jet Trainer Aircraft and Fighter Aircraft Conceptual Design Project |publisher= SSM |date= 11 April 2013 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20131029202154/http://www.ssm.gov.tr/home/projects/Sayfalar/proje.aspx?projeID=147 |archive-date= 29 October 2013}}
{{Citation |place= TR |url= https://www.donanimhaber.com/Milli-Muharip-Ucak-TFX-cift-motorlu-olacak--89671 |title= Milli Muharip Uçak TF-X çift motorlu olacak |language= turkish |work= DonanımHaber |date= 2 March 2017 |access-date= 2017-03-02 |archive-date= 27 July 2021 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20210727075618/https://www.donanimhaber.com/Milli-Muharip-Ucak-TFX-cift-motorlu-olacak--89671 |url-status= live}}
{{Cite news |place= TR |url= https://www.ntv.com.tr/ekonomi/kale-grubu-ve-rolls-royce-ucak-motoru-uretecek,Yn_ZUim6OE6z3Ltpjjie6w |title= Kale Grubu ve dünyanın en büyük uçak motor üreticilerinden Rolls-Royce, Türkiye'ye uçak motorları geliştirmek için el sıkıştı |publisher= NTV |date= 8 May 2017 |access-date= 4 March 2019 |archive-date= 6 March 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20190306044630/https://www.ntv.com.tr/ekonomi/kale-grubu-ve-rolls-royce-ucak-motoru-uretecek,Yn_ZUim6OE6z3Ltpjjie6w |url-status= live}}
{{cite web |place=TR |url=http://www.milscint.com/tr/milli-muharip-ucakin-motoru-trmotora-emanet/ |title=Milli Muharip Uçak'ın Motoru, TRMOTOR'a Emanet |publisher=MSI |access-date=2018-11-08 |archive-date=6 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190306042801/http://www.milscint.com/tr/milli-muharip-ucakin-motoru-trmotora-emanet/ |url-status=live}}
{{Cite news |place= TR |url= http://c4defence.com/Gundem/mmu-icin-ge-motoru/7271/1 |title= MMU için GE Motoru |publisher= C4 Defence |date= 23 October 2018 |access-date= 4 March 2019 |archive-date= 5 November 2019 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20191105164310/http://www.c4defence.com/Gundem/mmu-icin-ge-motoru/7271/1 |url-status= dead}}
}}
External links
{{Commons category}}
- {{Official website|https://www.tusas.com/en/products/aircraft/indigenous-development/tf }}
{{TAI aircraft}}
{{Stealth aircraft}}
Category:2020s fighter aircraft
Category:2020s Turkish military aircraft
Category:Aircraft first flown in 2024