Talk:Global catastrophic risk#Graph%20on%20BBC%20website

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A paraphrased summary of Article IV and IX of the Outer Space Treaty can be found here: https://www.unoosa.org/oosa/en/ourwork/spacelaw/treaties/outerspacetreaty.html

Citing above summary for the case of Article IV:

Article IV

States Parties to the Treaty undertake not to place in orbit around the earth any objects carrying nuclear weapons or any other kinds of weapons of mass destruction, install such weapons on celestial bodies, or station such weapons in outer space in any other manner.

The moon and other celestial bodies shall be used by all States Parties to the Treaty exclusively for peaceful purposes. The establishment of military bases, installations and fortifications, the testing of any type of weapons and the conduct of military manoeuvres on celestial bodies shall be forbidden. The use of military personnel for scientific research or for any other peaceful purposes shall not be prohibited. The use of any equipment or facility necessary for peaceful exploration of the moon and other celestial bodies shall also not be prohibited.

Citing above summary for the case of Article IX:

Article IX

In the exploration and use of outer space, including the moon and other celestial bodies, States Parties to the Treaty shall be guided by the principle of co-operation and mutual assistance and shall conduct all their activities in outer space, including the moon and other celestial bodies, with due regard to the corresponding interests of all other States Parties to the Treaty. States Parties to the Treaty shall pursue studies of outer space, including the moon and other celestial bodies, and conduct exploration of them so as to avoid their harmful contamination and also adverse changes in the environment of the Earth resulting from the introduction of extraterrestrial matter and, where necessary, shall adopt appropriate measures for this purpose. If a State Party to the Treaty has reason to believe that an activity or experiment planned by it or its nationals in outer space, including the moon and other celestial bodies, would cause potentially harmful interference with activities of other States Parties in the peaceful exploration and use of outer space, including the moon and other celestial bodies, it shall undertake appropriate international consultations before proceeding with any such activity or experiment. A State Party to the Treaty which has reason to believe that an activity or experiment planned by another State Party in outer space, including the moon and other celestial bodies, would cause potentially harmful interference with activities in the peaceful exploration and use of outer space, including the moon and other celestial bodies, may request consultation concerning the activity or experiment.

Reference for the definition of weapons of mass destruction:

https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/623117?v=pdf

Citing the UN General Assembly's resolution "A_RES_32_84[B]-EN.pdf" for the definition and case of WMDs applying to Article IV of the Outer Space Treaty:

III. Resolutions adopted on the reports of the First Committee

[...]

32/84. Prohibition of the development and manufacture of new types of weapons of mass destruction and new systems of such weapons

A

The General Assembly,

[...]

Recognizing that modern science and technology have reached a level where a serious danger arises of the development of new, still more destructive types of weapons of mass destruction and new systems of such weapons,

[...]

Convinced of the importance of concluding and agreement or agreements to prevent the use of scientific and technological progress for the development of new types of weapons of mass destruction and new systems of such weapons,

[...]

1. Requests the Conference of the Committe on Disarmament to continue negotiations, with the assistance of qualified governmental experts, aimed at work-ing out the text of an agreement on the prohibition of the development and manufacture of new types of weapons of mass destruction and new systems of such weapons, and, when necessary, specific agreements on this subject;

[...]

3. Urges all States to refrain from any action which would impede international talks aimed at working out an agreement or agreements to prevent the use of scientific and technological progress for the development of new types of weapons of mass destruction and new systems of such weapons;

[...]

5. Decides to include in the provisional agenda of its thirty-third session the item entitled "Prohibition of the development and manufacture of new types of weap-ons of mass destruction and new systems of such weapons: report of the Conference of the Committee on Disarmament".

B

The General Assembly,

[...]

Recognizing that new weapons might be evolved on the basis of scientific principles other than those used in the weapons named in the 1948 definition of weapons of mass destruction,

[...]

Bearing in mind that recent years have seen the con-clusion of a number of important agreements on the limitation of the arms race and disarmament, including some relating to the prohibition and limitation of identified weapons of mass destruction, and that negotiations for further agreements are continuing,

[...]

1. Urges States to refrain from developing new weapons of mass destruction based on new scientific principles;

2. Calls upon States to apply scientific discovery for the benefit of mankind;

3. Reaffirms the definition of weapons of mass destruction contained in the resolution of the Commission for Conventional Armaments of 12 August 1948, which defined weapons of mass destruction as atomic explosive weapons, radioactive material weap-ons, lethal chemical and biological weapons and any weapons developed in the future which might have characteristics comparable in destructive effect to those of the atomic bomb or other weapons mentioned above;

4. Welcomes the active continuation of negotiations relating to the prohibition and limitation of identified weapons of mass destruction;

5. Requests the Conference of the Committee on Disarmament, while taking into account its existing priorities, to keep under review the question of the development of new weapons of mass destruction based on new scientific principles and to consider the desir-ability of formulating agreements on the prohibition of any specific new weapons which may be identified;

Reference for the specification of the definition of biological weapons of mass destruction:

https://disarmament.unoda.org/biological-weapons/

'''Biological weapons disseminate disease-causing organisms or toxins to harm or kill humans, animals or plants.

The Biological Weapons Convention (BWC) effectively prohibits the development, production, acquisition, transfer, stockpiling and use of biological and toxin weapons. It was the first multilateral disarmament treaty banning an entire category of weapons of mass destruction (WMD).

The BWC is a key element in the international community’s efforts to address WMD proliferation and it has established a strong norm against biological weapons. The Convention has reached almost universal membership with 188 States Parties and four Signatory States.''' — Preceding unsigned comment added by 195.192.195.234 (talk) 08:34, 24 May 2025 (UTC)

:So? Why are you repeatedly inserting all of this into the discussion of space colonization as a proposed alternative to improve the odds of surviving an extinction scenario? Multiple editors have undone you. Please get consensus before adding this. Meters (talk) 08:53, 24 May 2025 (UTC)

::OP{ blocked while I was responding. Meters (talk) 08:54, 24 May 2025 (UTC)