Talk:Zeolitic imidazolate framework

This page needs more applicable content. Also, the relationship between ZIFs and Metal Organic Frameworks needs to be established ( I believe ZIFs are a subclass of MOFs ). If I study this topic more, I will come back and update.

Michael Wise (talk) 07:27, 10 November 2009 (UTC)

:Hello, I'm a student editor (User:myenccs) in a class on carbon capture and sequestration. My group and I are planning on increasing the content of this page. ZIFs are indeed a subclass of MOFs. They are notable for having exceptional stability (like zeolites tend to do). In terms of details, I see opportunities to summarize how ZIFs are distinct from MOFs, including pros and cons, how they are synthesized, and some data on recent progress/results. There appear to be a few notable ZIF species, although literature seems to drop off after 2014 compared to MOFs in general. For the lead section, we could add a couple sentences regarding their current main applications (either in research or in deployment).-- Myenccs (talk) 00:25, 22 April 2017 (UTC)

: see below for planned additions --

40px This article is or was the subject of a Wiki Education Foundation-supported course assignment. Further details are available on the course page. Student editor(s): Myenccs, Lstrong8522, LaniHack, Rrahul24. Peer reviewers: JoseZZ, Lorenzorosa92, Sdhamilton, Parkerjones3.

{{small|Above undated message substituted from Template:Dashboard.wikiedu.org assignment by PrimeBOT (talk) 05:26, 18 January 2022 (UTC)}}

== Synthesis (Carbon Capture and Sequestration Spring 2017 Class) ==

The synthesis of porous ZIFs generally consists of combining a hydrated metal salt, ImH species (imidazole with acidic proton), an amide solvent, and heat.{{Cite journal|last=Park|first=Kyo Sung|last2=Ni|first2=Zheng|last3=Côté|first3=Adrien P.|last4=Choi|first4=Jae Yong|last5=Huang|first5=Rudan|last6=Uribe-Romo|first6=Fernando J.|last7=Chae|first7=Hee K.|last8=O’Keeffe|first8=Michael|last9=Yaghi|first9=Omar M.|date=2006-07-05|title=Exceptional chemical and thermal stability of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks|url=http://www.pnas.org/content/103/27/10186|journal=Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences|language=en|volume=103|issue=27|pages=10186–10191|doi=10.1073/pnas.0602439103|issn=0027-8424|pmc=PMC1502432|pmid=16798880}}  The heat degrades the amide solvent to generate an amine, which deprotonates the imidazole and allows it to participate as a structural ligand to the metal. With the right heating conditions, molar ratios, and concentrations, this solvothermal process is ideal for generating monocrystalline materials for single-crystal X-ray diffraction.{{Cite journal|last=Banerjee|first=Rahul|last2=Phan|first2=Anh|last3=Wang|first3=Bo|last4=Knobler|first4=Carolyn|last5=Furukawa|first5=Hiroyasu|last6=O'Keeffe|first6=Michael|last7=Yaghi|first7=Omar M.|date=2008-02-15|title=High-Throughput Synthesis of Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks and Application to CO2 Capture|url=http://science.sciencemag.org/content/319/5865/939|journal=Science|language=en|volume=319|issue=5865|pages=939–943|doi=10.1126/science.1152516|issn=0036-8075|pmid=18276887}}{{Cite journal|last=Wang|first=Bo|last2=Côté|first2=Adrien P.|last3=Furukawa|first3=Hiroyasu|last4=O’Keeffe|first4=Michael|last5=Yaghi|first5=Omar M.|date=2008-05-08|title=Colossal cages in zeolitic imidazolate frameworks as selective carbon dioxide reservoirs|url=http://www.nature.com/nature/journal/v453/n7192/full/nature06900.html|journal=Nature|language=en|volume=453|issue=7192|pages=207–211|doi=10.1038/nature06900|issn=0028-0836}}   Common amide solvents include N,N-dimethylformamide, N,N-diethylformamide, and N-methylpyrrolidine.  Functionalized ImH linkers allow for control of ZIF topology.{{Cite journal|last=Hayashi|first=Hideki|last2=Côté|first2=Adrien P.|last3=Furukawa|first3=Hiroyasu|last4=O’Keeffe|first4=Michael|last5=Yaghi|first5=Omar M.|date=2007-07-01|title=Zeolite A imidazolate frameworks|url=http://www.nature.com/nmat/journal/v6/n7/full/nmat1927.html|journal=Nature Materials|language=en|volume=6|issue=7|pages=501–506|doi=10.1038/nmat1927|issn=1476-1122}}  Bases such as pyridine,{{Cite journal|last=Yang|first=Tingxu|last2=Chung|first2=Tai-Shung|date=2013-04-23|title=Room-temperature synthesis of ZIF-90 nanocrystals and the derived nano-composite membranes for hydrogen separation|url=http://pubs.rsc.org/en/content/articlehtml/2013/ta/c3ta10928c|journal=Journal of Materials Chemistry A|language=en|volume=1|issue=19|doi=10.1039/C3TA10928C|issn=2050-7496}} TEA,{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257573803_Solvothermal_synthesis_of_mixed-ligand_metal-organic_framework_ZIF-78_with_controllable_size_and_morphology|title=Solvothermal synthesis of mixed-ligand metal–organic framework ZIF-78 with controllable size and morphology|website=ResearchGate|language=en|access-date=2017-05-01}} and NaOH{{Cite journal|last=Peralta|first=David|last2=Chaplais|first2=Gérald|last3=Simon-Masseron|first3=Angélique|last4=Barthelet|first4=Karin|last5=Pirngruber|first5=Gerhard D.|date=2012-05-01|title=Synthesis and adsorption properties of ZIF-76 isomorphs|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1387181111005944|journal=Microporous and Mesoporous Materials|volume=153|pages=1–7|doi=10.1016/j.micromeso.2011.12.009}} can also facilitate ZIF formation. Methanol,{{Cite journal|last=Huang|first=Xiao-Chun|last2=Lin|first2=Yan-Yong|last3=Zhang|first3=Jie-Peng|last4=Chen|first4=Xiao-Ming|date=2006-02-27|title=Ligand-Directed Strategy for Zeolite-Type Metal–Organic Frameworks: Zinc(II) Imidazolates with Unusual Zeolitic Topologies|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/anie.200503778/abstract|journal=Angewandte Chemie International Edition|language=en|volume=45|issue=10|pages=1557–1559|doi=10.1002/anie.200503778|issn=1521-3773}}{{Cite journal|last=Cravillon|first=Janosch|last2=Münzer|first2=Simon|last3=Lohmeier|first3=Sven-Jare|last4=Feldhoff|first4=Armin|last5=Huber|first5=Klaus|last6=Wiebcke|first6=Michael|date=2009-04-28|title=Rapid Room-Temperature Synthesis and Characterization of Nanocrystals of a Prototypical Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework|url=http://dx.doi.org/10.1021/cm900166h|journal=Chemistry of Materials|volume=21|issue=8|pages=1410–1412|doi=10.1021/cm900166h|issn=0897-4756}} ethanol,{{Cite journal|last=He|first=Ming|last2=Yao|first2=Jianfeng|last3=Li|first3=Lunxi|last4=Wang|first4=Kun|last5=Chen|first5=Fanyan|last6=Wang|first6=Huanting|date=2013-10-01|title=Synthesis of Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework-7 in a Water/Ethanol Mixture and Its Ethanol-Induced Reversible Phase Transition|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cplu.201300193/abstract|journal=ChemPlusChem|language=en|volume=78|issue=10|pages=1222–1225|doi=10.1002/cplu.201300193|issn=2192-6506}} and isopropanol{{Cite journal|last=Bennett|first=Thomas D.|last2=Saines|first2=Paul J.|last3=Keen|first3=David A.|last4=Tan|first4=Jin-Chong|last5=Cheetham|first5=Anthony K.|date=2013-05-27|title=Ball-Milling-Induced Amorphization of Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks (ZIFs) for the Irreversible Trapping of Iodine|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/chem.201300216/abstract|journal=Chemistry – A European Journal|language=en|volume=19|issue=22|pages=7049–7055|doi=10.1002/chem.201300216|issn=1521-3765}} have also been explored as alternative organic solvents for ZIF formation, while additives including sodium formate{{Cite journal|last=Cravillon|first=Janosch|last2=Schröder|first2=Christian A.|last3=Bux|first3=Helge|last4=Rothkirch|first4=André|last5=Caro|first5=Jürgen|last6=Wiebcke|first6=Michael|date=2011-12-12|title=Formate modulated solvothermal synthesis of ZIF-8 investigated using time-resolved in situ X-ray diffraction and scanning electron microscopy|url=http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2012/CE/c1ce06002c#!divAbstract|journal=CrystEngComm|language=en|volume=14|issue=2|doi=10.1039/C1CE06002C|issn=1466-8033}} and poly-(diallyldimethylammonium chloride){{Cite journal|last=Nune|first=Satish K.|last2=Thallapally|first2=Praveen K.|last3=Dohnalkova|first3=Alice|last4=Wang|first4=Chongmin|last5=Liu|first5=Jun|last6=Exarhos|first6=Gregory J.|date=2010-06-29|title=Synthesis and properties of nano zeolitic imidazolate frameworks|url=http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2010/CC/C002088E#!divAbstract|journal=Chemical Communications|language=en|volume=46|issue=27|doi=10.1039/C002088E|issn=1364-548X}} allow control over size, yield, and speed of crystal formation.   Sonication, which leverages acoustic cavitation, has been seen to improve crystal nucleation speed and homogeneity.{{Cite journal|last=Seoane|first=Beatriz|last2=Zamaro|first2=Juan M.|last3=Tellez|first3=Carlos|last4=Coronas|first4=Joaquin|date=2012-04-02|title=Sonocrystallization of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks (ZIF-7, ZIF-8, ZIF-11 and ZIF-20)|url=http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2012/CE/C2CE06382D#!divAbstract|journal=CrystEngComm|language=en|volume=14|issue=9|doi=10.1039/C2CE06382D|issn=1466-8033}}{{Cite journal|last=Cho|first=Hye-Young|last2=Kim|first2=Jun|last3=Kim|first3=Se-Na|last4=Ahn|first4=Wha-Seung|date=2013-03-15|title=High yield 1-L scale synthesis of ZIF-8 via a sonochemical route|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1387181112006610|journal=Microporous and Mesoporous Materials|volume=169|pages=180–184|doi=10.1016/j.micromeso.2012.11.012}}

As a non-toxic and non-flammable solvent, water has been of interest in ZIF synthesis.  In its simplest incarnations, water-based synthesis of ZIFs involves mixing zinc nitrate solution with imidazole solution at room temperature, and collecting the products by centrifugation.{{Cite journal|last=Pan|first=Yichang|last2=Liu|first2=Yunyang|last3=Zeng|first3=Gaofeng|last4=Zhao|first4=Lan|last5=Lai|first5=Zhiping|date=2011-02-01|title=Rapid synthesis of zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (ZIF-8) nanocrystals in an aqueous system|url=http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2011/CC/c0cc05002d#!divAbstract|journal=Chemical Communications|language=en|volume=47|issue=7|doi=10.1039/C0CC05002D|issn=1364-548X}}{{Cite journal|last=Tanaka|first=Shunsuke|last2=Kida|first2=Koji|last3=Okita|first3=Muneyuki|last4=Ito|first4=Yosuke|last5=Miyake|first5=Yoshikazu|date=2012-10-05|title=Size-controlled Synthesis of Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework-8 (ZIF-8) Crystals in an Aqueous System at Room Temperature|url=http://www.journal.csj.jp/doi/abs/10.1246/cl.2012.1337|journal=Chemistry Letters|volume=41|issue=10|pages=1337–1339|doi=10.1246/cl.2012.1337|issn=0366-7022}}{{Cite journal|last=Kida|first=Koji|last2=Okita|first2=Muneyuki|last3=Fujita|first3=Kosuke|last4=Tanaka|first4=Shunsuke|last5=Miyake|first5=Yoshikazu|date=2013-02-07|title=Formation of high crystalline ZIF-8 in an aqueous solution|url=http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2013/CE/c2ce26847g#!divAbstract|journal=CrystEngComm|language=en|volume=15|issue=9|doi=10.1039/C2CE26847G|issn=1466-8033}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/257009927_Hydrothermal_synthesis_of_zeolitic_imidazolate_framework-67_ZIF-67_nanocrystals|title=Hydrothermal synthesis of zeolitic imidazolate framework-67 (ZIF-67) nanocrystals|website=ResearchGate|language=en|access-date=2017-05-01}}  As in the case of organic solvents, the addition of triethylamine{{Cite journal|last=Gross|first=Adam F.|last2=Sherman|first2=Elena|last3=Vajo|first3=John J.|date=2012-04-10|title=Aqueous room temperature synthesis of cobalt and zinc sodalite zeolitic imidizolate frameworks|url=http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2012/DT/C2DT30174A#!divAbstract|journal=Dalton Transactions|language=en|volume=41|issue=18|doi=10.1039/C2DT30174A|issn=1477-9234}} and ammonium hydroxide{{Cite journal|last=Yao|first=Jianfeng|last2=He|first2=Ming|last3=Wang|first3=Kun|last4=Chen|first4=Rizhi|last5=Zhong|first5=Zhaoxiang|last6=Wang|first6=Huanting|date=2013-04-16|title=High-yield synthesis of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks from stoichiometric metal and ligand precursor aqueous solutions at room temperature|url=http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2013/CE/c3ce27093a#!divAbstract|journal=CrystEngComm|language=en|volume=15|issue=18|doi=10.1039/C3CE27093A|issn=1466-8033}} as deprotonating agents can facilitate ZIF formation.  Water-soluble polymers such as poly(ethylene oxide)–poly(propylene oxide)–poly(ethylene oxide) (PEO–PPO–PEO){{Cite journal|last=Yao|first=Jianfeng|last2=He|first2=Ming|last3=Wang|first3=Kun|last4=Chen|first4=Rizhi|last5=Zhong|first5=Zhaoxiang|last6=Wang|first6=Huanting|date=2013-04-16|title=High-yield synthesis of zeolitic imidazolate frameworks from stoichiometric metal and ligand precursor aqueous solutions at room temperature|url=http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2013/CE/c3ce27093a#!divAbstract|journal=CrystEngComm|language=en|volume=15|issue=18|doi=10.1039/C3CE27093A|issn=1466-8033}} and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP){{Cite journal|last=Shieh|first=Fa-Kuen|last2=Wang|first2=Shao-Chun|last3=Leo|first3=Sin-Yen|last4=Wu|first4=Kevin C.-W.|date=2013-08-19|title=Water-Based Synthesis of Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework-90 (ZIF-90) with a Controllable Particle Size|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/chem.201301560/abstract|journal=Chemistry – A European Journal|language=en|volume=19|issue=34|pages=11139–11142|doi=10.1002/chem.201301560|issn=1521-3765}} can act as crystal dispersants, resulting in improved morphology outcomes in aqueous systems.  

Ionic liquids have also been explored for ZIF synthesis.  Ionic liquids can act as both solvents and templates, while being non-flammable, recyclable, and of low vapor pressure.  Two such ionic liquids include 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium bis[(triuoromethyl) sulfonyl]imide{{Cite journal|last=Martins|first=Gesley A. V.|last2=Byrne|first2=Peter J.|last3=Allan|first3=Phoebe|last4=Teat|first4=Simon J.|last5=Slawin|first5=Alexandra M. Z.|last6=Li|first6=Yang|last7=Morris|first7=Russell E.|date=2010-02-02|title=The use of ionic liquids in the synthesis of zinc imidazolate frameworks|url=http://pubs.rsc.org/en/Content/ArticleLanding/2010/DT/b917348j#!divAbstract|journal=Dalton Transactions|language=en|volume=39|issue=7|doi=10.1039/B917348J|issn=1477-9234}}, and  1-butyl-3- methyl-imidazolium tetrauoroborate.{{Cite journal|last=Yang|first=Lisha|last2=Lu|first2=Huimin|date=2012-05-01|title=Microwave-assisted Ionothermal Synthesis and Characterization of Zeolitic Imidazolate Framework-8|url=http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/cjoc.201100595/abstract|journal=Chinese Journal of Chemistry|language=en|volume=30|issue=5|pages=1040–1044|doi=10.1002/cjoc.201100595|issn=1614-7065}}

Hello, I am also a student and recently added two sections to the page --> ZIFs versus MOFs and ZIFS vs commercially available products. I did this mostly to show the divide between the two materials, despite the fact that ZIFs are a subset of MOFs. I also wanted to showcase the key advantages ZIFs have over MOFs in carbon capture. -- Lstrong8522 (talk) 09:31, 3 May 2017 (UTC)

This addition is very thorough, but becomes bogged down in names of specific chemicals and substances. Providing a few examples is helpful, but consider significantly reducing the number of chemical/substance names that are present, as they overshadow the actual content. -- Parkerjones3

To quote from WP:OR: "Wikipedia articles must not contain original research. The phrase "original research" (OR) is used on Wikipedia to refer to material—such as facts, allegations, and ideas—for which no reliable, published sources exist.[1] This includes any analysis or synthesis of published material that serves to reach or imply a conclusion not stated by the sources...."--Smokefoot (talk) 15:07, 6 May 2017 (UTC)