Tammaritu (son of Teumman)
{{Short description|King of Elam from 664 to 653 BCE}}
{{Infobox royalty
|name=Tammaritu
|title={{unbulleted list
| Prince of Elam
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|image=Assyrian soldier holding the head of Tammaritu.jpg
|caption=Assyrian soldier holding the head of Tammaritu. British Museum.
|spouse=|reign=
|father=
|mother=
|predecessor=
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|dynasty=Humban-Tahrid dynasty ("Neo-Elamite")
|succession=
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Tammaritu (died in 653 BCE) was a prince of Elam and son of Teumman, king of the ancient kingdom of Elam, who ruled from 664 to 653 BCE,{{cite book|author=D. T. Potts|title=The Archaeology of Elam: Formation and Transformation of an Ancient Iranian State|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ob_bCgAAQBAJ&pg=PT449|date=12 November 2015|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-1-316-58631-0|page=449}} and was a contemporary with the Assyrian king Ashurbanipal (668 - c. 627 BCE). In various sources, the name may be found spelled as Te’umman, Teumann, or Te-Umman. For a time, "many scholars, beginning with G.G. Cameron," believed him to have been the Tepti-Huban-Inshushinak mentioned in inscriptions, although this view has since fallen from favor.
Succession
Teumman succeeded Urtak.{{cite book|author=John Boederman|title=The Cambridge Ancient History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=OGBGauNBK8kC&pg=PA148|year=1997|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-22717-9|page=148}} The relationship between Urtak and Teumman is a matter of disagreement. On the one hand, D. T. Potts (2015) refers to Teumann as "apparently unrelated to either Urtak or Hubanhaltash II." Likewise, Boederman's Cambridge Ancient History refers to the accession of Teumman as a "dynastic upset." On the other hand, M. Rahim Shayegan claims that "Te'umman seems to have been the brother of two of his royal predecessors (Huban-Haltaš II and Urtak)."{{cite book|author=M. Rahim Shayegan|title=Arsacids and Sasanians: Political Ideology in Post-Hellenistic and Late Antique Persia|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=f_gcyC8l80MC&pg=PA279|date=15 September 2011|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-76641-8|page=279}} In any event, upon the accession of Teumman, Urtak's sons escaped to Assyria, after which Urtak unsuccessfully demanded that Assyria return Urtak's sons to his custody.
Battle of Ulai (653 BCE)
{{main|Battle of Ulai}}
Ashurbanipal launched a devastating attack on Elam in 653.{{cite book|author1=Bill T. Arnold|author2=Brent A. Strawn|title=The World around the Old Testament: The People and Places of the Ancient Near East|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=e9xrDQAAQBAJ&pg=PT77|date=15 November 2016|publisher=Baker Publishing Group|isbn=978-1-4934-0574-9|page=77}} A text, written in 649, among the annals of Ashurbanipal, records Ashurbanipal's justifications for the war and its conclusion. Ashurbanipal's reasons for the war included "Teumman's insolent messages, his boasting, his evil plots, a lunar eclipse that foretold Teumman's downfall, a seizure inflicted on Teumman by the gods as a warning, and Teumman's declaration of war on Asshurbanipal."{{cite book|author=John Malcolm Russell|title=The Writing on the Wall: Studies in the Architectural Context of Late Assyrian Palace Inscriptions|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W9JWPGbAc3cC&pg=PA164|year=1999|publisher=Eisenbrauns|isbn=978-0-931464-95-9|page=164}} The text records that at the Battle of Ulai (653 BCE) Tammaritu defended his wounded father during the battle, but that he was ultimately beheaded together with his father. Teumman was replaced as king by Ummanigash.
File:Teumman wounded and led by his son, trying to escape from the battlefield at Ulai.jpg|Teumman wounded and led by his son Tammaritu, trying to escape from the battlefield at Ulai.{{cite journal|last1=Watanabe|first1=Chikako E.|title=The "Continuous Style" in the Narrative Scheme of Assurbanipal's Reliefs|journal=Iraq|date=2004|volume=66|page=112|doi=10.2307/4200565|jstor=4200565|issn=0021-0889}}
File:Last arrow of King Teuman and his son.jpg|Last arrow of King Teuman and his son Tammaritu.{{cite book|last1=Maspero|first1=G. (Gaston)|last2=Sayce|first2=A. H. (Archibald Henry)|last3=McClure|first3=M. L.|title=History of Egypt, Chaldea, Syria, Babylonia and Assyria|date=1903|publisher=London : Grolier Society|page=210|url=https://archive.org/stream/cu31924091767503/cu31924091767503#page/n241/mode/1up}}
File:The beheading of King Teumman of Elam.jpg|The beheading of King Teumman of Elam.
File:Assyrian warrior holding the head of Elamite King Teumman.jpg|Assyrian warrior holding the head of Elamite King Teumman.
See also
References
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{{Early Rulers of Mesopotamia}}
Category:7th-century BC monarchs in Asia
Category:Military history of the ancient Near East
Category:Year of birth unknown
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