Tatlin's Tower
{{Short description|1919 proposed tower in Petrograd, Russia}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox building
| name = Monument to the Third International
| native_name = Памятник III Интернационалу
| native_name_lang = ru
| image = Tatlin's Tower maket 1919 year.jpg
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| caption = Vladimir Tatlin and a model of his Monument to the Third International, Moscow, 1920.
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| alternate_names = Tatlinʼs Tower
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| status = Proposed
| cancelled =
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| building_type = Monument, Communications, Conferences, Government, etc.
| architectural_style = Constructivism
| location = St. Petersburg, Russia
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| height = {{convert|400|m|ft|abbr=on}}
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| architect = Vladimir Tatlin
| architecture_firm = Creative Collective
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Tatlinʼs Tower, or the project for the Monument to the Third International (1919–20),Honour, H. and Fleming, J. (2009) A World History of Art. 7th edn. London: Laurence King Publishing, p. 819. {{ISBN|978-1-85669-584-8}} was a design for a grand monumental building by the Russian artist and architect Vladimir Tatlin, that was never built.Janson, H.W. (1995) History of Art. 5th edn. Revised and expanded by Anthony F. Janson. London: Thames & Hudson, p. 820. {{ISBN|0-500-23701-8}} It was planned to be erected in Petrograd (now Saint Petersburg) after the October Revolution of 1917, as the headquarters and monument of the Communist International (the "Third International").
Plans
Tatlinʼs Constructivist tower was to be built from industrial materials: iron, glass and steel. In materials, shape and function, it was envisaged as a towering symbol of modernity. It would have dwarfed the Eiffel Tower in Paris. The tower's main form was a twin helix which spiraled up to {{convert|400|m|ft|abbr=in}} in height,Ching, Francis D.K., et al. (2011). Global History of Architecture. 2nd edition. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley & Sons, Inc., p. 716. around which visitors would be transported with the aid of various mechanical devices. The main framework would contain four large suspended geometric structures. These structures would rotate at different rates. At the base of the structure was a cube which was designed as a venue for lectures, conferences and legislative meetings, and this would complete a rotation in the span of one year. Above the cube would be a smaller pyramid housing executive activities and completing a rotation once a month. Further up would be a cylinder, which was to house an information centre, issuing news bulletins and manifestos via telegraph, radio and loudspeaker, and would complete a rotation once a day. At the top, there would be a hemisphere for radio equipment. There were also plans to install a gigantic open-air screen on the cylinder, and a further projector which would be able to cast messages across the clouds on any overcast day.{{cite book | last =Grey | first =Camilla | title =The Russian Experiment in Art | publisher =Thames & Hudson | year =1986 | location =London}}
Evaluations
There are serious doubts about the tower’s practicality given that the amount of steel required would have been impossible to obtain in bankrupt post-revolutionary Russia.
Tatlin's tower was critical to Soviet propaganda. Symbolically, the tower was said to represent the aspirations of its originating country and a challenge to the Eiffel Tower as the foremost symbol of modernity.Hughes, L. (2010). "Art—Russia" in W. H. McNeill, J. H. Bentley, D. Christian, R. C. Croizier, J. R. McNeill, H. Roupp, & J. P. Zinsser (Eds.), Berkshire Encyclopedia of World History (2nd ed., Vol. 1, pp. 259–267). Great Barrington, MA: Berkshire Publishing, p. 266. Soviet critic Viktor Shklovsky is said to have called it a monument "made of steel, glass and revolution."
Models
File:Model of Tatlin Tower, Royal Academy, London, 27 Feb 2012.jpg
There are models of Tatlinʼs Tower at the Moderna Museet in Stockholm, Sweden, at Tretyakov Gallery in Moscow, and at Musée National d'Art Moderne at the Centre Georges Pompidou in Paris. A 1:42 model was built at The Royal Academy of Arts, London in November 2011. In September 2017, the same 1:42 model was erected as part of the ʻRussian Seasonʼ at the Sainsbury Centre for Visual Arts in Norwich. Since the exhibition closed in February 2018,{{Cite web|url=https://www.uea.ac.uk/about/-/sainsbury-centre-to-add-a-ten-metre-constructivist-tower-to-the-uea-sculpture-park|title=Sainsbury Centre adds 10-metre tower to UEA sculpture park - Press Release - UEA|website=www.uea.ac.uk|language=en-GB|access-date=2017-09-26}} the tower is expected to continue as a feature of the University of East Anglia's 'sculpture park' until the end of 2021.{{Cite web|url=https://scva.ac.uk/art-and-artists/exhibitions/tatlins-tower-letatlin-glider|title=Sainsbury Centre: Tatlin's Tower|website=www.uea.ac.uk}}
Ai Weiweiʼs 2007 sculpture Fountain of Light, currently on display at the Louvre Abu Dhabi, is modelled on the Tatlin Tower.{{cite web|url=https://theartstack.com/artist/ai-weiwei-ai-wei-wei/fountain-of-light|title=Fountain of Light by Ai Weiwei|website=My Favorite Arts}}{{cite web|url=https://www.theguardian.com/artanddesign/2017/nov/07/louvre-abu-dhabi-sheikh-chic-throws-controversial-construction-in-relief|title=Louvre Abu Dhabi: Jean Nouvel's spectacular palace of culture shimmers in the desert|first=Oliver|last=Wainwright|date=7 November 2017|website=the Guardian}}
See also
- Shukhov Tower
- Tower Bawher, an abstract short film inspired by Tatlin's Tower.
- Disco Elysium, a video game which depicts communists building a similar tower from matchboxes.
- ArcelorMittal Orbit (2014)
- SKA Arena (2023), the design of which was inspired by Tatlin's Tower.{{Cite web|url=https://www.rbc.ru/spb_sz/01/06/2021/60b5dd9a9a79470b60b5b3fd|title=В Петербурге выбрали архитектурный облик «СКА Арена»}}
References and sources
;References
{{Reflist}}
;Sources
- Tatlinʼs Tower: Monument to Revolution, Norbert Lynton, Yale University Press, 2008
- Art and Literature under the Bolsheviks: Volume One – The Crisis of Renewal Brandon Taylor, Pluto Press, London 1991
- Tatlin, edited by L.A. Zhadova, Thames and Hudson, London 1988
- Concepts of Modern Art, edited by Nikos Stangos, Thames and Hudson, London 1981
- Vladimir Tatlin and the Russian avant-garde, John Milner, Yale University Press, New Haven 1983
- Nikolai Punin. [https://web.archive.org/web/20151120072729/http://www.mariabuszek.com/kcai/ConstrBau/Readings/Punin3rdIntl.pdf The Monument to the Third International], 1920
External links
{{Commons category}}
- [http://www.tatlinstowerandtheworld.net Tatlinʼs Tower and the World] — Artist group's web site on the project of building Tatlin's Tower in full scale.
- {{YouTube|3P18XmwRKgM|Architecture and the Russian Avant-garde (Pt 2 Tatlins Tower)}} – using computer graphics, archive footage and locations in Moscow, this film illustrates Tatlin's contribution to world architecture and how his tower may have looked in Moscow had it been built after the revolution; by Michael Craig; 3:37.
- [https://www.cca.qc.ca/en/search?query=tatlin&filters=%7B%22forms_collection_library_bookstore%22%3A%5B%22photographs%22%5D%7D Photographs of Tatlin and his assistants constructing the first model for the monument to the Third International, Petrograd, 1920], Canadian Centre for Architecture ([https://www.cca.qc.ca/en/search?query=tatlin&filters=%7B%22forms_collection_library_bookstore%22%3A%5B%22photographs%22%5D%7D&img_filter=1 digitized items])
{{Supertall proposed skyscrapers}}
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{{Coord missing|Russia}}
Category:Constructivist buildings and structures