Telecommunications in Syria

File:Syria and Lebanon Telecommunications - DPLA - d4166390a2e125facd917abc445a024a.jpg

International dialing code: +963[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/country_profiles/801669.stm "BBC Syria country profile"], BBC News, 7 August 2012

{{Further |Telephone numbers in Syria}}

Landline telephones in use: 2.821 million (2021 est.).{{Citation |title=Syria |date=2024-07-03 |work=The World Factbook |url=https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/syria/ |access-date=2024-07-05 |publisher=Central Intelligence Agency |language=en}}

Mobile phones in use: 16.991 million (2021 est.). The mobile operators are Syriatel, MTN Syria, and Wafa.{{Cite web |date=2022-02-21 |title=Syria awards third mobile telecoms licence to Wafa -state media |url=https://www.euronews.com/next/2022/02/21/syria-telecoms |access-date=2024-07-05 |website=euronews |language=en}} There is mobile phone coverage in most parts of Syria providing access to 96% of the population. Call quality ranges from good to acceptable. Many international calls fail or are less clear over the mobile network compared to the landline network.

{{Further |List of radio stations in Syria}}

Radio: 14 AM, 11 FM, and 1 shortwave stations in 1998. The radio operators are the state owned Syrian Arab Republic Radio and Al-Madina FM, the first private radio station, launched in March 2005. Other private radios are for example: Melody FM, Sham FM, Radio Arabesque, Mix FM Syria, Rotana FM, Fuse FM, Farah FM). Private radio stations can also transmit news or political content.

{{Further |Television in Syria}}

Television: There are three television operators: the state owned ORTAS which operates five satellite channels (Syria TV, Syrian News Channel, Syrian Drama TV, Syrian Education TV, Noor Al-Sham), broadcasting in Arabic, English, and French and the private TV Stations like Sama TV or Massaya TV. There are no restrictions on the use of satellite receivers and many viewers watch pan-Arab TV stations. Roughly two-thirds of Syrian homes have a satellite dish providing access to foreign TV broadcasts.

Opposition satellite stations broadcast from abroad; they include London-based Barada TV, Orient TV, which operates from the UAE, and Istanbul-based Syria TV.

Country code: The top level domain for Syria is .sy.

There were 8,500,000 Internet users in Syria as of March 2021 for a 46.5% Internet penetration rate.[http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats5.htm "Internet Usage in the Middle East"], Internet World Stats, 31 March 2021 Syria ranks 13th out of 14 countries in the Middle East region, just behind Iraq (59.6%) and ahead of Yemen (25.9%). The growth of Internet users has been rapid since 2016: [http://www.internetworldstats.com/stats5.htm "Internet Usage in the Middle East"], Internet World Stats, 31 March 2021[http://www.internetworldstats.com/me/sy.htm "Internet Usage and Marketing Report: Syria"], Internet World Stats, 2010

::

Year	Internet users	% of population
2000 | align=right | 30,000 | align=center | 0.2%
2002 | align=right | 220,000 | align=center | 1.2%
2005 | align=right | 800,000 | align=center | 4.2%
2009 | align=right | 3,565,000 | align=center | 16.4%
2010 | align=right | 3,935,000 | align=center | 17.7%
2011 | align=right | 4,469,000 | align=center | 19.8%
2016 | align=right | 5,502,250 | align=center | 29.6%
2021 |align=right | 8,500,000 |align=center | 46.5%

The internet first appeared around 1998. 35 organs of the Syrian government by July 1998 were connected to the internet.{{cite web|url=http://cbs.com/prd1/now/template.display?p_who=network&p_story=63093|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/19980713001251/http://cbs.com/prd1/now/template.display?p_who=network&p_story=63093|url-status=dead|archive-date=1998-07-13|title=Net Arrives in Syria (Slowly)|work=CBS News|date=1998-07-10|access-date=2020-01-20}}

There were 420 Syrian Internet hosts in 2010, placing Syria 187th out of 231 in the world.

With a measured download speed that averages 4.60 Mbit/s in May 2024, the speed of the Internet in Syria is relatively slow as it ranks 179 out of 181 in terms of speed.{{Cite web |date=May 2024 |title=Syria - Speedtest Global Index |url=https://www.speedtest.net/global-index/syria |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240705114654/https://www.speedtest.net/global-index/syria |archive-date=2024-07-05 |website=Speedtest.net}}

ADSL service in Syria has been available since 2003.[http://newsfromsyria.com/2007/01/16/broadband-internet-comes-to-syria/ "Broadband internet comes to Syria"], Syria News Wire, 16 January 2007 However, ADSL is not available in all locations and, where available, the local telco may not have enough ports for immediate activation. Through 2009 broadband Internet access had reached less than 0.2% of the Syrian population.[https://docs.google.com/viewer?a=v&pid=explorer&chrome=true&srcid=0B-14eY3gwnmGYjVkYjIxYTQtMjQxNy00OTIxLWFlN2YtNDIwZWYzYWZlZjVk&hl=en_US "Worksheet 3: Broadband"], Richard Heeks, Google Docs, 16 September 2010[http://ict4dblog.wordpress.com/2010/09/16/global-ict-statistics-on-internet-usage-mobile-broadband-1998-2009/ "Global ICT Statistics on Internet Usage, Mobile, Broadband: 1998-2009"], Richard Heeks, ICT4DBlog, 16 September 2010

3G wireless Internet is available in all major cities as well as cities with significant tourism. 2.5G EDGE wireless Internet is available through mobile network operators, SyriaTel and MTN. Wireless Internet is accessed using a USB stick purchased from the mobile operators. In addition, 3G SIM cards for use on mobile phones may be purchased with a data plan. However, only WCDMA phones support data at the moment. SyriaTel and MTN provide 4G cover.{{cite web |last1= |first1= |title=Wireless internet coverage in Syria (MTN) |url=https://www.nperf.com/en/map/SY/-/223653.MTN-Mobile/signal?ll=20&lg=0&zoom=3 |website=npref |publisher= |access-date=15 June 2024 |ref=}}{{cite web |last1= |first1= |title=Wireless internet coverage in Syria (SyriaTel) |url=https://www.nperf.com/en/map/SY/-/223652.Syriatel-Mobile/signal?ll=20&lg=0&zoom=3 |website=npref.com |publisher= |access-date=15 June 2024 |ref=}}

High-speed Internet is also available through many Internet cafes.

ISPs in Syria include:

• Aya ISP
• E-Lcom ISP
• View ISP
• INET
• Nas
• Omniya
• Runnet
• ZAD
• Lema
• Waves
• ProNet
• Takamol
• SCS-Net

{{update section|date=September 2022}}

{{Main |Internet censorship in Syria}}

Internet filtering in Syria was found to be pervasive in the political and Internet tools areas, and selective in the social and conflict/security areas by the OpenNet Initiative in August 2009.[http://opennet.net/research/profiles/syria "ONI Country Profile: Syria"], OpenNet Initiative, August 2009 Syria has been on Reporters Without Borders Enemy-of-the-Internet list since 2006 when the list was established.[http://en.rsf.org/internet-enemie-syria,39779.html "Internet Enemies: Syria"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110518055039/http://en.rsf.org/internet-enemie-syria%2C39779.html |date=18 May 2011 }}, Reporters Without Borders, March 2011 In 2009, the Committee to Protect Journalists named Syria number three in a list of the ten worst countries in which to be a blogger, given the arrests, harassment, and restrictions which online writers in Syria have faced.[http://www.cpj.org/reports/2009/04/10-worst-countries-to-be-a-blogger.php "10 Worst Countries to be a Blogger"], Committee to Protect Journalists, 30 April 2009

Syria has banned websites for political reasons and arrested people accessing them. In addition to filtering a wide range of Web content, the Syrian government monitors Internet use very closely and has detained citizens "for expressing their opinions or reporting information online." Vague and broadly worded laws invite government abuse and have prompted Internet users to engage in self-censoring and self-monitoring to avoid the state's ambiguous grounds for arrest.{{cite news|url= http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/middle_east/3824595.stm|title= Syrian jailed for internet usage|date= 21 June 2004|work= BBC News}}

In February 2011 Syria stopped filtering YouTube, Facebook, and Twitter.{{cite web|date=8 February 2011|url=http://www.dp-news.com/pages/detail.aspx?articleid=73458|title=الغاء الحجب عن موقع "فيسبوك" في سورية (Syrian government abolishes bans on "Facebook" and "YouTube")|language=ar|publisher=D Press News|access-date=23 September 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190220204436/http://www.dp-news.com/pages/detail.aspx?articleid=73458|archive-date=20 February 2019|url-status=dead}} ([http://www.google.com/translate_c?langpair=en&u=http://www.dp-news.com/pages/detail.aspx?articleid=73458 English translation])

Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) is blocked completely and requires a proxy or Virtual Private Network (VPN) to work around it.[https://books.google.com/books?id=l6ry0NeJ1N8C&dq=VoIP+blocked+syria&pg=PA12 "Measuring Global Internet Filtering"], Robert Faris and Nart Villeneuve, in Access denied: the practice and policy of global Internet filtering, Ronald Deibert (ed), OpenNet Initiative, 2008 However, VoIP operators that utilize non-standard Session Initiation Protocol (SIP) ports may function behind Syria's proxy.

Internet cafes, which are widespread and accessible to the public for a fee, can be used to access blocked sites.{{cite web|author=Institute for War and Peace Reporting|date=3 June 2008|url=http://www.isn.ethz.ch/isn/Current-Affairs/Security-Watch/Detail/?ots591=4888CAA0-B3DB-1461-98B9-E20E7B9C13D4&lng=en&id=88422|title=Syrian youth break through internet blocks|access-date=1 February 2010}} However, more restrictions have been placed on internet cafes, all public internet centers need operating approval from the security services, are required to keep detailed records of their customers' surfing habits, and people have been arrested after accessing blocked content.[http://www.thenational.ae/news/worldwide/middle-east/syria-tightens-control-over-internet "Syria tightens control over internet"], Phil Sands, The National (Abu Dhabi), 30 September 2008

In 2012, it was reported that all Internet connectivity between Syria and the outside world appeared to have ceased, as of 29 November 2012. This coincided with reported intense rebel activity inside Syria.{{cite web |last=Thomson |first=Iain |title=Syria cuts off internet and mobile communications |url=https://www.theregister.co.uk/2012/11/29/syria_internet_blackout/ |work=The Register |access-date=29 November 2012 |date=29 November 2012}} Matthew Prince, CEO of Cloudflare, reported that three undersea communication cables in Tartous, Syria and a fourth land cable through Turkey were connecting Syria to the internet prior to the event.

[https://abcnews.go.com/blogs/headlines/2012/11/internet-blackout-in-syria-as-airport-shuts-down/ "Internet Blackout in Syria as Airport Shuts Down"], Alexander Marquardt, ABC News, 30 November 2012.

However, according to an August 2014 interview with Edward Snowden, the Internet blackout in Syria was related to a failed attempt by the U.S. National Security Agency (NSA) to infiltrate malware on a core router of one of the country's main Internet Service Providers (ISPs).{{cite magazine |last=Bamford |first=James |title=Edward Snowden: The Untold Story |url=https://www.wired.com/2014/08/edward-snowden/ |magazine=Wired |access-date=16 August 2014 |date=14 August 2014}}

{{Reflist |30em}}

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{{Asia topic|Telecommunications in}}

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