Testudinata
{{Short description|Clade of reptiles}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| image = Proganochelys Quenstedti.jpg
| image_upright = 1.15
| image_caption = Skeleton of Proganochelys quenstedti, American Museum of Natural History
| fossil_range = Late Triassic – Holocene, {{fossil range|earliest=Olenekian|210|0}} Possible Early and Middle Triassic records in the form of fossil tracks{{cite journal |author1=Asher J. Lichtig |author2=Spencer G. Lucas |author3=Hendrik Klein |author4=David M. Lovelace |name-list-style=amp|year=2018 |title=Triassic turtle tracks and the origin of turtles |journal=Historical Biology: An International Journal of Paleobiology |volume=30 |issue=8 |pages=1112–1122 |doi=10.1080/08912963.2017.1339037 |s2cid=133893011 }}
| taxon = Testudinata
| authority = Klein, 1760{{cite journal |last1=Joyce |first1=Walter G. |last2=Parham |first2=James F. |last3=Gauthier |first3=Jacques Armand |name-list-style=amp |title=Developing a protocol for the conversion of rank-based taxon names to phylogenetically defined clade names, as exemplified by turtles |journal=Journal of Paleontology |date=2004 |volume=78 |issue=5 |pages=989–1013 |doi=10.1666/0022-3360(2004)078<0989:DAPFTC>2.0.CO;2|s2cid=15078337 |url=http://doc.rero.ch/record/14996/files/PAL_E2147.pdf }}
| subdivision = *†Proganochelys
- †Proterochersidae?
- †Thaichelys
- †Keuperotesta
- †Chinlechelys
- †Proterochersis
- Rhaptochelydia Gaffney & Kitching, 1994{{cite journal |last1=Gaffney |first1=Eugene S. |last2=Kitching |first2=James William |name-list-style=amp|title=The morphology and relationships of Australochelys, an early Jurassic turtle from South Africa |journal=American Museum Novitates |issue=3130 |pages=1–29 |date=1995 |hdl=2246/3666 |url=http://digitallibrary.amnh.org/handle/2246/3666}}
- †Proterochersis?
- †Australochelyidae
- †Australochelys
- †Palaeochersis
- †Waluchelys
- Mesochelydia
}}
Testudinata is the group of all tetrapods with a true turtle shell. It includes both modern turtles (Testudines) and many of their extinct, shelled relatives (stem-turtles), though excluding Odontochelys and Eorhynchochelys, which are placed in the more inclusive Pantestudines.
History
It was first coined as the group containing turtles by Jacob Theodor Klein in 1760. In 1832-1836, Thomas Bell wrote a book describing the Testudinata, which summarizes all the world's turtles, living and extinct, illustrated by forty plates by Jane S. Bell, James de Carle Sowerby and Edward Lear.{{cite book |first1=Thomas |last1=Bell |author-link=Thomas Bell (zoologist) |title=A Monograph of the Testudinata |url=https://archive.org/details/monographtestud00bell |year=1832–1836}} It was first defined in the modern sense by Joyce and colleagues in 2004.{{Cite journal |last1=Anquetin |first1=J. R. M. |year=2012 |title=Reassessment of the phylogenetic interrelationships of basal turtles (Testudinata) |url=http://osf.io/dt6yj/ |journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology |volume=10 |pages=3–45 |doi=10.1080/14772019.2011.558928 |s2cid=85295987}} While the ancestral condition for the clade is thought to be terrestrial, members of the subclade Mesochelydia, which contains almost all known testudinatans from the Jurassic onwards, are thought to be ancestrally aquatic.{{Cite journal |last1=Sterli |first1=Juliana |last2=de la Fuente |first2=Marcelo S. |last3=Rougier |first3=Guillermo W. |date=2018-07-04 |title=New remains of Condorchelys antiqua (Testudinata) from the Early-Middle Jurassic of Patagonia: anatomy, phylogeny, and paedomorphosis in the early evolution of turtles |journal=Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology |language=en |volume=38 |issue=4 |pages=(1)–(17) |doi=10.1080/02724634.2018.1480112 |issn=0272-4634 |s2cid=109556104|hdl=11336/99525 |hdl-access=free }}
Classification
The cladogram below follows an analysis by Jérémy Anquetin in 2012.
{{clade| style=font-size:85%;line-height:85%
|1={{clade
|{{extinct}}Odontochelys
|label2=Testudinata
|2={{clade
|1={{extinct}}Proterochersis
|2={{extinct}}Proganochelys
|3={{clade
|1={{extinct}}Palaeochersis
|2={{extinct}}Australochelys
|3={{clade
|1={{extinct}}Kayentachelys
|2={{extinct}}Indochelys
|3={{extinct}}Sichuanchelys
|4={{extinct}}Chengyuchelys
|5={{extinct}}Chuannanchelys
|6={{extinct}}Eileanchelys
|7={{clade
|1={{extinct}}Heckerochelys
|2={{extinct}}Condorchelys
|3={{clade
|1={{clade
|1={{extinct}}Naomichelys
|2={{extinct}}Otwayemys
|3={{clade
|1={{extinct}}Mongolochelys
|label2={{extinct}}Meiolaniidae
|2={{clade
|1={{extinct}}Niolamia
|2={{clade
|1={{extinct}}Ninjemys
|2={{extinct}}Meiolania }} }} }} }}
|2={{clade
|1={{extinct}}Kallokibotion
|2=Testudines (modern turtles)
}}
}} }} }} }} }} }}
}}
References
{{Reflist}}
{{Pantestudines}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q16114972}}
Category:Norian first appearances