The arts#History

{{About|the group of creative disciplines|the concept of art|Art}}

{{Redirect|Arts|the acronym|ARTS (disambiguation){{!}}ARTS}}

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| image1 = Gauguin, Paul - Still Life with Profile of Laval - Google Art Project.jpg

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Still Life with Profile of Laval by Paul Gauguin, 1886
A tambourine player at a traditional debaa dance festival in Mayotte
The title page of Shakespeare's sonnets in a 1609 edition by Thomas Thorpe
Sanctuary of Las Lajas, Nariño Department, Colombia
A bian lian performer

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The arts or creative arts are a vast range of human practices involving creative expression, storytelling, and cultural participation. The arts encompass diverse and plural modes of thought, deeds, and existence in an extensive range of media. Both a dynamic and characteristically constant feature of human life, the arts have developed into increasingly stylized and intricate forms. This is achieved through sustained and deliberate study, training, or theorizing within a particular tradition, generations, and even between civilizations. The arts are a medium through which humans cultivate distinct social, cultural, and individual identities while transmitting values, impressions, judgments, ideas, visions, spiritual meanings, patterns of life, and experiences across time and space.

The arts are divided into three main branches. Examples of visual arts include architecture, ceramic art, drawing, filmmaking, painting, photography, and sculpture. Examples of literature include fiction, drama, poetry, and prose. Examples of performing arts include dance, music, and theatre. The arts can employ skill and imagination to produce physical objects and performances, convey insights and experiences, and construct new natural environments and spaces.

The arts can refer to common, popular, or everyday practices, as well as more sophisticated, systematic, or institutionalized ones. They can be discrete and self-contained or combine and interweave with other art forms, such as combining artwork with the written word in comics. Art forms can also develop or contribute to aspects of more complex art forms, as in cinematography. By definition, the arts themselves are open to being continually redefined. The practice of modern art, for example, is a testament to the shifting boundaries, improvisation and experimentation, reflexive nature, and self-criticism or questioning that art and its conditions of production, reception, and possibility can undergo.

As both a means of developing capacities of attention and sensitivity and ends in themselves (art for art's sake), the arts can be a form of response to the world. It is a way to transform human responses and what humans deem worthwhile goals or pursuits. From prehistoric cave paintings during the Upper Paleolithic, to ancient and contemporary forms of rituals, to modern-day films, the arts have registered, embodied, and preserved the ever-shifting relationships of humans with each other and the world.

Definition

The arts are considered various practices or objects done by people with skill, creativity, and imagination across cultures and history.{{sfn|Fernandez|2024}} These activities include painting, sculpting, music, theatre, literature, and more.{{sfn|Merriam-Webster|2023}} Art refers to the way of doing or applying human creative skills, typically, but not necessarily, in visual form.{{sfn|Oxford|2016}}{{sfn|Adajian|2007}}

History and classifications

File:Venus of Brassempouy.jpg]]

In Ancient Greece, art and craft were referred to by the word techne. Ancient Greek art introduced veneration of the animal form and the development of equivalent skills to show musculature, poise, beauty, and anatomically correct proportions. Ancient Roman art depicted gods as idealized humans, shown with characteristically distinguishing features, such as Zeus' thunderbolt. In Byzantine and Gothic art of the Middle Ages, the dominant church insisted on the expression of Christian themes due to the overlap of church and state in medieval Europe.{{sfn|Thorson|2020}} Asian art has generally worked in style akin to Western medieval art, namely a concentration on surface patterning and local colour.{{efn|The plain colour of an object, such as basic red for a red robe, rather than the modulations of that colour brought about by light, shade, and reflection.}} A characteristic of this style is that local colour is defined by an outline, the cartoon being a contemporary equivalent. This is evident in the art of India, Tibet, and Japan. Islamic art avoids the representation of living beings, particularly humans and other animals, in religious contexts.{{sfn|Canby|2005|p=33}} It instead expresses religious ideas through calligraphy and geometrical designs.{{sfn|Canby|2005|p=21, 81}}

= Classifications =

File:Catullus-at-Lesbia's-large.jpg's Catullus-at-Lesbia's (1865)]]

In the Middle Ages, liberal arts were taught in European medieval universities as part of the trivium, an introductory curriculum involving grammar, rhetoric, and logic,{{sfn|Onions|Friedrichsen|Burchfield|1991|p=994}} and of the quadrivium, a curriculum involving the "mathematical arts" of arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy.{{sfn|Gilman|Peck|Colby|1905}} In modern academia, the arts can be grouped with, or as a subset of, the humanities.{{sfn|Henseler|2020}}

The arts have been classified into seven forms: painting, architecture, sculpture, literature, music, theatre, and filmmaking.{{cite magazine |last1=Walker |first1=Sylvia |title=What are the 7 Forms of Art? A Complete Overview |url=https://www.contemporaryartissue.com/what-are-the-7-forms-of-art-a-complete-overview/ |magazine=Contemporary Art Issue |date=26 October 2021}} Some arts may be derived from others; for example, drama is literature with acting,{{cite web |last1=Landauer |first1=Jeff |last2=Rowlands |first2=Joseph |title=Esthetics - Drama |url=http://www.importanceofphilosophy.com/Esthetics_Drama.html |website=Importance Of Philosophy |access-date=6 August 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240806035140/http://www.importanceofphilosophy.com/Esthetics_Drama.html |archive-date=6 August 2024 |url-status=live}} dance is music expressed through motion,{{cite web |last1=Landauer |first1=Jeff |last2=Rowlands |first2=Joseph |title=Esthetics - Dance |url=http://www.importanceofphilosophy.com/Esthetics_Dance.html |website=Importance Of Philosophy |access-date=21 January 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250121082351/http://importanceofphilosophy.com/Esthetics_Dance.html |archive-date=21 January 2025 |url-status=live}} and songs are music with literature and human voice.{{cite web |last1=Landauer |first1=Jeff |last2=Rowlands |first2=Joseph |title=Esthetics - Song |url=http://www.importanceofphilosophy.com/Esthetics_Song.html |website=Importance Of Philosophy |access-date=12 February 2025 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20250212175309/http://importanceofphilosophy.com/Esthetics_Song.html |archive-date=12 February 2025 |url-status=live}} Film is sometimes called the "eighth" and comics the "ninth art" in Francophone scholarship, adding to the traditional "Seven Arts".{{sfn|Miller|2007|p=23}}{{sfn|Ryynänen|2020|p=37}} Cultural fields like gastronomy are only sometimes considered as arts.{{sfn|Desai|DeSimone|Henig|2013}}

Visual arts

= Architecture =

File:The Parthenon in Athens.jpg on top of the Acropolis, Athens, Greece]]

Architecture is the art and science of designing buildings and structures. A wider definition would include the design of the built environment, from the macro level of urban planning, urban design, and landscape architecture, to the micro level of creating furniture.{{sfn|American Heritage Dictionary}} Architectural design usually must address feasibility and cost for the builder, as well as function and aesthetics for the user.{{sfn|Ching|2012|p=}}

In modern usage, architecture is the art and discipline of creating or inferring an implied or apparent plan for a complex object or system.{{sfn|Rechtin|Maier|2000|p=7}} Some types of architecture manipulate space, volume, texture, light, shadow, or abstract elements, to achieve pleasing aesthetics.{{sfn|Demery|2010}} Architectural works may be seen as cultural and political symbols, or works of art. The role of the architect, though changing, has been central to the design and implementation of pleasingly built environments, in which people live.{{sfn|Evans|2023}}

= Ceramics =

File:청자 어룡 모양 주전자.jpg kettle from the 12th century. Goryeo celadon is considered to be among the great achievements of Korean art.]]

Ceramic art is art made from ceramic materials (including clay),{{Cite web |title=The Language of Ceramic Art |url=https://amoca.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/The-Language-of-Ceramic-Art.pdf |access-date=1 June 2024 |website=American Museum of Ceramic Art |pages=1–3 |archive-date=24 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624071131/http://www.amoca.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/The-Language-of-Ceramic-Art.pdf |url-status=live }} which may take forms such as pottery, tile, figurines, sculpture, and tableware. While some ceramic products are considered fine art, others are considered decorative, industrial, or applied art objects. Ceramics may also be considered artefacts in archaeology. Ceramic art can be made by one person or by a group of people. In a pottery or ceramic factory, a group of people design, manufacture, and decorate the pottery. Some pottery is regarded as art pottery.{{Cite web |date=2 June 2008 |title=Art Pottery Manufacturers and Collectors |url=http://artpotterymanufacturers.com/Welcome.html |access-date=20 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080602012550/http://artpotterymanufacturers.com/Welcome.html |archive-date=2 June 2008 }} In a one-person pottery studio, ceramists or potters produce studio pottery. Ceramics excludes glass and mosaics made from glass tesserae.As glass is not a ceramic, [https://www.twi-global.com/technical-knowledge/faqs/faq-how-are-glass-ceramics-and-glass-ceramics-defined Twi global "how are glass ceramics and glass-ceramics-defined?] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228194815/https://www.twi-global.com/technical-knowledge/faqs/faq-how-are-glass-ceramics-and-glass-ceramics-defined |date=28 December 2023 }}

= Conceptual art =

Conceptual art is art wherein the concept(s) or idea(s) involved in the work take precedence over traditional aesthetic and material concerns.{{Cite web |last= |title=Conceptual art |url=https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/c/conceptual-art |access-date=2 June 2024 |website=Tate |language=en-GB |archive-date=4 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240604060814/https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/c/conceptual-art |url-status=live }}

The inception of the term in the 1960s referred to a strict and focused practice of idea-based art that defied traditional visual criteria associated with the visual arts in its presentation as text.{{sfn|LeWitt|1967|pp=79–83}} Through its association with the Young British Artists and the Turner Prize during the 1990s,{{sfn|Huntsman|2015|p=221}} its popular usage, particularly in the United Kingdom, developed as a synonym for all contemporary art that does not practice the traditional skills of painting and sculpture.{{Cite web |date=11 December 2004 |title=Tate Britain {{!}} Turner Prize History {{!}} Issue: Conceptual Art |url=http://www.tate.org.uk/britain/turnerprize/history/issue_conceptual.htm |access-date=20 December 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20041211013930/http://www.tate.org.uk/britain/turnerprize/history/issue_conceptual.htm |archive-date=11 December 2004 }}

= Drawing =

Drawing is a means of making an image using any of a wide variety of tools and techniques. It generally involves making marks on a surface by applying pressure from a tool, or moving a tool across a surface. Common tools are graphite pencils, pen and ink, inked brushes, wax coloured pencils, crayons, charcoals, pastels, and markers. Digital tools with similar effects are also used. The main techniques used in drawing are line drawing, hatching, cross-hatching, random hatching, scribbling, stippling, and blending. An artist who excels in drawing is referred to as a drafter, draftswoman, or draughtsman.{{cite web|url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/draftsman|title=The definition of draftsman|website=Dictionary.com|access-date=29 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029235558/http://www.dictionary.com/browse/draftsman|archive-date=29 October 2016|url-status=live}} Drawing can be used to create art used in cultural industries such as illustrations, comics, and animation. Comics are often called the "ninth art" ({{lang|fr|le neuvième art}}) in Francophone scholarship, adding to the traditional "Seven Arts".{{sfn|Miller|2007|p=23}}

= Painting =

File:Mona Lisa, by Leonardo da Vinci, from C2RMF retouched.jpg by Leonardo da Vinci]]

Painting is considered to be a form of self-expression.{{Cite web |date=25 September 2015 |title=Painting: A Visual Language of Self-Expression {{!}} Bing Nursery School |url=https://bingschool.stanford.edu/news/painting-visual-language-self-expression |access-date=1 June 2024 |website=bingschool.stanford.edu |language=en |archive-date=7 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607164656/https://bingschool.stanford.edu/news/painting-visual-language-self-expression |url-status=live }} Drawing, gesture (as in gestural painting), composition, narration (as in narrative art), or abstraction (as in abstract art), among other aesthetic modes, may serve to manifest the expressive and conceptual intention of the practitioner.{{sfn|Perry|2014|p=85}} Paintings can be a wide variety of topics, such as photographic,{{Cite web |date=3 October 2022 |title=The essential connection between photography and painting |url=https://www.edkashi.com/dispatches/the-essential-connection-between-photography-and-painting |access-date=1 June 2024 |website=ED KASHI |language=en-US |archive-date=1 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601235910/https://www.edkashi.com/dispatches/the-essential-connection-between-photography-and-painting |url-status=live }} abstract,{{Cite web |last= |title=Abstract art |url=https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/a/abstract-art |access-date=1 June 2024 |website=Tate |language=en-GB |archive-date=29 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240329083720/https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/a/abstract-art |url-status=live }} narrative,{{Cite web |last= |title=Narrative |url=https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/n/narrative |access-date=1 June 2024 |website=Tate |language=en-GB |archive-date=27 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240227140235/https://www.tate.org.uk/art/art-terms/n/narrative |url-status=live }} symbolistic (Symbolist art),{{Cite web |last=Myers |first=Nicole |title=Symbolism {{!}} Essay {{!}} The Metropolitan Museum of Art {{!}} Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History |url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/symb/hd_symb.htm |access-date=1 June 2024 |website=The Met's Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History |language=en |archive-date=19 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519072706/https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/symb/hd_symb.htm |url-status=live }} emotive (Expressionism),{{Cite web |date=27 May 2024 |title=Expressionism {{!}} Definition, Characteristics, Artists, Music, Theater, Film, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Expressionism |access-date=1 June 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=22 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240522034244/https://www.britannica.com/art/Expressionism |url-status=live }} or political in nature (Artivism).{{Cite web |title=Artivism: Making a Difference Through Art {{!}} Art & Object |url=http://www.artandobject.com/articles/artivism-making-difference-through-art |access-date=1 June 2024 |website=www.artandobject.com |language=en |archive-date=3 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240303035548/https://www.artandobject.com/articles/artivism-making-difference-through-art |url-status=live }} Some modern painters incorporate different materials, such as sand, cement, straw, wood, or strands of hair, for their artwork texture. Examples of this are the works of Jean Dubuffet or Anselm Kiefer.{{Cite web|url=https://onlineartlessons.com/tutorial/all-you-need-to-know-about-matter-painting/|title=Alchemy on Canvas: The Captivating World of Matter Painting|website=Online Art Lessons|access-date=26 December 2023|archive-date=26 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226101203/https://onlineartlessons.com/tutorial/all-you-need-to-know-about-matter-painting/|url-status=live}}{{Cite web |url=https://www.moma.org/documents/moma_catalogue_2143_300062878.pdf |title=Anselm Kiefer, By Mark Rosenthal |access-date=26 December 2023 |archive-date=6 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206092600/https://www.moma.org/documents/moma_catalogue_2143_300062878.pdf |url-status=live }}

= Photography =

Photography as an art form refers to photographs that are created in accordance with the creative vision of the photographer. Art photography stands in contrast to photojournalism, which provides a visual account of news events, and commercial photography, the primary focus of which is to advertise products or services.{{Cite web|url=https://www.falmouth.ac.uk/news/what-commercial-photography|title=What is Commercial Photography?|website=www.falmouth.ac.uk|date=8 August 2024|access-date=23 December 2023|archive-date=23 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223195359/https://www.falmouth.ac.uk/news/what-commercial-photography|url-status=live}}

= Sculpture =

Sculpture is the branch of the visual arts that operates in three dimensions. It is one of the plastic arts. Durable sculptural processes originally used carving (the removal of material) and modelling (the addition of material, such as clay), in stone, metal, ceramics, wood, and other materials, but shifts in sculptural processes have led to almost complete freedom of materials and processes following modernism. A wide variety of materials may be worked by removal such as carving, assembled by welding or modelling, or moulded or cast.{{Cite web|url=https://study.com/academy/lesson/vocabulary-for-sculpture-materials-styles-techniques.html#:~:text=Four%20sculpture%20techniques%20are%20casting%2C,Casting%20requires%20the%20pouring|title=Vocabulary for Sculpture Materials|access-date=28 December 2023|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228172449/https://study.com/academy/lesson/vocabulary-for-sculpture-materials-styles-techniques.html#:~:text=Four%20sculpture%20techniques%20are%20casting%2C,Casting%20requires%20the%20pouring|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.modernsculptureartists.com/2021/07/21/four-basic-methods-for-making-a-sculpture-are/|title=Four Basic Methods For Making A Sculpture Are|date=21 July 2021|access-date=28 December 2023|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228172450/https://www.modernsculptureartists.com/2021/07/21/four-basic-methods-for-making-a-sculpture-are/|url-status=live}}{{Cite web|url=https://www.metalicoarte.com/post/welding-vs-casting-a-comparative-study-of-metal-art-techniques|title=Welding vs. Casting: A Comparative Study of Metal Art Techniques|first=Hamed|last=Fardsoltany|date=11 July 2023|website=Metalicoarte.com|access-date=28 December 2023|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228172450/https://www.metalicoarte.com/post/welding-vs-casting-a-comparative-study-of-metal-art-techniques|url-status=live}}

Literary arts

{{Listen|filename=Sonnet18.ogg|title=Sonnet 18|description= Sonnet 18 by William Shakespeare part of the Fair Youth sequence of sonnets.|format=Ogg}}

Literature (also known as literary arts or language arts) is literally "acquaintance with letters", as in the first sense given in the Oxford English Dictionary. The noun "literature" comes from the Latin word {{lang|la|littera}}, meaning "an individual written character (letter)." The term has generally come to identify a collection of writings, which in Western culture are mainly prose (both fiction and non-fiction), drama, and poetry. In much, if not all, of the world, artistic linguistic expression can be oral as well and include such genres as epic, legend, myth, ballad, other forms of oral poetry, and folktales. Comics, the combination of drawings or other visual arts with narrating literature, are called the "ninth art" ({{lang|fr|le neuvième art}}) in Francophone scholarship.{{sfn|Miller|2007|p=23}}

Performing arts

File:Bharata Natyam Performance DS.jpg performer at Indian classical dance]]

Performing arts comprise dance, music, theatre, opera, mime, and other art forms in which human performance is the principal product. Performing arts are distinguished by this performance element in contrast with disciplines such as visual and literary arts, where the product is an object that does not require a performance to be observed and experienced. Each discipline in the performing arts is temporal in nature, meaning the product is performed over a period of time. Products are broadly categorized as being either repeatable (for example, by script or score) or improvised for each performance.{{sfn|Honderich|2006}} Artists who participate in these arts in front of an audience are called performers, including actors, magicians, comedians, dancers, musicians, and singers. Performing arts are also supported by the services of other artists or essential workers, such as songwriting and stagecraft. Performers adapt their appearance with tools such as costumes and stage makeup.{{cite book

| last = Durbin

| first = Holly Poe

| title = The Costume Designer's Toolkit: The Process of Creating Effective Design

| date = 15 December 2022

| isbn = 978-1-00-072914-6

| publisher = Taylor & Francis

}}

= Dance =

Dance generally refers to human movement, either used as a form of expression or presented in a social, spiritual, or performance setting.{{sfn|Fraleigh|1987|p=3}}{{sfn|OED|loc=§ 1}}{{efn|The term 'Dance' is also used to describe the steps or pattern for one particular dance,{{sfn|OED|loc=§ 2}} a certain musical form or genre,{{sfn|OED|loc=§ 2b}} a social gathering for dancing,{{sfn|OED|loc=§ 3}} or motion in inanimate objects (e.g. "the dance of the waters [...] was visible for over a mile around").{{sfn|OED|loc=§ 4}}}} Choreography is the art of making dances,{{sfn|Goodwin|Halfyard|2011|loc=§ para. 1}} and the person who does this is called a choreographer.{{sfn|Goodwin|Halfyard|2011|loc=§ para. 3}} Definitions of what constitutes dance are dependent on social, cultural, aesthetic, artistic, and moral constraints and range from functional movement (such as folk dance) to codified virtuoso techniques such as ballet. In sports: gymnastics, figure skating, and synchronized swimming are dance disciplines. In martial arts, "kata" is compared to dances.{{cite book

| last = O'Brien

| first = Andrew

| title = The Little Bubishi: A History of Karate for Children

| year = 2010

| isbn = 978-1-60911-717-7

| page = 7

| publisher = Strategic Book Publishing

}}

= Music =

File:MozartExcerptK331.svg of the opening measures from Piano Sonata No. 11 by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart ({{audio|MozartExcerptK331.mid|Play}})]]

Music is defined as an art form whose medium is a combination of sounds.{{sfn|Nettl|2001|loc=§I "3. General encyclopedias": "There may be disagreement on the need for explicit definition, but all these works maintain that music involves sounds and their combination, that it is both art and science"}} Though scholars agree that music generally consists of a few core elements, their exact definitions are debated.{{sfn|Gardner|1983|p=104}} Commonly identified aspects include pitch (which governs melody and harmony), duration (including rhythm and tempo), intensity (including dynamics), and timbre.{{sfn|Owen|2000|p=6}} Though considered a cultural universal, definitions of music vary wildly throughout the world as they are based on diverse views of nature, the supernatural, and humanity.{{sfn|Nettl|2001|loc=§I "5. Looking to the vernacular and to behaviour"}} Music is differentiated into composition and performance, while musical improvisation may be regarded as an intermediary tradition.{{sfn|Nettl|2001|loc=§III "5. Music among the arts"}} Music can be divided into genres and subgenres, although the dividing lines and relationships between genres are subtle, open to individual interpretation, and controversial.{{sfn|Nettl|2001|loc=§III "6. Classification or Typology"}}

= Theatre =

Theatre or theater (from Greek {{transliteration|el|theatron}} ({{lang|el|θέατρον}}); from {{transliteration|el|theasthai}}, "behold"{{cite web|url=http://www.etymonline.com/index.php?term=theater&allowed_in_frame=0|title=theater (n.)|last=Harper|first=Douglas|date=2001–2016|publisher=Online Etymology Dictionary|access-date=29 October 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030001050/http://etymonline.com/index.php?term=theater&allowed_in_frame=0|archive-date=30 October 2016|url-status=live}}) is the branch of the performing arts concerned with acting out stories in front of an audience using combinations of speech, gesture, music, dance, sound, and spectacle.{{Cite web |title=National Theater of the Deaf (NTD) |url=https://www.lifeprint.com/asl101/topics/nationaltheaterofthedeaf.htm |access-date=5 June 2024 |website=www.lifeprint.com |archive-date=6 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231206215027/https://www.lifeprint.com/asl101/topics/nationaltheaterofthedeaf.htm |url-status=live }} In addition to the standard narrative dialogue style, theatre takes such forms as opera, ballet, mime, kabuki, classical Indian dance, and Chinese opera.{{Cite journal |last=Brown |first=Steven |date=26 February 2024 |title=The performing arts combined: the triad of music, dance, and narrative |journal=Frontiers in Psychology |volume=15 |pages=1344354 |doi=10.3389/fpsyg.2024.1344354 |doi-access=free |issn=1664-1078 |pmid=38469212|pmc=10925613 }}{{Cite web |date=13 May 2024 |title=Kabuki {{!}} History, Meaning, Costumes, & Facts {{!}} Britannica |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Kabuki |access-date=5 June 2024 |website=www.britannica.com |language=en |archive-date=5 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240205063019/https://www.britannica.com/art/Kabuki |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |title=Rajika Puri – Indian Dance & Theatre |url=http://www.rajikapuri.com/indian_dance.html |access-date=5 June 2024 |website=www.rajikapuri.com |archive-date=3 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231203182944/http://rajikapuri.com/./indian_dance.html |url-status=live }}{{Cite web |title=The Art of Facial Makeup in Chinese Opera {{!}} Lan Su Chinese Garden |url=https://lansugarden.org/things-to-do/ongoing-programs/the-art-of-facial-makeup-in-chinese-opera |access-date=5 June 2024 |website=lansugarden.org |archive-date=5 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240605215504/https://lansugarden.org/things-to-do/ongoing-programs/the-art-of-facial-makeup-in-chinese-opera |url-status=live }}

Multidisciplinary artistic works

Areas exist in which artistic works incorporate multiple artistic fields, such as film, opera, and performance art. While opera is often categorized as the performing arts of music, the word itself is Italian for "works", because opera combines artistic disciplines into a singular artistic experience. In a traditional opera, the work uses the following: the sets, costumes, acting, the libretto, singers and an orchestra.{{Cite web|url=https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/opra/hd_opra.htm#:~:text=Independent+Scholar,history,+opera+has+reflected|title=The Opera | Essay|publisher=The Metropolitan Museum of Art|first=Jean|last=Sorabella|website=The Met's Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History|access-date=28 December 2023|archive-date=28 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228165204/https://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/opra/hd_opra.htm#:~:text=Independent+Scholar,history,+opera+has+reflected|url-status=live}}

File:Ernestine Schumann-Heink as Waltraute.png as Waltraute]]

The composer Richard Wagner recognized the fusion of so many disciplines into a single work of opera, exemplified by his cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen ("The Ring of the Nibelung"). He did not use the term opera for his works, but instead Gesamtkunstwerk ("synthesis of the arts"), sometimes referred to as "music drama" in English, emphasizing the literary and theatrical components, which were as important as the music. Classical ballet is another form that emerged in the 17th century in which orchestral music is combined with dance.{{cite book

| last = Au

| first = Susan

| title = Ballet and Modern Dance

| year = 2002|publisher=Thames and Hudson

| isbn = 978-0-500-20352-1}}

Other works in the late 19th, 20th, and 21st centuries have fused other disciplines in creative ways, such as performance art. Performance art is a performance over time that combines any number of instruments, objects, and art within a predefined or less well-defined structure, some of which can be improvised. Performance art may be scripted, unscripted, random, or carefully organized—even audience participation may occur. John Cage is regarded by many as a performance artist rather than a composer, although he preferred the latter term. He did not compose for traditional ensembles. Cage's composition Living Room Music, composed in 1940, is a quartet for unspecified instruments, really non-melodic objects, that can be found in the living room of a typical house, hence the title.James Pritchett. The Music of John Cage. Cambridge University Press, 1993. {{ISBN|0-521-56544-8}} p.20

Other arts

= Applied arts =

The applied arts are the application of design and decoration to everyday, functional objects to make them aesthetically pleasing.{{sfn|Chilvers|2004|p=29}} The applied arts include fields such as industrial design, illustration, and commercial art.{{cite web |url=http://www.dictionary.com/browse/applied-art |title=Define Applied art at Dictionary.com |publisher=Dictionary.com |access-date=8 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170731085429/http://www.dictionary.com/browse/applied-art |archive-date=31 July 2017 |url-status=live}} The term "applied art" is used in distinction to the fine arts, where the latter is defined as arts that aim to produce objects that are beautiful or provide intellectual stimulation but have no primary everyday function. In practice, the two often overlap.

= Video games =

Video games are multidisciplinary works that include non-controversially artistic elements such as visuals and sound, as well as an emergent experience from the nature of their interactivity. Within the video game community, debates surround whether video games should be classified as an art form and whether game developers—AAA or indie—should be classified as artists.Pratt, Charles J. [https://www.gamedeveloper.com/game-platforms/the-art-history-of-games-games-as-art-may-be-a-lost-cause The Art History... Of Games? Games As Art May Be A Lost Cause] . Gamasutra. 8 February 2010. Hideo Kojima, a video game designer considered a gaming auteur, argued in 2006 that video games are a type of service rather than an art form.{{sfn|Gibson|2006}}{{sfn|Parker|2012|p=42}} In the social sciences, cultural economists show how playing video games is conducive to involvement in more traditional art forms.{{sfn|Borowiecki|Prieto-Rodriguez|2013|pp=239–258}} In 2011, the National Endowment of the Arts included video games in its definition of a "work of art",{{sfn|Barber|2012}} and the Smithsonian American Art Museum presented an exhibit titled The Art of the Video Game in 2012.{{sfn|Parker|2012|p=46}}

Criticism

{{See also|Architecture criticism|Art criticism|Dance criticism|Film criticism|Literary criticism|Music criticism|Television criticism|Theatre criticism}}

File:Gabriel Cornelius von Max, 1840-1915, Monkeys as Judges of Art, 1889.jpg ]]

Art criticism is the discussion or evaluation of art.{{cite web|title=Art Criticism|url=http://art.unt.edu/ntieva/pages/teaching/tea_comp_artcriticism.html|work=Comprehensive Art Education|publisher=North Texas Institute For Educators on the Visual Arts|access-date=12 December 2013|archive-date=10 February 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210014430/http://art.unt.edu/ntieva/pages/teaching/tea_comp_artcriticism.html|url-status=live}}{{cite journal|last=Gemtou|first=Eleni|title=Subjectivity in Art History and Art Criticism|journal=Rupkatha Journal on Interdisciplinary Studies in Humanities|year=2010|volume=2|issue=1|pages=2–13|url=http://rupkatha.com/V2/n1/SubjectivityinArtHistoryandArt%20Criticism.pdf|access-date=12 December 2013|doi=10.21659/rupkatha.v2n1.02|doi-access=free|archive-date=28 September 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210928054512/http://rupkatha.com/V2/n1/SubjectivityinArtHistoryandArt%20Criticism.pdf|url-status=live}}{{cite encyclopedia

|last=Elkins

|first=James

|editor=Jane Turner

|encyclopedia=Grove Dictionary of Art

|title=Art Criticism

|publisher=Oxford University Press

|url=https://www.academia.edu/163427

|year=1996

|access-date=15 December 2023

|archive-date=14 May 2019

|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190514231216/https://www.academia.edu/163427/Art_Criticism_dictionary_essay_

|url-status=live

}} Art critics usually criticize art in the context of aesthetics or the theory of beauty. A goal of art criticism is the pursuit of a rational basis for art appreciation but it is questionable whether such criticism can transcend prevailing sociopolitical circumstances.Kaplan, Marty. [http://www.jewishjournal.com/marty_kaplan/article/the_curious_case_of_criticism "The curious case of criticism."] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305001247/http://www.jewishjournal.com/marty_kaplan/article/the_curious_case_of_criticism |date=5 March 2016 }} Jewish Journal. 23 January 2014.

The variety of artistic movements has resulted in a division of art criticism into different disciplines, which may each use different criteria for their judgements.{{cite journal|last=Tekiner|first=Deniz|title=Formalist Art Criticism and the Politics of Meaning|journal=Social Justice|year=2006|volume=33|issue=2 (104) – Art, Power, and Social Change|pages=31–44|jstor=29768369}} The most common division in the field of criticism is between historical criticism and evaluation, a form of art history, and contemporary criticism of work by living artists.

Despite perceptions that criticism is a lower-risk activity than making art, opinions of current art are liable to corrections with the passage of time. Critics of the past can be ridiculed for dismissing artists now venerated (like the early work of the Impressionists).{{cite journal|last=Ackerman|first=James S.|title=Art History and the Problems of Criticism|journal=Daedalus|date=Winter 1960|volume=89|issue=1 – The Visual Arts Today|pages=253–263|jstor=20026565}} Some art movements themselves were named disparagingly by critics, with the name later adopted as a badge of honour by the artists of the style with the original negative meaning forgotten, e.g. Impressionism and Cubism.Rewald, John (1973). The History of Impressionism (4th, Revised Ed.). New York: The Museum of Modern Art. p. 323 {{ISBN|0-87070-360-9}}{{Cite web|url=http://www.moma.org/collection/details.php?theme_id=10068&displayall=1#skipToContent|title=The Collection | MoMA|access-date=15 December 2023|archive-date=13 August 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140813112047/http://www.moma.org/collection/details.php?theme_id=10068&displayall=1#skipToContent|url-status=live}}{{cite book|last=Fishman|first=Solomon|title=The Interpretation of Art: Essays on the Art Criticism of John Ruskin, Walter Pater, Clive Bell, Robert Fry, and Herbert Read|year=1963|publisher=University of California Press|page=6}} Artists have had an uneasy relationship with their critics. Artists usually need positive opinions from critics for their work to be viewed and purchased.{{cite news|last=Seenan|first=Gerard|title=Painting by ridiculed but popular artist sells for £744,800|url=https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2004/apr/20/arts.artsnews1|access-date=12 December 2013|newspaper=The Guardian|date=20 April 2004|archive-date=5 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220105020218/https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2004/apr/20/arts.artsnews1|url-status=live}}

Many variables determine judgement of art such as aesthetics, cognition or perception. Aesthetic, pragmatic, expressive, formalist, relativist, processional, imitation, ritual, cognition, mimetic, and postmodern theories, are some of the many theories to criticize and appreciate art. Art criticism and appreciation can be subjective based on personal preference toward aesthetics and form, or on the elements and principles of design and by social and cultural acceptance.{{Cite web |title=Is Art Subjective or Objective? |url=https://www.eden-gallery.com/news/is-art-subjective |access-date=19 May 2024 |website=EDEN Gallery |archive-date=19 May 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240519224919/https://www.eden-gallery.com/news/is-art-subjective |url-status=live }}

Education

Arts in education is a field of educational research and practice informed by investigations into learning through arts experiences. In this context, the arts can include performing arts education (dance, drama, music), literature and poetry, storytelling, visual arts education in film, craft, design, digital art, media and photography.{{Cite web|url=http://portal.unesco.org/culture/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D30335%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html|title=UNESCO, Road Map for Arts Education, 2006|access-date=15 December 2023|archive-date=23 January 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220123011256/http://portal.unesco.org/culture/en/ev.php-URL_ID%3D30335%26URL_DO%3DDO_TOPIC%26URL_SECTION%3D201.html|url-status=live}}

Politics

A strong relationship between the arts and politics, particularly between various kinds of art and power, occurs across history and cultures.{{Cite web |title=Intersection of Art and Politics |url=https://wellsinternationalfoundation.org/art-and-politics/ |access-date=1 June 2024 |website=Wells International Foundation |archive-date=2 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240602010016/https://wellsinternationalfoundation.org/art-and-politics/ |url-status=live }} As they respond to events and politics, the arts take on political as well as social dimensions, becoming themselves a focus of controversy and a force of political and social change.{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=14 June 2016 |title=Art of Propaganda |url=https://www.independent.co.ug/art-of-propaganda/ |access-date=1 June 2024 |website=The Independent Uganda |language=en-US |archive-date=7 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607164702/https://www.independent.co.ug/art-of-propaganda/ |url-status=live }}

One observation is that an artist has a free spirit. For instance Pushkin, a well-regarded writer,Vladimir Nabokov (1981) Lectures on Russian Literature, lecture on Russian Writers, Censors, and Readers, pp.13–4 attracted the irritation of Russian officialdom and particularly the Tsar, since he "instead of being a good servant of the state in the rank and file of the administration and extolling conventional virtues in his vocational writings (if write he must), composed extremely arrogant and extremely independent and extremely wicked verse in which dangerous freedom of thought was evident in the novelty of his versification, in the audacity of his sensual fancy, and in his propensity for making fun of major and minor tyrants."

Artists use their work to express their political views and promote social change, from influencing negatively in the form of hate speech to influencing positively through artivism.{{cite journal |last1=Jääskeläinen |first1=Tuula |date=April 2020 |title=Countering Hate Speech through Arts and Arts Education: Addressing Intersections and Policy Implications |url=https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/1478210319848953 |journal=Policy Futures in Education |volume=18 |issue=3 |pages=344–357 |doi=10.1177/1478210319848953 |via=ERIC |access-date=29 July 2024}} Governments use art, or propaganda, to promote their own agendas.{{Cite web|url=https://www.odysseyroute.com/the-art-of-war-understanding-how-art-was-used-by-governments-to-win-over-people/|title=The Art of War: Understanding How Art Was Used by Governments to Win Over People|date=11 July 2023|access-date=29 December 2023|archive-date=29 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231229000353/https://www.odysseyroute.com/the-art-of-war-understanding-how-art-was-used-by-governments-to-win-over-people/|url-status=dead}}

Notes

References

= Bibliography =

;Books

{{cite book | last=Canby | first=Sheila R. | author-link=Sheila R. Canby | title=Islamic art in detail | publisher=Harvard University Press | publication-place=Cambridge, Mass | date=2005 | isbn=978-0-674-02390-1 | oclc=ocm69680120}}
{{cite book |last=Chilvers |first=Ian |title=The Oxford Dictionary of Art |date=2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-860476-1 |edition=3rd |location=Oxford}}
{{cite book |last=Ching |first=Francis D. K. |title=Architecture: Form, Space, and Order |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |chapter=7 |date=2012-07-16 |isbn=978-1-118-00482-1}}
{{cite book |last=Fraleigh |first=Sondra Horton |title=Dance and the Lived Body: A Descriptive Aesthetics |publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press |year=1987 |isbn=978-0-8229-7170-2 |location=Pittsburgh}}
{{cite book |last=Gardner |first=Howard |author-link=Howard Gardner |year=1983 |title=Frames of Mind: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences |publisher=Basic Books |location=New York |isbn=978-0-465-02508-4 }}
{{cite book |editor-last1=Giannini | editor-first1=Tula | editor-link1=Tula Giannini | editor-last2=Bowen | editor-first2=Jonathan P. | editor-link2=Jonathan Bowen | title=The Arts and Computational Culture: Real and Virtual Worlds | publisher=Springer | series=Series on Cultural Computing | date=2024 | isbn=978-3-031-53864-3 | doi=10.1007/978-3-031-53865-0 | s2cid=270801523 }}
{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Goodwin |first1=Noël |author-link1=Noël Goodwin |last2=Halfyard |first2=Janet |editor-last=Latham |editor-first=Alison |year=2011 |title=Choreography |encyclopedia=The Oxford Companion to Music |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |isbn=978-0-19-957903-7 |url=https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199579037.001.0001/acref-9780199579037-e-1379 |url-access=subscription |access-date=21 July 2022 |archive-date=21 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220721195826/https://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780199579037.001.0001/acref-9780199579037-e-1379 |url-status=live }}{{subscription required}}
{{cite book |editor-last=Henseler |editor-first=Christine |title=Extraordinary Partnerships: How the Arts and Humanities are Transforming America |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qDfnDwAAQBAJ&q=the+art+are+part+of+the+humanities |isbn=978-1-64315-009-3 |date=5 June 2020 |publisher=Lever Press }}
{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=The Oxford Companion to Philosophy |title=Performing Arts |editor-last=Honderich |editor-first=Ted |year=2006 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-926479-7 |doi=10.1093/acref/9780199264797.001.0001 }}
{{cite book |last=Huntsman |first=Penny |title=Thinking About Art: A Thematic Guide to Art History |year=2015 |publisher=Wiley |isbn=978-1-118-90517-3 |location=Chichester, West Sussex, UK}}
{{cite book |title=Reading bande dessinée : critical approaches to French-language comic strip |last=Miller |first=Ann |author-link=Ann Miller (comics scholar) |year=2007 |publisher=Intellect Books |isbn=978-1-84150-177-2}}
{{cite encyclopedia |last=Nettl |first=Bruno |author-link=Bruno Nettl |year=2001 |encyclopedia=Grove Music Online |title=Music |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |doi=10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.article.40476 |isbn=978-1-56159-263-0 |url-access=subscription |url=https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000040476 |access-date=29 May 2022 |archive-date=18 April 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220418003751/https://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/grovemusic/view/10.1093/gmo/9781561592630.001.0001/omo-9781561592630-e-0000040476 |url-status=live }} {{Grove Music subscription}}
{{cite book |title=The Oxford dictionary of English etymology |last1=Onions |first1=Charles Talbut |last2=Friedrichsen |first2=George Washington Salisbury |last3=Burchfield |first3=Robert William |year=1991 |publisher=at The Clarendon Press |isbn=978-0-19-861112-7 |location=Oxford}}
{{cite book |last=Owen |first=Harold |year=2000 |title=Music Theory Resource Book |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford and New York |isbn=978-0-19-511539-0 }}
{{cite book |last1=Rechtin |first1=Eberhardt |last2=Maier |first2=Mark W. |title=The Art of Systems Architecting |edition=Second |publisher=CRC Press |publication-place=Boca Raton |date=2000-06-28 |isbn=0-8493-0440-7 |url=https://sdincose.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/TheArtOfSystemsEngineering_inaugural.pdf |access-date=11 August 2024 |archive-date=16 April 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240416103055/https://sdincose.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/TheArtOfSystemsEngineering_inaugural.pdf |url-status=live }}
{{Cite book |last=Ryynänen |first=Max |url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/1229134245 |title=On the Philosophy of Central European Art: The History of an Institution and Its Global Competitors |date=2020 |oclc=1229134245 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=978-1-79363-418-4 |location=Lanham |language=en |access-date=31 August 2021 |archive-date=31 August 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210831105204/https://books.google.com/books?id=Z3wGEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA37 |url-status=live }}

;Articles

{{cite web |last=Adajian |first=Thomas |url=https://plato.stanford.edu/archives/spr2022/entries/art-definition/ |title=The Definition of Art |editor=Edward N. Zalta |date=2022 |website=The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy |publisher=Metaphysics Research Lab, Stanford University |access-date=29 July 2024 |ref={{sfnref | Adajian | 2007}} }}
{{cite journal |date=2013 |title=Video Games Playing: A substitute for cultural consumptions? |last1=Borowiecki |first1=Karol J. |last2=Prieto-Rodriguez |first2=Juan |journal=Journal of Cultural Economics |volume=39 |issue=3 |pages=239–258 |doi=10.1007/s10824-014-9229-y |citeseerx=10.1.1.676.2381|s2cid=49572910 }}
{{cite journal |last=Demery |first=Ibrahim Mostafa El |title=Sustainable Architectural Design: Reviving Traditional Design and Adapting Modern Solutions |journal=International Journal of Architectural Research: ArchNet-IJAR |publisher=Emerald |volume=4 |issue=1 |date=1 March 2010 |issn=1938-7806 |doi=10.26687/archnet-ijar.v4i1.65 |doi-broken-date=1 November 2024 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/43529965 |access-date=12 August 2024 |via=ResearchGate |archive-date=7 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240607164058/https://www.researchgate.net/publication/43529965_Sustainable_Architectural_Design_Reviving_Traditional_Design_and_Adapting_Modern_Solutions |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |last=Fernandez |first=Angel |title=The Importance of Art |website=Tarrant County College District |date=30 April 2024 |url=https://www.tccd.edu/magazine/volume-03/issue-02/arts/ |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240601230348/https://www.tccd.edu/magazine/volume-03/issue-02/arts/ |archive-date=1 June 2024 |url-status=live |access-date=3 August 2024 }}
{{cite magazine |last=LeWitt |first=Solomon |author-link=Sol LeWitt |date=June 1967 |title=Paragraphs on Conceptual Art |url=https://www.artforum.com/print/196706/paragraphs-on-conceptual-art-36719 |magazine=Artforum |language=en-US |volume=5 |issue=10 |access-date=12 May 2020 |archive-date=26 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726100127/https://www.artforum.com/print/196706/paragraphs-on-conceptual-art-36719 |url-status=live }}
{{cite journal |date=12 December 2012 |title=An Art World for Artgames |url=https://journals.sfu.ca/loading/index.php/loading/article/view/119/160 |last=Parker |first=Felan |journal=Loading... |volume=7 |issue=11 |issn=1923-2691 |access-date=14 May 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161226143132/http://journals.sfu.ca/loading/index.php/loading/article/viewArticle/119 |archive-date=26 December 2016 |url-status=live }}
{{cite journal|last=Perry |first=Lincoln |title=The Music of Painting |journal=The American Scholar |date=Summer 2014 |volume=83 |issue=3}}

;Online

{{cite news |last=Barber |first=Bonnie |date=16 August 2012 |title=Professor Mary Flanagan Participates in White House Consortium |publisher=Dartmouth News |url=https://news.dartmouth.edu/news/2012/08/professor-mary-flanagan-participates-white-house-consortium |access-date=13 May 2020 |archive-date=26 July 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200726103117/https://news.dartmouth.edu/news/2012/08/professor-mary-flanagan-participates-white-house-consortium |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |last=Evans |first=George |title=The Role Of Architects In Shaping Cities And Communities |website=Commercial Architecture Magazine |date=16 February 2023 |url=https://www.commercialarchitecturemagazine.com/role-of-architects-in-shaping-cities-and-communities/ |access-date=12 August 2024 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228153619/https://www.commercialarchitecturemagazine.com/role-of-architects-in-shaping-cities-and-communities/ |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |last=Gibson |first=Ellie |date=24 January 2006 |title=Games aren't art, says Kojima |url=http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/news240106kojimaart |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150309104553/http://www.eurogamer.net/articles/news240106kojimaart |archive-date=9 March 2015 |access-date=7 March 2015 |website=Eurogamer |publisher=Gamer Network }}
{{cite web |title=The New Face of French Gastronomy – Knowledge@Wharton |url=http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/new-face-french-gastronomy/ |last1=Desai |first1=Trex |last2=DeSimone |first2=Frank |last3=Henig |first3=Sarit |date=20 December 2013 |website=knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu |publisher=Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912192044/http://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/new-face-french-gastronomy/ |archive-date=12 September 2017 |access-date=8 May 2018 }}
{{cite web|url=http://americanart.si.edu/exhibitions/archive/2012/games/|title=The Art of Video Games|website=SI.edu|publisher=Smithsonian American Art Museum|access-date=7 March 2015|archive-date=10 January 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110110015838/http://americanart.si.edu/exhibitions/archive/2012/games/|url-status=live}}
{{cite web |url=http://www.tate.org.uk/learn/online-resources/glossary/c/conceptual-art |title=Conceptual art |website=Tate Glossary |access-date=7 March 2015 |archive-date=20 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150320082742/http://www.tate.org.uk/learn/online-resources/glossary/c/conceptual-art |url-status=live }}
{{cite web |url=http://arts.endow.gov/grants/apply/AIM-presentation.html |title=FY 2012 Arts in Media Guidelines |website=Endow.gov |publisher=National Endowment for the Arts |access-date=7 March 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120213155959/http://arts.endow.gov/grants/apply/AIM-presentation.html |archive-date=13 February 2012 }}
{{cite web |last=Thorson |first=Mark |title=Byzantine and Medieval Art: Teaching Christianity |publisher=Bethel University Library Press |date=1 September 2020 |url=https://mlpp.pressbooks.pub/encounterswiththeartsartc150/chapter/byzantine-and-medieval-art-teaching-christianity/ |access-date=7 August 2024 |archive-date=28 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231228144022/https://mlpp.pressbooks.pub/encounterswiththeartsartc150/chapter/byzantine-and-medieval-art-teaching-christianity/ |url-status=live }}
{{cite web | title=The American Heritage Dictionary entry: architecture | website=American Heritage Dictionary | url=https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=architecture | ref={{sfnref|American Heritage Dictionary}} | access-date=7 August 2024 | archive-date=7 August 2024 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240807171628/https://www.ahdictionary.com/word/search.html?q=architecture | url-status=live }}
{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=OED Online |title=dance, n. |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=Oxford |url-access=subscription |url=https://www.oed.com/view/Entry/47116 |ref={{sfnRef|OED}} |access-date=21 July 2022 |archive-date=2 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231002015651/https://www.oed.com/dictionary/dance_n |url-status=live }}{{subscription required}}
{{cite web | title=definition of art in English from the Oxford dictionary | website=Oxford Dictionaries | date=30 July 2016 | url=https://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/art | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160901233826/https://www.oxforddictionaries.com/definition/english/art | archive-date=1 September 2016 | url-status=deviated | ref={{sfnref|Oxford|2016}} | access-date=6 August 2024 }}
{{cite web |title=Definition of THE ARTS |website=Merriam-Webster |date=23 October 2023 |url=https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/the%20arts |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170601021001/https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/the%20arts |archive-date=1 June 2017 |url-status=live |ref={{sfnref | Merriam-Webster | 2023}} |access-date=3 August 2024 }}
{{Cite NIE |wstitle= Quadrivium |volume= XVI | page=|quote=The quadrivium consisted of arithmetic, music, geometry, and astronomy.}}

External links

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[https://www.oxfordlearnersdictionaries.com/topic/art Topic Dictionaries] at Oxford Learner's Dictionaries.
[https://web.archive.org/web/20190805225612/https://www.lexico.com/en/definition/art Definition of Art] by Lexico.

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Category:Aesthetics

Category:Humanities