Third man factor

Sir Ernest Shackleton, in his 1919 book South, described his belief that an incorporeal companion joined him and his men during the final leg of his 1914–1917 Antarctic expedition, which became stranded in pack ice for more than two years and endured immense hardships in the attempt to reach safety. Shackleton wrote, "during that long and racking march of thirty-six hours over the unnamed mountains and glaciers of South Georgia, it seemed to me often that we were four, not three."{{Cite book|last=Shackleton|first=Ernest Henry|others=Frank Hurley, Fergus Fleming|title=South: The Endurance Expedition|publisher=Penguin Classics|year=1914|page=204|isbn=0-14-243779-4|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y8gdPfhon1oC&q=that+we+were+four,+not+three&pg=PA204}} His admission resulted in other survivors of extreme hardship coming forward and sharing similar experiences.

{{quote box

|Who is the third who walks always beside you?

When I count, there are only you and I together

But when I look ahead up the white road

There is always another one walking beside you

Gliding wrapt in a brown mantle, hooded

I do not know whether a man or a woman

— But who is that on the other side of you?

|T. S. Eliot, {{Cws|link=The Waste Land|title=The Waste Land}}

}}

Lines 359 through 365 of T. S. Eliot's 1922 modernist poem The Waste Land were inspired by Shackleton's experience, as stated by the author in the notes included with the work. It is the reference to "the third" in this poem that has given this phenomenon its name (when it could occur to even a single person in danger).

In recent years, well-known adventurers like climber Reinhold Messner and polar explorers Peter Hillary and Ann Bancroft have reported experiencing the phenomenon. One study of cases involving adventurers reported that the largest group involved climbers, with solo sailors and shipwreck survivors being the second most common group, followed by polar explorers.Suedfeld, Peter and Geiger, John, (2008) "The sensed presence as a coping resource in extreme environments" In: Ellens, J. Harold (ed.), Miracles God, Science, and Psychology in the Paranormal (Vol. 3) Praeger. {{ISBN|0-275-99722-7}} A similar experience was documented by mountain climber Joe Simpson in his 1988 book Touching the Void, which recounts his near-death experience in the Peruvian Andes. Simpson describes "a voice" which encouraged him and directed him as he crawled back to base camp after suffering a horrible leg injury high on Siula Grande and falling off a cliff and into a crevasse. Some journalists have related this to the concept of a guardian angel or imaginary friend. Scientific explanations consider the phenomenon a coping mechanism or an example of bicameral mentality.{{Cite news|url=https://www.thestar.com/living/article/579401|title=Third man theory of otherworldly encounters|last=White|first=Nancy J.|date=30 January 2009|work=Toronto Star|accessdate=5 February 2009}} The concept was popularized by a 2009 book by John G. Geiger, The Third Man Factor, which documents scores of examples.

Modern psychologists have used the "third man factor" to treat victims of trauma. The "cultivated inner character" lends support and comfort.[http://www.australiangeographic.com.au/topics/adventure/2012/09/an-adventurers-guardian-angel-the-third-man/ "An adventurer's angel"], Australian Geographic, 15 September 2012

• Out-of-body experience

• {{Cite book | last = Geiger | first = John | authorlink = John G. Geiger | title = The Third Man Factor | publisher = Viking Canada | location = Toronto | year = 2009 | isbn = 978-0-14-301751-6 | url-access = registration | url = https://archive.org/details/thirdmanfactorse0000geig }}[https://web.archive.org/web/20130810013324/http://johngeiger.co.uk/uk/third-man.html]
• {{Cite news|url=http://www.cbc.ca/thecurrent/2009/200901/20090127.html|date=27 January 2009|publisher=CBC Radio: The Current|title=The Current for January 27, 2009 - Part 3: Third Man Factor}}
• {{Cite web|url=https://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=112746464|title=Guardian Angels Or The 'Third Man Factor'?|last=Messner|first=Reinhold|date=13 September 2009|work=NPR|accessdate=26 January 2010}}
• {{cite journal |title=Neurological and Robot-Controlled Induction of an Apparition |journal=Current Biology |volume=24 |issue=22 |pages=2681–2686 |date=17 November 2014 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2014.09.049|doi-access=free |last1=Blanke |first1=Olaf |last2=Pozeg |first2=Polona |last3=Hara |first3=Masayuki |last4=Heydrich |first4=Lukas |last5=Serino |first5=Andrea |last6=Yamamoto |first6=Akio |last7=Higuchi |first7=Toshiro |last8=Salomon |first8=Roy |last9=Seeck |first9=Margitta |last10=Landis |first10=Theodor |last11=Arzy |first11=Shahar |last12=Herbelin |first12=Bruno |last13=Bleuler |first13=Hannes |last14=Rognini |first14=Giulio |pmid=25447995 |bibcode=2014CBio...24.2681B }} - describes how the third man factor, is produced in experiments as "feelings of presence" (FoP) - with normal persons.
• {{Cite book | last = Alderson-Day| first = Ben| title = Presence: The strange science of the unseen other | publisher = Manchester University Press| location = Manchester| year = 2023| isbn = 978-1-5261-7351-5 | url-access = registration | url = https://www.jstor.org/stable/jj.21996228 }}

{{Reflist}}

• [http://www.thirdmanfactor.com John Geiger's Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090405043007/http://thirdmanfactor.com/ |date=5 April 2009 }}

Category:Near-death experiences

Category:Parapsychology