Thornton expedition

{{Short description|1608 Italian expedition in South America}}

{{Expand Italian|Spedizione Thornton|date=March 2021}}

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File:French Guiana in its region.svg]]

The Thornton expedition was a 1608 Tuscan expedition under Captain Robert Thornton, an Englishman, sent by Ferdinando I of Tuscany. It was done in order to explore northern Brazil and the Amazon River and prepare for the establishment of a settlement in northern coastal South America, which would serve as a base to export Brazilian wood to Renaissance Italy. The area that Thornton considered as a possible site of a Tuscan colony now lies in modern French Guiana, near Cayenne,Ridolfi, R. Pensieri medicei di colonizzare il Brasile p. 14 which would be colonised by France in 1630. The expedition was the only attempt by an Italian state to colonise the Americas.Ridolfi, R. Pensieri medicei di colonizzare il Brasile, in «Il Veltro», Roma, luglio-agosto 1962, pp. 1-18

The Amazon region had been previously visited by numerous European explorers and traders over the course of the preceding century. Robert Harcourt sailed for Guiana in 1608, establishing an English base on the Oyapock River which lasted a few years.[https://books.google.com/books?id=jgsWAAAAYAAJ&dq=robert+harcourt+1608&pg=PA358 Hakluytus posthumus or Purchas His Pilgrimes], Samuel Purchas, volume xvi, 1625, reprinted 1906 William Davies, a surgeon on the Thornton expedition noted that they expected to find the Amazon by sailing south from the West Indies until "...you shall see the Sea change to a ruddie colour, the water shall grow fresh, by these signes you may run boldly your course {{sic}}."[http://www.utexas.edu/utpress/excerpts/exsmiama.html Amazon Sweet Sea], Nigel J. H. Smith, University of Texas Press, 2002

Sailing from Livorno in September 1608, Thornton returned to the same port in the end of June 1609, reportedly completing the voyage without losing a man.John Temple Leader, [https://archive.org/stream/lifeofsirrobertd00leaduoft/lifeofsirrobertd00leaduoft_djvu.txt Life of Sir Robert Dudley, Earl of Warwick and Duke of Northumberland : Illustrated with letters and documents from original sources, collected by the author, and hitherto inedited (1895)] He brought back with him to Tuscany five or six natives, most of whom died of smallpox. Only one lived on at the Medici court for several years, and learned to speak Tuscan. The natives often talked about the richness and fertility of their native land, speaking of a country rich in silver and gold. Thornton himself corroborated these reports, and asserted that the country was rich in rosewood, wild sugar canes, white pepper, balsam, cotton and many other kinds of merchandise which would form an abundant commerce for the Tuscans.

However, once back in Tuscany, Thornton found that Ferdinando I had died, and that his successor Cosimo II was uninterested in the establishment of a colony. Thornton was ready to sail back to the area between the Orinoco and Amazon rivers in the summer of 1609 with Italian settlers from Livorno and Lucca, but the project was scrapped.Ridolfi, R. Pensieri medicei di colonizzare il Brasile, in «Il Veltro», Roma, luglio-agosto 1962, p. 12

{{Quote|In the first years of the 17th century Ferdinando I of Tuscany evaluated the possibility of a colony in Brasil […] Ferdinando gave captain Thornton a caravelle and a tartane [for an expedition in 1608] […] Thornton sailed for one year: he reached Guyana and Brasil, exploring the Amazon and Orinoco rivers. […] In July 1609 he was back in Livorno, but in February of that year the Grand Duke died and in Florence nobody [after him] was still thinking about establishing an overseas colony.|Matteo Sanfilippo{{cite web |url=http://www.asei.eu/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=180:gli-italiani-in-brasile-id-parte&catid=65:articoli&Itemid=250 |language=Italian |title=Gli italiani in Brasile |author=Matteo Sanfilippo |date=2008-06-23 |publisher=Archivio Storico dell'Emigrazione Italiana |quote=Nei primi anni del Seicento Ferdinando I di Toscana ...valuta la possibilità di una colonia brasiliana...Ferdinando fa armare una caravella e una tartana nel porto di Livorno e le affida al capitano Thornton...Thornton naviga per quasi un anno: approda in Guyana e in Brasile, esplora il Rio delle Amazzoni e l’Orinoco, rientra facendo tappa alla Caienna e a Trinidad. Il 12 luglio 1609 è di nuovo a Livorno, ma...il 7 febbraio di quell’anno il granduca è morto e a Firenze non si pensa più alla possibilità di fondare una colonia...oltreoceano. |accessdate=28 March 2010}}}}