Tibetan numerals
{{Short description|Numeral system of the Tibetan script}}
{{Numeral systems}}
Tibetan numerals is the numeral system of the Tibetan script and a variety of the Hindu–Arabic numeral system. It is used in the Tibetan language{{cite web |title=Tibetan (བོད་སྐད) |url=https://omniglot.com/writing/tibetan.htm |publisher=Omniglot |accessdate=19 December 2020}}{{cite web |title=Numbers in Tibetan |url=https://omniglot.com/language/numbers/tibetan.htm |publisher=Omniglot |accessdate=19 December 2020}} and has a base-10 counting system.{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/manualofstandard00nico|title=Manual of Standard Tibetan: Language and civilization|last1=Tournadre|first1=Nicolas|last2=Dorje|first2=Sangda|date=2003|publisher=Snow Lion Publications|isbn=1559391898|location=Ithaca, N.Y.|oclc=53477676}} The Mongolian numerals were also developed from the Tibetan numerals.{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ux--OWgWvBQC&pg=PA199|title=Numerical Notation: A Comparative History|last=Chrisomalis|first=Stephen|date=2010|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=9780521878180|language=en}}{{cite web|url=https://www.unicode.org/versions/Unicode10.0.0/ch13.pdf|title=The Unicode® Standard Version 10.0 – Core Specification: South and Central Asia-II|website=Unicode.org|access-date=3 December 2017}}
Cardinal numbers
class="wikitable"
! Arabic numeral !! Tibetan numeral !! Tibetan word !! Romanisation | |||
0 | ༠ | ཀླད་ཀོར་ | laykor |
1 | ༡ | གཅིག་ | chigk {{IPA|[t͡ɕi˥˩]}} |
2 | ༢ | གཉིས་ | nyi {{IPA|[ȵiː˥]}} |
3 | ༣ | གསུམ་ | sum {{IPA|[sum˥]}} |
4 | ༤ | བཞི་ | shi {{IPA|[ɕi˩˧]}} |
5 | ༥ | ལྔ་ | nga {{IPA|[ŋa˥]}} |
6 | ༦ | དྲུག་ | trug {{IPA|[ʈ͡ʂʰu˩˧˨]}} |
7 | ༧ | བདུན་ | dün {{IPA|[tỹ˩˧]}} |
8 | ༨ | བརྒྱད་ | gyay {{IPA|[cɛː˩˧˨]}} |
9 | ༩ | དགུ་ | gu {{IPA|[ku˩˧]}} |
=Extended numbers=
class="wikitable"
! Arabic numeral !! Tibetan numeral !! Tibetan word !! Romanisation | |||
10 | ༡༠ | བཅུ་ | chu |
11 | ༡༡ | བཅུ་གཅིག་ | chu chigk |
12 | ༡༢ | བཅུ་གཉིས་ | chu nyi |
13 | ༡༣ | བཅུ་གསུམ་ | chuk sum |
14 | ༡༤ | བཅུ་བཞི་ | chu shi |
15 | ༡༥ | བཅུ་ལྔ་ | chü nga |
16 | ༡༦ | བཅུ་དྲུག་ | chu druk |
17 | ༡༧ | བཅུ་བདུན་ | chup dün |
18 | ༡༨ | བཅུ་པརྒྱད | chup gyay |
19 | ༡༩ | བཅུ་དགུ་ | chu gu |
20 | ༢༠ | ཉི་ཤུ་ | nyi shu |
30 | ༣༠ | སུམ་ཅུ | sum ju |
40 | ༤༠ | བཞི་བཅུ | ship ju |
50 | ༥༠ | ལྔ་བཅུ | ngap ju |
60 | ༦༠ | དྲུག་ཅུ | trug chu |
70 | ༧༠ | བདུན་ཅུ | dün ju |
80 | ༨༠ | བརྒྱད་ཅུ | gyay ju |
90 | ༩༠ | དགུ་བཅུ | gup ju |
100 | ༡༠༠ | བརྒྱ་ | gya |
1,000 | ༡༠༠༠ | སྟོང་ | tong |
10,000 | ༡༠༠༠༠ | ཁྲི་ | thri |
1,000,000 | ༡༠༠༠༠༠༠ | ས་ཡ་ | sa ya |
10,000,000 | ༡༠༠༠༠༠༠༠ | བྱེ་བ་ | che wa |
100,000,000 | ༡༠༠༠༠༠༠༠༠ | དུང་ཕྱུར་ | dung chur |
1,000,000,000 | ༡༠༠༠༠༠༠༠༠༠ | ཐེར་འབུམ་ | ther pum |
10,000,000,000 | ༡༠༠༠༠༠༠༠༠༠༠ | ཐེར་འབུམ་ཆེན་པོ་ | ther pum chen po |
100,000,000,000 | ༡༠༠༠༠༠༠༠༠༠༠༠ | ཁྲག་ཁྲིག་ | thrag trig |
1,000,000,000,000 | ༡༠༠༠༠༠༠༠༠༠༠༠༠ | ཁྲག་ཁྲིག་ཆེན་པོ་ | thrag trig chen po |
Ordinals
class="wikitable" | |||
Arabic numeral || Tibetan numeral || Tibetan ordinal word || Romanisation | |||
---|---|---|---|
1 | ༡ | དང་པོ་ | dang po {{IPA|[tʰaŋ˩˧ko˥]}} |
2 | ༢ | གཉིས་པ་ | nyi pa |
3 | ༣ | གསུམ་པ་ | sum pa |
4 | ༤ | བཞི་པ་ | shi pa |
5 | ༥ | ལྔ་པ་ | nga pa |
6 | ༦ | དྲུག་པ་ | trug pa |
7 | ༧ | བདུན་པ་ | dün pa |
8 | ༨ | བརྒྱད་པ་ | gyay pa |
9 | ༩ | དགུ་པ་ | gu pa |
10 | ༡༠ | བཅུ་པ་ | chu pa |
Fractions
File:Tibet 7 half skar.jpg postage stamp, the evidence for the {{bo-textonly|༱}} symbol being used for 7.5.]]
Several slashed forms of Tibetan numerals are included in Unicode to represent fractions. However, their exact meaning and authenticity are unclear.{{cite web|url=https://www.babelstone.co.uk/Blog/2007/04/numbers-that-dont-add-up-tibetan-half.html|title=Numbers that Don't Add up – Tibetan Half Digits|website=BabelStone|access-date=4 December 2022}}
class="wikitable" | |||||||||
style="text-align:center;"
! Tibetan fractions | {{bo-textonly|༳}} | {{bo-textonly|༪}} | {{bo-textonly|༫}} | {{bo-textonly|༬}} | {{bo-textonly|༭}} | {{bo-textonly|༮}} | {{bo-textonly|༯}} | {{bo-textonly|༰}} | {{bo-textonly|༱}} | {{bo-textonly|༲}} |
style="text-align:center;"
! Values | -0.5 | 0.5 | 1.5 | 2.5 | 3.5 | 4.5 | 5.5 | 6.5 | 7.5 | 8.5 |
See also
References
{{reflist}}
External links
- Mazaudon & Lacito, 2002, [http://halshs.archives-ouvertes.fr/docs/00/16/68/91/PDF/numerationTB_SLP.pdf "Les principes de construction du nombre dans les langues tibeto-birmanes"], in François, ed. La Pluralité
{{Tibetan language}}