Tide dial

The name tide dial preserves the Old English term {{lang|ang|tīd}}, used for hours and canonical hours prior to the Norman Conquest of England, after which the Norman French hour gradually replaced it. The actual Old English name for sundials was {{lang|ang|{{linktext|dægmæl}}}} or "day-marker".

File:Cadran canonial.jpg, Lincolnshire|alt=Refer to caption]]

File:Musee-de-l-Oeuvre-Notre-Dame-Strasbourg-IMG 4024.jpg|alt=Sculpture of a man holding a functioning tide dial]]

Jews long recited prayers at fixed times of day. Psalm 119 in particular mentions praising God seven times a day,[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Psalm+119&version=CJB Ps. 119:164].{{citation |title=Rule of Benedict |at=[http://www.osb.org/rb/text/rbefjo2.html#16 Ch. 16] }}. and the apostles Peter and John are mentioned attending afternoon prayers.[https://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=acts+3%3A1&version=KJV Acts 3:1]. Christian communities initially followed numerous local traditions with regard to prayer, but Charlemagne compelled his subjects to follow the Roman liturgy, and his son Louis the Pious imposed the Rule of St{{nbsp}}Benedict upon their religious communities.

The canonical hours adopted by Benedict and imposed by the Frankish kings were the office of matins in the wee hours of the night,{{efn|It began at about the 8th hour of night (⅔ of the way between sunset and sunrise) which in the longer nights between November 1 and Easter allowed time for study before beginning the dawn office of lauds, but in the shorter summer months required curtailment of the vigil service so that lauds could then begin after only a brief interval to permit the monks to visit the toilet.{{citation |title=Rule of Benedict |at=[http://www.osb.org/rb/text/rbefjo1.html#chap8 Ch. 8] }}. Sunday services being longer, they necessarily began somewhat earlier.{{citation |title=Rule of Benedict |at=[http://www.osb.org/rb/text/rbefjo2.html#11 Ch. 11] }}.}} Lauds at dawn, Prime at the 1st hour of sunlight, Terce at the 3rd, Sext at the 6th, Nones at the 9th, Vespers at sunset,{{citation |title=Rule of Benedict |at=[http://www.osb.org/rb/text/rbemjo2.html#41 Ch. 41] }}. and Compline before retiring in complete silence.{{citation |title=Rule of Benedict |at=[http://www.osb.org/rb/text/rbemjo2.html#42 Ch. 42 ] }}. Monks were called to these hours by their abbot{{citation |title=Rule of Benedict |at=[http://www.osb.org/rb/text/rbemjo3.html#47 Ch. 47] }}. or by the ringing of the church bell, with the time between services organised in reading the Bible or other religious texts, in manual labour, or in sleep.

The need for these monastic communities and others to organize their times of prayer prompted the establishment of tide dials built into the walls of churches. They began to be used in England in the late 7th century and spread from there across continental Europe through copies of Bede's works and by the Saxon and Hiberno-Scottish missions. Within England, tide dials fell out of favour after the Norman Conquest.{{citation |title=Pastfinders |url=http://pastfinders.com |contribution-url=http://pastfinders.com/sundials.htm |contribution=Tide, Mass or Scratch Dials }}. By the 13th century, some tide dials – like that at Strasbourg Cathedral – were constructed as independent statues rather than built into the walls of the churches. From the 14th century onwards, the cathedrals and other large churches began to use mechanical clocks and the canonical sundials lost their utility, except in small rural churches, where they remained in use until the 16th century.

There are more than 3,000 surviving tide dials in England{{citation |contribution-url=http://sundialsoc.org.uk/dials_menu/mass-dials/ |contribution=Mass Dials |title=Official site |url=http://sundialsoc.org.uk/ |publisher=British Sundial Society }}.{{efn|Cole gives a list of 1300 English churches with tide dials.{{sfnp|Cole|1935|pp=10-16}}}} and at least 1,500 in France,{{citation |first=Denis |last=Schneider |contribution=Les Cadrans Canoniaux |title=L'Astronomie, No. 76 |date=2014 |pages=58–61 }}. mainly in Normandy, Touraine, Charente, and at monasteries along the pilgrimage routes to Santiago de Compostela in northwestern Spain.

File:Priest's door at St Mary and St Lawrence Church - geograph.org.uk - 539126.jpg at SS{{nbsp}}Mary & Lawrence's Church in Stratford Tony, Wiltshire, England|alt=A sundial beside a priests’ door]]

With Christendom confined to the Northern Hemisphere, the tide dials were often carved vertically onto the south side of the church chancel at eye level near the priest's door. In an abbey or large monastery, dials were carefully carved into the stonen walls, while in rural churches they were very often just scratched onto the wall.

Some tide dials have a stonen gnomon, but many have a circular hole which is used to hold a more easily replaced or adjusted wooden gnomon. These gnomons were perpendicular to the wall and cast a shadow upon the dial, a semicircle divided into a number of equal sectors. Most dials have supplementary lines marking the other 8 daytime hours, but are characterized by their noting the canonical hours particularly. The lines for the canonical hours may be longer or marked with a dot or cross. The divisions are seldom numbered.

Dials often have holes along the circumference of their semicircle. As additional gnomons were needless and these holes are often quite shallow, T.W. Cole suggests they were used as markers to quickly and easily reconstruct the tide dials following a fresh whitewash of the church walls with chalk or lime.{{sfnp|Cole|1935|pp=2-3}}

{{main|Bewcastle Cross}}

The oldest surviving English tide dial is on the 7th- or 8th-century Bewcastle Cross in the church graveyard of St Cuthbert's in Bewcastle, Cumbria. It is carved on the south face of a Celtic cross at some height from the ground and is divided by five principal lines into four tides. Two of these lines, those for 9{{nbsp}}am and noon, are crossed at the point. The four spaces are further subdivided so as to give the twelve daylight hours of the Romans. On one side of the dial, there is a vertical line which touches the semicircular border at the second afternoon hour. This may be an accident, but the same kind of line is found on the dial in the crypt of Bamburgh Church, where it marks a later hour of the day. The sundial may have been used for calculating the date of the spring equinox and hence Easter.Bewcastle: A Brief Historical Sketch."Bilberries and Tickled Trout: Reflections on the Bewcastle Cross".

File:Bewcastle cross - south and east faces.jpg|Bewcastle Cross

File:BewcastleCross2.jpg|Its four faces, with the tide dial on the second from the left

{{main|Nendrum Monastery}}

Nendrum Monastery in Northern Ireland, supposedly founded in the 5th century by St Machaoi, now has a reconstructed tide dial.{{citation |title=Department of the Environment |url=http://www.ni-environment.gov.uk/ |contribution-url=http://www.ni-environment.gov.uk/nendrum.htm |contribution=Nendrum Monastic Site |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090416081945/http://www.ni-environment.gov.uk/ |archive-date=2009-04-16 }}. The 9th-century tide dial gives the name of its sculptor and a priest.

File:Sun Dial Nendrum Monastery Ruins - geograph.org.uk - 346240.jpg|The pillar bearing the tide dial

Nendrum Monastery, January 2011 (14).JPG|The Nendrum sundial

The 1056{{nbsp}}{{abbr|x|sometime between}} 1065 tide dial at St Gregory's Minster, Kirkdale in North Yorkshire has four principal divisions marked by five crossed lines, subdivided by single lines. One marking ¼ of the way between sunrise and noon is an incised cross that would indicate about 9 am at midwinter and 6 am at midsummer. It was dedicated to a "Hawarth".{{harvp|Wall|1912|p=66}}.

St Gregory's Minster.jpg|St Gregory's Minster

File:Kirkdale sundial.jpg|Its tide dial

File:Kirkdale Sundial.jpg|Another image of the dial{{sfnp|Wall|1912|p=66}}

Proper tide dials prominently displaying the canonical hours:

File:St Andrew, Bishopstone, the sundial.JPG|A photograph of St{{nbsp}}Andrew's tide dial in Bishopstone, East Sussex, England

File:Bywell St. Peter - scratch clock - geograph.org.uk - 1570705.jpg|Tide dial at St{{nbsp}}Peter's in Bywell, Northumberland, England

File:St Andrew's church - scratch dial - geograph.org.uk - 802475.jpg |Tide dial at St{{nbsp}}Andrew's at Hempstead near Lessingham, Norfolk, England

File:Uzeste (33) Collégiale Notre-Dame Extérieur 05.JPG|Tide dial of Notre Dame in Uzeste, France

File:Dahmen-Kirche-Sonnenuhr.JPG|Tide dial of the church in Dahmen, Germany

File:Stpierrepalais eg3.JPG|Tide dial of St{{nbsp}}Peter's in St-Pierre-du-Palais, France

File:Kanonische Sonnenuhr evangelische Kirche Pattensen.jpg|The medieval tide dial at the church in Pattensen, Germany, with a modern gnomon inserted

File:Hist. Sonnenuhr.jpg|The tide dial at St Marien's in Homberg, Germany

File:Deial Haul Eglwys Beuno Sant Clynnog Fawr Sundial - geograph.org.uk - 587261.jpg|The tide dial at St Beuno's in Clynnog Fawr, Wales (10–11th{{nbsp}}c.)

File:Sundial, Corhampton Church - geograph.org.uk - 830692.jpg | Tide dial of the Saxon Church in Corhampton, Hampshire, England{{citation |last=Dackett |first=Eliza |author2=Julia Skinner |date=2006 |title=Ancient Britain: Land of Mystery and Legend |publisher=Francis Frith |isbn=1-84589-276-3 |page=93 }}. (11th{{nbsp}}c.)

File:WAK BerkaWerra Stadtkirche 14.jpg|A tide dial on the church at Berka, Germany (15th{{nbsp}}c.)

Other ecclesiastical sundials ("Mass dials") used to determine times for prayer and Mass during the same period:

The Bangor sundial - geograph.org.uk - 214906.jpg|The Bangor Sundial in Bangor, Northern Ireland ({{c.|900}})

File:Dolisqana church. A solar clock on the southern wall (Marr, 1911).JPG|The mosque sundial at the former Doliskana monastery in Turkey's Artvin Province (10th{{nbsp}}c.)

File:Mass-Clock at St George's Church - geograph.org.uk - 449101.jpg|Sundial with a triangular gnomon at St George's in Damerham, Hampshire, England

File:Chalgrove StMaryV MassDials.JPG|Two sundials on a buttress at St Mary's in Chalgrove, Oxfordshire, England

File:Scratch dial, St Martin's Church - geograph.org.uk - 1038528.jpg|Sundial with half-hour marks at St{{nbsp}}Martin's in Cheselbourne, Dorset, England

File:Exterieur ZONNEWIJZER BIJ STEUNBEER ZUIDGEVEL - Oldenzaal - 20264783 - RCE.jpg|St Plechelm's sundial in Oldenzaal in the Netherlands (12th{{nbsp}}c.)

Arbo Church-Sundial.JPG|The church sundial in Arbo, Spain

File:Sundial, West Clandon Church - geograph.org.uk - 598612.jpg|Sundial preserved amid a newer wall at SS{{nbsp}}Peter & Paul's in West Clandon, Surrey, England

File:GENOVA 2008.jpg|San Lorenzo's "Knifegrinder" sundial in Genoa, Italy{{citation |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=_vBG1d0mF6IC&pg=PA52 52] |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_vBG1d0mF6IC |title=The Italian Riviera |publisher=Touring Club of Italy |date=2001 |location=Milan |isbn = 9788836521142}}.

File:Condé-sur-Ifs église cadran solaire.JPG|The sundial at SS{{nbsp}}Peter & Martin's in Condé-on-the-Ifs, France

File:Retiendas (Guadalajara) Bonaval 2 0 2 Fachada Sur Reloj sol.png|The sundial on the monastery church at Bonaval, Spain

File:Stelzen-St.-Marien03.jpg|A sundial at St Marien's in Stelzen, Germany, marked with Runic numerals

File:Sundial - Canonical Hour.jpg|A sundial at the Istanbul Museum marked with Greek numerals

Զւարթնոցի արևային ժամացոյց.JPG|The sundial at Zvartnots Cathedral, marked with Armenian numerals

File:Reloj de sol en Tlacochahuaya.JPG|The sundial on the church patio at San Jerónimo Tlacochahuaya, Mexico (16th{{nbsp}}c.)

{{commons category|Mass dials}}

{{noteslist}}

{{reflist|30em}}

• {{citation |url=http://www.fulking.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/T_W_Cole_1935_Origin_and_Use_of_Church_Scratch_Dials.pdf |first=T. W. |last=Cole |date=1935 |title=Origin and Use of Church Scratch-Dials |publisher=Ed. Murray & Co. |location=London |isbn=978-0953897711 }}.
• {{citation |url=http://suffolkinstitute.pdfsrv.co.uk/customers/Suffolk%20Institute/2014/01/10/Volume%20XXIII%20Part%202%20(1938)_Mediaeval%20church%20sundials%20T%20W%20Cole_148%20to%20154.pdf |first=T. W. |last=Cole |date=1938 |title=Medieval Church Sundials |series=Suffolk Institute of Archaeology & History, Vol. 23, Pt. 2 |pages=148–154 }}.
• {{citation |first=Alan |last=Cook |title=Time Addendum to Mass Dials on Yorkshire Churches |publisher=British Sundial Society |date=2012 |series=BSS Monographs |isbn=978-0955887253 }}.
• {{citation |first=Arthur Robert |last=Green |date=1926 |title=Incised Dials or Mass-Clocks |publisher=Society for Promoting Christian Knowledge |location=London }}.
• {{citation |first=Abbot Ethelbert |last=Horne |date=1929 |title=Scratch Dials: Their Description and History |publisher=Simpkin Marshall |location=London }}.
• {{citation |url=https://archive.org/stream/anglosaxondgml00tupp#page/n1/mode/2up |title=Anglo-Saxon Dæg-Mæl |last=Tupper |first=Frederick Jr. |location=Baltimore |date=1895 |publisher=Modern Language Association of America }}.
• {{citation |last=Wall |first=J. Charles |date=1912 |title=Porches & Fonts |location=London |publisher=Wells, Gardner, Darton & Co. }}
• {{citation |url=http://www.fulking.net/wp-content/uploads/2015/02/H_Michell_Whitley_1919_Primitive_Sundials.pdf |first=H. Michell |last=Whitley |title=Primitive Sundials on West Sussex Churches |series=Sussex Archeological Collections, Vol. 60 |date=1919 |pages=126–140 }}.

• Exhaustive treatment of Mass dials in the Gironde, France, at Wikicommons
• [http://cadrans-solaires.pagesperso-orange.fr/divers/canoniaux/canoniaux_uk.html Tide dials in Touraine, France]
• [http://cadransolaire-benoit.fr/category/cadrans-solaires-canoniaux/ Tide dials in Tarn, France]
• [http://www.buildingconservation.com/articles/mass-dials/mass-dials.htm Tide dials decoded by P.T.J. Rumley]
• [http://www.massdials.org.uk/texts/sac_100.htm Tide dials in Sussex, Britain]
• The Kirkdale Sundial: [http://www.ling.upenn.edu/~kroch/scand/kirkdale.html 1] & [http://www.sundialsoc.org.uk/Dotm/may2001.htm 2]
• The Bishopstone Sundial: [http://archaeologydataservice.ac.uk/catalogue/adsdata/arch-285-1/ahds/dissemination/pdf/vol_140/Combes.pdf 1] & [http://www.achurchnearyou.com/bishopstone-st-andrew/ 2]

Category:Horology

Category:Timekeeping

Category:Sundials