Time-lapse microscopy

{{Infobox laboratory equipment|frame

|name = Time-lapse microscope

|image = Olympus FluoView FV1000 Confocal Microscope - NCMIR.jpg

|alt =

|caption = A time-lapse microscope. The transparent cell incubator is necessary to keep cells alive during observation.

|acronym =

|other_names = (Time-lapse) microcinematograph, (Time-lapse) video microscope, Time-lapse cinemicrograph

|uses = Observation of slow microscopic processes

|notable_experiments =

|inventor = Jean Comandon and other contemporaries

|manufacturer =

|model =

}}

Time-lapse microscopy is time-lapse photography applied to microscopy. Microscope image sequences are recorded and then viewed at a greater speed to give an accelerated view of the microscopic process.

Before the introduction of the video tape recorder in the 1960s, time-lapse microscopy recordings were made on photographic film. During this period, time-lapse microscopy was referred to as microcinematography. With the increasing use of video recorders, the term time-lapse video microscopy was gradually adopted. Today, the term video is increasingly dropped, reflecting that a digital still camera is used to record the individual image frames, instead of a video recorder.

Applications

{{multiple image

| direction = vertical

| align = left

| width = 160

| image1 = TimeLapseMicroscopyCancerCells.gif

| caption1 = A time-lapse movie of dividing cancer cells, created by using a phase-contrast microscope.

| image2 = Time-lapse video of dividing cells.gif

| caption2 = Cell division over 42 hours. The time-lapse movie was created by using a phase microscope.

| image3 = Ultramicroscope time-lapse of syphilis parasite-Comandon-1910.ogv

| caption3 = Jean Comandon, pioneer of microcinematography, recorded this time-lapse film in c. 1910, using an ultramicroscope. The film show living spiral shaped syphilis bacteria moving among red blood cells of frog. Notice the back-and-forth movement, characterizing the disease-causing form.

}}

Time-lapse microscopy can be used to observe any microscopic object over time. However, its main use is within cell biology to observe artificially cultured cells. Depending on the cell culture, different microscopy techniques can be applied to enhance characteristics of the cells as most cells are transparent.{{cite web | title=The Phase Contrast Microscope | publisher=Nobel Media AB | url=https://www.nobelprize.org/educational/physics/microscopes/phase}}

To enhance observations further, cells have therefore traditionally been stained before observation. Unfortunately, the staining process kills the cells. The development of less destructive staining methods and methods to observe unstained cells has led to that cell biologists increasingly observe living cells. This is known as live-cell imaging. A few tools have been developed to identify and analyze single cells during live-cell imaging.{{cite journal | last1 = Stylianidou | first1 = Stella | last2 = Brennan | first2 = Connor | last3 = Nissen | first3 = Silas B. | last4 = Kuwada | first4 = Nathan J. | last5 = Wiggins | first5 = Paul A. | title=SuperSegger: robust image segmentation, analysis and lineage tracking of bacterial cells | journal=Molecular Microbiology | date=August 29, 2016 | volume=102 | issue = 4 | pages=690–700 |doi=10.1111/mmi.13486 | pmid = 27569113 | s2cid = 10684951 | url = https://curis.ku.dk/ws/files/209799494/SuperSegger_robust_image_segmentation_analysis_and_lineage_tracking_of_bacterial_cells.pdf }}{{cite journal | last1 = Young | first1 = Jonathan W. | last2 = Locke | first2 = James C. W. | last3 = Altinok | first3 = Alphan | last4 = Rosenfeld | first4 = Nitzan | last5 = Bacarian | first5 = Tigran | last6 = Swain | first6 = Peter S. | last7 = Mjolsness | first7 = Eric | last8 = Elowitz | first8 = Michael B. | title=Measuring single-cell gene expression dynamics in bacteria using fluorescence time-lapse microscopy | journal=Nature Protocols | date=December 15, 2011 | volume=7 | issue = 1 | pages=80–88 |doi=10.1038/nprot.2011.432 | pmid = 22179594 | pmc = 4161363 }}{{Cite journal|last1=Merouane|first1=Amine|last2=Rey-Villamizar|first2=Nicolas|last3=Lu|first3=Yanbin|last4=Liadi|first4=Ivan|last5=Romain|first5=Gabrielle|last6=Lu|first6=Jennifer|last7=Singh|first7=Harjeet|last8=Cooper|first8=Laurence J. N.|last9=Varadarajan|first9=Navin|last10=Roysam|first10=Badrinath|date=2015-10-01|title=Automated profiling of individual cell–cell interactions from high-throughput time-lapse imaging microscopy in nanowell grids (TIMING)|url= |journal=Bioinformatics|language=en|volume=31|issue=19|pages=3189–3197|doi=10.1093/bioinformatics/btv355|issn=1367-4803|pmc=4693004|pmid=26059718}}

Time-lapse microscopy is the method that extends live-cell imaging from a single observation in time to the observation of cellular dynamics over long periods of time.{{Cite journal | last1 = Coutu | first1 = D. L. | last2 = Schroeder | first2 = T. | title = Probing cellular processes by long-term live imaging - historic problems and current solutions | doi = 10.1242/jcs.118349 | journal = Journal of Cell Science | year = 2013 | pmid = 23943879 | volume=126 | issue=Pt 17 | pages=3805–15 | doi-access = free }}{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1038/nmeth1009-707 | last1 = Landecker | first1 = H. | title = Seeing things: From microcinematography to live cell imaging | journal = Nature Methods | volume = 6 | issue = 10 | pages = 707–709 | year = 2009 | pmid = 19953685 | s2cid = 6521488 }} Time-lapse microscopy is primarily used in research, but is clinically used in IVF clinics as studies has proven it to increase pregnancy rates, lower abortion rates and predict aneuploidy{{Cite journal | last1 = Meseguer | first1 = M. | last2 = Rubio | first2 = I. | last3 = Cruz | first3 = M. | last4 = Basile | first4 = N. | last5 = Marcos | first5 = J. | last6 = Requena | first6 = A. | doi = 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2012.08.016 | title = Embryo incubation and selection in a time-lapse monitoring system improves pregnancy outcome compared with a standard incubator: A retrospective cohort study | journal = Fertility and Sterility | volume = 98 | issue = 6 | pages = 1481–1489.e10 | year = 2012 | pmid = 22975113 | doi-access = free }}{{Cite journal | last1 = Campbell | first1 = A. | last2 = Fishel | first2 = S. | last3 = Bowman | first3 = N. | last4 = Duffy | first4 = S. | last5 = Sedler | first5 = M. | last6 = Hickman | first6 = C. F. L. | doi = 10.1016/j.rbmo.2013.02.006 | title = Modelling a risk classification of aneuploidy in human embryos using non-invasive morphokinetics | journal = Reproductive BioMedicine Online | volume = 26 | issue = 5 | pages = 477–485 | year = 2013 | pmid = 23518033 | doi-access = free }}

Modern approaches are further extending time-lapse microscopy observations beyond making movies of cellular dynamics.

Traditionally, cells have been observed in a microscope and measured in a cytometer. Increasingly this boundary is blurred as cytometric techniques are being integrated with imaging techniques for monitoring and measuring dynamic activities of cells and subcellular structures.

History

File:Marey's micro-cinematograph.png

The Cheese Mites by Martin Duncan from 1903 is one of the earliest microcinematographic films.{{cite web | title=Cheese mites and other wonders | first=Finlo | last=Rohrer | publisher=BBC News Magazine | url=http://www.screenonline.org.uk/film/id/1336505 | access-date=2011-04-24 }} However, the early development of scientific microcinematography took place in Paris. The first reported time-lapse microscope was assembled in the late 1890s at the Marey Institute, founded by the pioneer of chronophotography, Étienne-Jules Marey.{{cite book | title=Practical cinematography and its applications | first=Frederick A. | last=Talbot | year=1913 | publisher=W. Heinemann | ol=7220960M }}{{cite web | title=Le cinéma au service de la science | publisher=Institut national de l'audiovisuel | url=http://www.ina.fr/video/AFE07000221 | access-date=2013-01-09}}{{cite journal | title=Microcinematography and the History of Science and Film | first1=Hannah | last1=Landecker | journal=Isis | volume=97 | pages=121–132 | year=2006 | doi=10.1086/501105| s2cid=144554305 }} It was, however, Jean Comandon who made the first significant scientific contributions around 1910.{{cite web | title=Jean Comandon (1877-1970) | publisher=Institut Pasteur | url=http://www.pasteur.fr/infosci/archives/cdj0.html | url-status=dead | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141205082235/http://www.pasteur.fr/infosci/archives/cdj0.html | archive-date=2014-12-05 }}{{cite news | title=MICROBES CAUGHT IN ACTION.; Moving Pictures of Them a Great Aid In Medical Research. | newspaper=The New York Times | date=October 31, 1909 | url=https://query.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10916F63A5A15738DDDA80B94D8415B898CF1D3 }}

Comandon was a trained microbiologist specializing in syphilis research.

Inspired by Victor Henri's microcinematic work on Brownian motion,{{cite book | chapter=Chapter 6: A visual history of Jean Perrin's Brownian motion curves | first=Charlotte | last=Bigg | editor1-first=Lorraine | editor1-last=Daston | editor2-first=Elizabeth | editor2-last=Lunbeck | title=Histories of Scientific Observation | publisher=The University of Chicago Press | year=2011 | chapter-url=http://www.koyre.cnrs.fr/IMG/pdf/bigg_avisual_history_of_bm.pdf }}{{Dead link|date=May 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}{{cite journal | title=Evident atoms: visuality in Jean Perrin's Brownian motion research | first=Charlotte | last=Bigg | journal=Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A | volume=39 | issue=3 | pages=312–322 | year=2008 | doi=10.1016/j.shpsa.2008.06.003 | bibcode=2008SHPSA..39..312B | url=http://www.koyre.cnrs.fr/IMG/pdf/bigg_evident_atoms_shps.pdf }}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=no }}{{cite journal | first=Victor | last=Henri | title=Étude cinématographique des mouvements browniens | journal=Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences | issue=146 | pages=1024–1026 | year=1908}} he used the newly invented ultramicroscope to study the movements of the syphilis bacteria.{{cite journal | title=Cellular Features: Microcinematography and Film Theory | first=Hannah | last=Landecker | journal=Critical Inquiry | volume=31 | issue=4 | pages=903–937 | year=2005 | doi=10.1086/444519| s2cid=162894152 }}

At the time, the ultramicroscope was the only microscope in which the thin spiral shaped bacteria was visible.

Using an enormous cinema camera bolted to the fragile microscope, he demonstrated visually that the

movement of the disease-causing bacteria is uniquely different from the non-disease-causing form.

Comandon's films proved instrumental in teaching doctors how to distinguish the two forms.{{Cite journal | last1 = Bayly | first1 = H. W. | title = Demonstration by the Ultra-microscope of living Treponema pallidum and various Spirochaetes | journal = Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine | volume = 3 | issue = Clin Sect | pages = 3–6 | year = 1910 | pmid = 19974144 | pmc = 1961544 | doi = 10.1177/003591571000300202 }}{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2004.00374.x | last1 = Roux | first1 = P. | last2 = Münter | first2 = S. | last3 = Frischknecht | first3 = F. | last4 = Herbomel | first4 = P. | last5 = Shorte | first5 = S. L. | title = Focusing light on infection in four dimensions | journal = Cellular Microbiology | volume = 6 | issue = 4 | pages = 333–343 | year = 2004 | pmid = 15009025 | s2cid = 12228598 | doi-access = free }}

Comandon's extensive pioneering work inspired others to adopt microcinematography. Heniz Rosenberger builds a microcinematograph in the mid-1920s. In collerboration with Alexis Carrel, they used the device to further develop Carrel's cell culturing techniques.{{cite journal | first=Heinz | last=Rosenberger | title=Micro-Cinematography in Medical Research | journal=J Dent Res | year=1929 | volume=9 | issue=3 | pages=343–352 | doi=10.1177/00220345290090030501| s2cid=71952151 }} Similar work was conducted by Warren Lewis.{{cite web | title=Warren H. (Warren Harmon) Lewis papers, ca. 1913-1964 | publisher=American Philosophical Society | url=http://www.amphilsoc.org/mole/view?docId=ead/Mss.B.L586-ead.xml | access-date=2011-04-24}}

During World War II, Carl Zeiss AG released the first phase-contrast microscope on the market.

With this new microscope, cellular details could for the first time be observed without using lethal stains.

By setting up some of the first time-lapse experiments with chicken fibroblasts and a phase-contrast microscope,

Michael Abercrombie described the basis of our current understanding of cell migration in 1953.{{cite web | first=Monica | last=Hoyos-Flight | title=Milestone 2: Nature Milestones in Cytoskeleton | publisher=Nature Publishing Group | url=http://www.nature.com/milestones/milecyto/full/milecyto02.html}}{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1016/0014-4827(53)90098-6 | last1 = Abercrombie | first1 = M. | last2 = Heaysman | first2 = J. E. | title = Observations on the social behaviour of cells in tissue culture. I. Speed of movement of chick heart fibroblasts in relation to their mutual contacts | journal = Experimental Cell Research | volume = 5 | issue = 1 | pages = 111–131 | year = 1953 | pmid = 13083622 }}

With the broad introduction of the digital camera at the beginning of this century, time-lapse microscopy has been made dramatically more accessible and is currently experiencing an unrepresented raise in scientific publications.

References

External links

[http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu/primer/techniques/livecellimaging Introduction to Live-Cell Imaging Techniques] by Florida State University

=Historic time-lapse microscopy films=

1903 – [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QiaWXmYh3EU Cheese Mites] by Martin Duncan
1909 – [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=09i1zdv3KVM Syphilis spirochaeta pallida] by Jean Comandon
1939 – [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ezkZGAlo8RM Normal and abnormal white blood cells in tissue cultures] by Warren Lewis
1943 – [https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Ge4k3uiB3qw The early cell division stage of grasshopper sperm cells shown using phase contrast time-lapse microscopy] by Kurt Michel, Carl Zeiss AG

Category:Microscopy

Category:Cell imaging

Category:Microbiology techniques

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