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Timeline of Bhutanese history

{{short description|Bhutanese history timeline}}

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This is a timeline of Bhutanese history, comprising important legal and territorial changes and political events in Bhutan and its predecessor states.

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7th century

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627Tibetan ruler Songtsän Gampo (reigned 627–49) ordered the construction of many Buddhist temples, including two in Bhutan: Jambay Lhakhang at Bumthang in central Bhutan, and Kyichu Lhakhang on the Kyi River in the Paro Valley.{{cite book |last1=Worden |first1=Robert L. |last2=Savada |first2=Andrea Matles (ed.) |title=Nepal and Bhutan: Country Studies |chapter=Chapter 6 – Bhutan: Arrival of Buddhism |edition=3rd |year=1991 |publisher=Federal Research Division, United States Library of Congress |isbn=0-8444-0777-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/nepalbhutancount00sava |accessdate=2010-10-19 |df=dmy-all |url-access=registration }} The construction of these temples marked the arrival of Buddhism in Bhutan. (to 649)

8th century

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747Buddhist saint Padmasambhava, known as "Guru Rimpoche", comes to Bhutan from India at the invitation of Sindhu Raja of the Kingdom of Bumthang, one of the numerous kingdoms predating modern Bhutan. Padmasambhava converts the king to Buddhism and then continues to Tibet. When he returns to Bhutan at the invitation of Trisong Detsen, he oversees the construction of new monasteries in the Paro Valley and sets up his headquarters in Jakar. According to tradition, Padmasambhava thus founds the Nyingma, or "Red Hat," sect of Vajrayana Buddhism. Padmasambhava plays a great historical and religious role as the national patron saint who revealed the tantras to Bhutan. He returned for a third visit during the reign of Murthi Tsenpo (764–817), son of Trisong Detsen.{{cite book |title=Bhutan |series=Lonely Planet Country Guides |first1=Lindsay |last1=Brown |first2=Bradley |last2=Mayhew |first3=Stan |last3=Armington |first4=Richard W. |last4=Whitecross |edition=3 |publisher=Lonely Planet |year=2007 |isbn=978-1-74059-529-2 |pages=26–7 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s-L8NUlW_QgC |access-date=20 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161206003636/https://books.google.com/books?id=s-L8NUlW_QgC |archive-date=6 December 2016 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }} citing Michael Aris

9th century

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807Alternate date for Padmasambhava's invitation to Bhutan by Sindhu Raja. Naguchhi's sons spread the realm into parts of modern Sikkim and Tibet.{{cite book|title=Sikhim & Bhutan: twenty-one years on the north-east frontier, 1887–1908 |first=John Claude |last=White |publisher=Longmans, Green |year=1909 |page=[https://archive.org/details/sikhimbhutantwe00whitgoog/page/n139 99] |url=https://archive.org/details/sikhimbhutantwe00whitgoog |accessdate=2013-03-23}}
809Padmasambhava comes again to Bhutan. Around the same time, independent monarchies develop.{{cite book |last1=Worden |first1=Robert L. |last2=Savada |first2=Andrea Matles (ed.) |title=Nepal and Bhutan: Country Studies |chapter=Modernization under Jigme Dorji, 1952–72 |edition=3rd |year=1991 |publisher=Federal Research Division, United States Library of Congress |isbn=0-8444-0777-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/nepalbhutancount00sava |accessdate=2010-10-19 |df=dmy-all |url-access=registration }}
824Tibetan King Ralpacan (reigned 816–836), grandson of Trisong Detsen, goes to war with an Indian people ruler in Bhutan, driving him out. Tibetan troops who remained in Bhutan were called Milog, meaning "those that will not return." The region they settle is referred to as Tshochhen Gyed. Its eight parts or divisions are Wang, Be, Med, Kawang, Chang, Thi, Thim, and Lar.{{cite book |title=The dragon country: the general history of Bhutan |first=Nirmala |last=Das |publisher=Orient Longman |year=1974 |chapter=Table B. Bhutan: Chronology of Important Events |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ImFXAAAAMAAJ |access-date=20 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170414172347/https://books.google.com/books?id=ImFXAAAAMAAJ |archive-date=14 April 2017 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}
836Tibetan King Ralpacan is murdered by agents of his brother Langdarma. Tibetans seek refuge in Bhutan from ensuing political and religious upheaval during the reign of Langdarma (836–842). After Langdarma's assassination in 842, Tibetans continue to flee to western Bhutan, thus creating the homeland of the modern Ngalop people. The centuries that follow, known in Tibet as the Era of Fragmentation, are characterized by their lack of political cohesion. During much of this period, the dominant Bhutanese polity was the Kingdom of Bumthang.
900In the late 9th century, ethnic Tibetan forces expel Indian people princes from parts of modern Bhutan. Tibetans in this period and location develop the roots of Ngalong culture.{{cite book |title=Rediscovering Bhutan |first=M. N. |last=Gulati |publisher=Manas Publications |year=2003 |pages=66–67 |isbn=9788170491569 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=HhxuAAAAMAAJ |access-date=20 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140718123532/http://books.google.com/books?id=HhxuAAAAMAAJ |archive-date=18 July 2014 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}{{cite book |title=Bhutan: society and polity |volume=34 |series=South Asia studies |first1=Ramesh |last1=Ramakant |first2=Chandra |last2=Misra |edition=2 |publisher=Indus Publishing |year=1996 |isbn=81-7387-044-6 |page=45 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m8U94l6xHlYC |access-date=20 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160425044003/https://books.google.com/books?id=m8U94l6xHlYC |archive-date=25 April 2016 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}

10th century

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1000By the 11th century, Tibetan-Mongol forces occupy the whole of Tibet. More waves of Tibetans seek refuge in Bhutan from religious persecution. Charismatic lamas become the de facto leaders of regions in western Bhutan.{{cite book |title=International Encyclopaedia of Himalayas |volume=2 |first=Ramesh Chandra |last=Bisht |date=January 2008 |publisher=Mittal Publications |isbn=978-81-8324-265-3 |pages=6–12 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XWblUfYqGK4C |access-date=20 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160424211904/https://books.google.com/books?id=XWblUfYqGK4C |archive-date=24 April 2016 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}

11th century

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1143

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|Before the arrival of Phajo Druggom, the followers of Nyoe Gyalwa Lhanangpa, a disciple of Kyobpa Jigten Sumgon (1143–1217), the founder of the Drikung Kagyud, known as Lhapa had great influence and controlled a large part of western Bhutan.{{Cite web |title=Pajo Drukgom Zhikpo |url=https://treasuryoflives.org/biographies/view/Pajo-Drukgom-Zhigpo/10531 |access-date=2024-12-31 |website=The Treasury of Lives |language=en}}

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12th century

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1180Tibetan lama Tsangpa Gyare (1161–1211) founds Ralung Monastery for the Drukpa Lineage of the Kagyu school, named after the thunder dragons (druk) he witnessed on his quest for an appropriate foundation site. With the proliferation of the Drukpa, the druk become synonymous with Bhutan and later its central national symbol.

13th century

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14th century

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1360Gelug monks flee to Bhutan from Tibet.

15th century

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1475Pema Lingpa, a Bhutanese religious figure and tertön from Bumthang, discovered his first terma from Lake Membar near Bumthang.

17th century

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1616Ngawang Namgyal, 1st Zhabdrung Rinpoche, facing arrest and following visions in which it is said that the chief guardian deities of Bhutan offered him a home, leaves Tibet to establish a new base in western Bhutan, founding Chagri Monastery at the head of the Thimphu Valley.
rowspan="2" valign="center" | 1627Shabdrung Ngawang Namgyal builds Simtokha Dzong at the entrance to Thimphu valley. From this dzong, he exerts control over traffic between the powerful Paro Valley to the west and Trongsa Valley to the east.
Circa 1627, during the first war with Tibet, Portuguese Jesuits Estêvão Cacella and João Cabral were the first recorded Europeans to visit Bhutan on their way to Tibet. They met with Ngawang Namgyal, presented him with firearms, gunpowder and a telescope, and offered him their services in the war against Tibet, but the Zhabdrung declined the offer. After a stay of nearly eight months, Cacella wrote a long letter from Chagri Monastery reporting the travel. This is a rare remaining direct report of the Zhabdrung.{{cite web |url=http://www.bhutannica.org/index.php?title=Estevao_Cacella |title=Stephen Cacella |publisher=Bhutannica online |date=2 March 2008 |accessdate=2011-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110522081607/http://www.bhutannica.org/index.php?title=Estevao_Cacella |archive-date=22 May 2011 |url-status=usurped |df=dmy-all }}
1629Attempted Tibetan invasion fails.{{cite book |title=Encyclopedia of the Peoples of Asia and Oceania |volume=1 |series=Facts on File library of world history |first=Barbara A. |last=West |publisher=Infobase Publishing |year=2008 |isbn=978-0-8160-7109-8 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC |pages=107–110 |access-date=20 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170324213507/https://books.google.com/books?id=pCiNqFj3MQsC |archive-date=24 March 2017 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}
1631Attempted Tibetan invasion fails.
1634Ngawang Namgyal prevails in the Battle of Five Lamas over the Tibetan Empire and Bhutanese forces allied against him. The Zhabdrung is thus the first to unite Bhutan into a single country. The Zhabdrung establishes the Drukpa Lineage as the state religion under the dual system of government, and codifies the system of laws known as the Tsa Yig, based on Buddhist religious law (dharma).{{cite book |last1=Worden |first1=Robert L. |last2=Savada |first2=Andrea Matles (ed.) |title=Nepal and Bhutan: Country Studies |chapter=Chapter 6 – Bhutan: Consolidation and Defeat of Tibetan Invasions, 1616–51 |edition=3rd |year=1991 |publisher=Federal Research Division, United States Library of Congress |isbn=0-8444-0777-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/nepalbhutancount00sava |accessdate=2010-10-19 |df=dmy-all |url-access=registration }}
1639Attempted Tibetan invasion fails.
1643A joint Mongol-Tibetan force sought to destroy Nyingma refugees who had fled to Bhutan, Sikkim, and Nepal. The Mongols had seized control of religious and civil power in Tibet in the 1630s and established the Gelug school as the state religion. Bhutanese rivals of Ngawang Namgyal encouraged the Mongol intrusion, but the Mongol force was easily defeated in the humid lowlands of southern Bhutan.
1647Attempted Tibetan invasion fails.
1651Ngawang Namgyal dies; however, his death is kept a secret for fifty-four years in order to keep Bhutan from disintegrating. While the Zhabdrung was supposedly away on an extended religious retreat, his son reigned.{{cite book |last1=Worden |first1=Robert L. |last2=Savada |first2=Andrea Matles (ed.) |title=Nepal and Bhutan: Country Studies |chapter=Chapter 6 – Bhutan: Administrative Integration and Conflict with Tibet, 1651–1728 |edition=3rd |year=1991 |publisher=Federal Research Division, United States Library of Congress |isbn=0-8444-0777-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/nepalbhutancount00sava |accessdate=2010-10-19 |df=dmy-all |url-access=registration }}
1680Bhutan invades Sikkim. The same year, Ngawang Namgyal's son is succeeded by the Zhabdrung's stepbrother.
1700Bhutan invades Sikkim.

18th century

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1714Tibetan forces, aided by the Mongols, invade Bhutan but fail to gain control.
1730Cooch Behar first requests Bhutanese assistance in repelling Mughal Empire encroachments, establishing a dependent relationship with Bhutan.
1770Bhutan invades Sikkim, supported by troops from Cooch Behar.{{cite book |last1=Worden |first1=Robert L. |last2=Savada |first2=Andrea Matles (ed.) |title=Nepal and Bhutan: Country Studies |chapter=Chapter 6 – Bhutan: Civil Conflict, 1728–72 |edition=3rd |year=1991 |publisher=Federal Research Division, United States Library of Congress |isbn=0-8444-0777-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/nepalbhutancount00sava |accessdate=2010-10-19 |df=dmy-all |url-access=registration }}
rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1772In a succession dispute in Cooch Behar, the Druk Desi's nominee for the throne was opposed by a rival who invited British troops; in effect, Cooch Behar became a dependency of the British East India Company.
British expeditionary forces drive Bhutanese garrisons out of Cooch Behar, until that time a Bhutanese dependency. The Druk Desi petitions Lhasa unsuccessfully for assistance. (to 1773)
177425 AprilThe Druk Desi signs a Treaty of Peace with the British East India Company. Under the treaty, Bhutan returns to its pre-1730 boundaries and allows the British to harvest timber in Bhutan.{{cite book |last1=Worden |first1=Robert L. |last2=Savada |first2=Andrea Matles (ed.) |title=Nepal and Bhutan: Country Studies |chapter=Chapter 6 – Bhutan: British Intrusion, 1772–1907 |edition=3rd |year=1991 |publisher=Federal Research Division, United States Library of Congress |isbn=0-8444-0777-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/nepalbhutancount00sava |accessdate=2010-10-19 |df=dmy-all |url-access=registration }}
1784British government turns over to Bhutan the Bengal Duars territory, where boundaries had been poorly defined. As in its other foreign territories, Bhutan left administration of the Bengal Duars territory to local officials and collected its revenues.

19th century

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1815British mission to Thimphu fails to reach a conclusion amid increasing border tensions.
1838British mission to Thimphu offers Bhutan a treaty providing for the extradition of Bhutanese officials responsible for incursions into Assam, free and unrestricted commerce between India and Bhutan, and settlement of Bhutan's debt to the British. In an attempt to protect its independence, Bhutan rejected the British offer.
1841British annex Bhutanese controlled Assam Duars, paying a compensation of 10,000 rupees a year to Bhutan.
1842Bhutan cedes control of the troublesome Bengal Duars to Britain.
1862Bhutanese forces raid Sikkim and Cooch Behar; the British respond by withholding all compensation payments and demanding release of all captives and return of stolen property. These demands went unheeded by the Druk Desi, as he was alleged to be unaware of frontier officials' raids.
rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1864Britain sends a peace mission to Bhutan in the wake of a recent civil war, during a period when two rival claimants to the office of Druk Desi competed for power. Though the British attempt to deal with both Druk Desis, the peace mission is rejected by Bhutan.
NovemberBritain declares war on Bhutan. The Duar War lasts five months, resulting in Bhutan's defeat and cession of significant territory under the Treaty of Sinchula.
186511 NovemberBhutan signs the Treaty of Sinchula, ceding territories in the Assam Duars and Bengal Duars, as well as the eighty-three-square-kilometer territory of Dewangiri in southeastern Bhutan, in return for an annual subsidy of 50,000 rupees.
1870In the 1870s and 1880s, renewed competition among regional rivals – primarily the pro-British penlop of Trongsa and the anti-British, pro-Tibetan penlop of Paro – resulted in the ascendancy of Ugyen Wangchuck, the penlop of Trongsa. (to 1880)
1885Ugyen Wangchuck, penlop (governor) of Trongsa, puts down civil unrest across Bhutan, consolidates power, and cultivates closer ties with British India.

20th century

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rowspan="2" valign="top" | 1903The last reigning Shabdrung dies, and a successor is not found until 1906. In the meantime, the civil administration comes under the power of the Ugyen Wangchuck as Druk Desi.
Ugyen Wangchuck volunteers to accompany a British mission to Lhasa as a mediator in the British expedition to Tibet and resulting Anglo-Tibetan Convention. In return, Ugyen is knighted and thereafter continues to accrue greater power in Bhutan. (to 1904)
190717 DecemberUgyen Wangchuck is elected Bhutan's first hereditary ruler (Druk Gyalpo) after having politically unified the country.{{cite web |url=https://2009-2017.state.gov/r/pa/ei/bgn/35839.htm |title=Background Note: Bhutan |date=2 February 2010 |publisher=U.S. Department of State |accessdate=2010-10-02 |df=dmy-all }}{{cite web |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/south_asia/1171693.stm |title=Timeline: Bhutan |date=5 May 2010 |publisher=BBC News online |accessdate=2010-10-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120802212427/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-12641778 |archive-date=2 August 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}
19108 JanuaryThe Treaty of Punakha amends two articles of the 1865 Treaty of Sinchula: the British agree to double the annual stipend to 100,000 rupees and "to exercise no interference in the internal administration of Bhutan." In turn, Bhutan agrees "to be guided by the advice of the British Government in regard to its external relations."{{cite book |last1=Worden |first1=Robert L. |last2=Savada |first2=Andrea Matles (ed.) |title=Nepal and Bhutan: Country Studies |chapter=Chapter 6 – Bhutan: Establishment of the Hereditary Monarchy, 1907 |edition=3rd |year=1991 |publisher=Federal Research Division, United States Library of Congress |isbn=0-8444-0777-1 |url=https://archive.org/details/nepalbhutancount00sava |accessdate=2010-10-19 |df=dmy-all |url-access=registration }}
192621 AugustKing Ugyen Wangchuck dies; his son Jigme Wangchuck begins to reign.
192716 MarchCoronation of Jigme Wangchuck.
1931The 7th Shabdrung Jigme Dorji dies at Talo monastery. Jigme Dorji is the last Shabdrung recognized by the government of Bhutan, though subsequent claimants to the incarnation continue today.
1947The British Empire leaves India, and direct political by the British ends. Bhutan remains relatively isolated from international affairs.
19498 AugustIndia and Bhutan sign the Treaty of Peace and Friendship, which provided that India would not interfere in Bhutan's internal affairs but that Bhutan would be guided by India in its foreign policy. The same year, India cedes to Bhutan some territories lost to the British in the 1865 Treaty of Sinchula.
195224 MarchKing Jigme Wangchuck dies; his son Jigme Dorji Wangchuck begins to reign. Bhutan begins a program of planned development and democratization. The same year, the National Assembly is established, and the post of Chief Minister (Gongzim) is abolished.
1957Major glacial lake outburst flood from glacial lakes.
rowspan="2" valign="center" | 1958Slavery is abolished.
The first Nationality Act is enacted, defining Bhutanese citizenship and introducing a compulsory registration process.{{cite web |url=http://oag.gov.bt/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/Nationality-law-of-Bhutan-1958English-version.pdf |title=Nationality Law of Bhutan, 1958 |publisher=Government of Bhutan |year=1958 |accessdate=2011-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823132147/http://oag.gov.bt/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/Nationality-law-of-Bhutan-1958English-version.pdf |archive-date=23 August 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}
1959Bhutanese enclaves in western Tibet are seized by the Chinese.{{cite book |title=The Politics of Bhutan |url=https://archive.org/details/politicsofbhutan00rose |url-access=limited |last=Rose |first=Leo E. |publisher=Cornell University Press |location=Ithaca |year=1977 |isbn=0-8014-0909-8 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/politicsofbhutan00rose/page/70 70], 80 }}
1960Major glacial lake outburst flood from glacial lakes.
1961First Five-Year Plan is introduced.
19645 AprilPrime Minister Jigme Palden Dorji is assassinated in a dispute among competing political factions. The King's own uncle, a military cadre, was among those executed for their role in the attempted coup. After a brief tenure by acting Prime Minister Lhendup Dorji, the post of Prime Minister is abolished until 1998.
1965Unsuccessful attempt to assassinate King Jigme Dorji Wangchuck.
1966The capital is moved from Punakha to Thimphu through a transition period when Punakha was the winter capital and Thimphu the summer capital.{{cite web |last=Law |first=Gwillim |url=http://www.statoids.com/ubt.html |work=Administrative Divisions of Countries ("Statoids") |title=Districts of Bhutan |date=18 December 2010 |accessdate=2010-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101217052524/http://www.statoids.com/ubt.html |archive-date=17 December 2010 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}
rowspan="2" valign="center" | 1968King Jigme Dorji Wangchuck establishes the first Council of Ministers, or executive cabinet. At the same time, the king renounces his power of veto, which had never been used.{{cite book |editor-last=Bowman |editor-first=John Stewart |title=Columbia Chronologies of Asian History and Culture |chapter=Chapter XVIII – Bhutan |year=2000 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=0-231-11004-9 |url=https://archive.org/details/columbiachronolo00john |url-access=registration |accessdate=2010-12-25 |page=[https://archive.org/details/columbiachronolo00john/page/387 387] |df=dmy-all }} The king also creates the High Court (the Thimkhang Gongma) and empowers it to review the king's decisions. The Bank of Bhutan is also founded as a central bank, charged with supervising the transition from a barter economy to a monetary economy.
Major glacial lake outburst flood from glacial lakes.
1969Jigme Dorji Wangchuck called for a triennial vote of confidence by the National Assembly to renew the Druk Gyalpo's mandate to rule. This vote was later abolished by his successor.
1970Bhutan's population reaches an estimated 300,000.{{cite web|url=https://www.google.com/publicdata?ds=wb-wdi&met=sp_pop_totl&idim=country:BTN |work=World Bank, World Development Indicators – Google public data |title=Bhutan Population |accessdate=2011-05-16}}
1971Bhutan joins the United Nations.
197221 JulyKing Jigme Dorji Wangchuck dies; his son Jigme Singye Wangchuck begins to reign.
rowspan="2" valign="center" | 1974MarchStrains between the Wangchucks and Dorjis were relieved with the return that year of the exiled members of the latter family. The reconciliation, however, was preceded by reports of a plot to assassinate the new Druk Gyalpo before his coronation could take place and to set fire to the Tashichho Dzong, the seat of government in Thimphu. Yangki, the Druk Gyalpo's Tibetan mistress, was the alleged force behind the plot. Thirty persons were arrested, including high government and police officials. (to April)
2 JuneCoronation of Jigme Singye Wangchuck. The same year, the first foreign tourists are allowed to enter Bhutan.
1978Bhutan's population reaches an estimated 400,000.
1982The Royal Government establishes the Royal Monetary Authority, the central bank of Bhutan.{{cite web |url=http://www.rma.org.bt |title=Royal Monetary Authority of Bhutan |publisher=Government of Bhutan |accessdate=2011-01-29 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110116044903/http://www.rma.org.bt/ |archive-date=16 January 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}{{cite web |url=http://oag.gov.bt/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/Royal-Monetary-Authority-of-Bhutan-Act-1982.pdf |title=Royal Monetary Authority Act of Bhutan 1982 |year=1982 |publisher=Government of Bhutan |accessdate=2010-10-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170908012606/http://oag.gov.bt/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/Royal-Monetary-Authority-of-Bhutan-Act-1982.pdf |archive-date=8 September 2017 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}
198510 JuneThe Bhutanese Citizenship Act 1985 is enacted.{{cite web |url=http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/3ae6b4d838.html |title=Bhutan Citizenship Act, 1985 |work=UNHCR Refworld online. Bhutan: National Legislation. "Citizenship Act, 1985" |year=1985 |publisher=www.bhutan.gov.bt |accessdate=2010-10-04 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121015190703/http://www.unhcr.org/refworld/docid/3ae6b4d838.html |archive-date=15 October 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}
rowspan="2" valign="center" | 1986Bhutan's population reaches an estimated 500,000.
One thousand illegal Lhotshampa laborers are expelled.
1987Gasa District is split up among Punakha and Thimphu Districts; Chhukha District is carved out from parts of Samtse, Paro, and Thimphu Districts.{{cite web |url=http://www.populstat.info/Asia/bhutanp.htm |last=Lahmeyer |first=Jan |title=BHUTAN – Historical Demographical Data of the Administrative Division |work=Population Statistics |year=2002 |accessdate=2010-12-31 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100809185449/http://www.populstat.info/Asia/bhutanp.htm |archive-date=9 August 2010 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}
rowspan="2" valign="center" | 1988Bhutan conducts its first census. As a result, many Lhotshampa (ethnic Nepalis) are branded as illegal immigrants.
After a census, the government begins evicting those it identifies as illegal immigrants among the Nepali-speaking population in southern Bhutan. Over two decades, the population of Bhutanese refugees in refugee camps in neighboring Nepal climbed to 107,000 by 2008 according to UNHCR.{{cite web |url=http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/search?page=search&docid=47a30dc82&query=bhutan |title=Refugees from Bhutan poised for new start |publisher=UNHCR |date=1 February 2008 |accessdate=2011-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110510005625/http://www.unhcr.org/cgi-bin/texis/vtx/search?page=search&docid=47a30dc82&query=bhutan |archive-date=10 May 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}
rowspan="2" valign="center" | 1989The driglam namzha, the official behaviour and dress code, is elevated from recommended to mandatory in public and educational settings. Nepali ceases to be a language of instruction in schools, escalating tensions between Ngalops and Lhotshampas.
Tek Nath Rizal, leader of the Bhutan Peoples' Party, is arrested and imprisoned.{{cite web |url=https://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/ASA14/004/1999/en |title=Bhutan: Amnesty International Welcomes Release of Prisoners of Conscience |publisher=Amnesty International |date=21 December 1999 |accessdate=2011-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121006194345/http://www.amnesty.org/en/library/info/ASA14/004/1999/en |archive-date=6 October 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}
1990Violent ethnic unrest and anti-government protests in southern Bhutan pressing for greater democracy and respect for minority rights. The Bhutan Peoples' Party, whose members are mostly Lhotshampa, begin a campaign of violence against the government. Pro-government citizen militias form in response to rising crime and violence including clashes between Lhotshampa demonstrators and the Royal Bhutan Army. The Bhutan Peoples' Party is subsequently banned.
1991Jigme Singye Wangchuck threatens to abdicate in face of hardline opposition in the National Assembly to his efforts to resolve ethnic unrest, leaving an international summit to attend to unrest.
rowspan="3" valign="center" | 1992Tek Nath Rizal, leader of the illegal Bhutan Peoples' Party, is sentenced to life imprisonment.
Gasa District is carved out from Punakha District; Tashi Yangtse District is split from Trashigang District. Other district boundaries are also changed
2 NovemberThe National Security Act is enacted. The Act defines treason and speech crimes, as well as unlawful assembly, rioting, and states of emergency, providing for lengthy prison sentences, capital punishment, and the use of deadly force by the government to stop unlawful demonstrations.{{cite web |url=http://oag.gov.bt/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/National-Security-Act-of-Bhutan-1992English.pdf |title=National Security Act 1992 |date=2 November 1992 |publisher=Government of Bhutan |accessdate=2011-01-21 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823132111/http://oag.gov.bt/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/National-Security-Act-of-Bhutan-1992English.pdf |archive-date=23 August 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}
1994Major glacial lake outburst flood from glacial lakes, devastating Punakha.{{cite web |url=http://www.raonline.ch/pages/story/bt/btbg_glacier01c.html |title=Watching the lakes |publisher=RAO online |date=5 December 2010 |accessdate=2011-04-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110927084535/http://www.raonline.ch/pages/story/bt/btbg_glacier01c.html |archive-date=27 September 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}
1998The Council of Ministers (Lhengye Zhungtshog) replaces the cabinet, and King Jigme Singye Wangchuck withdraws from his role in the decision-making of the cabinet. The post of Prime Minister (Lonchen) is restored. (to 1999)
rowspan="2" valign="center" | 1999Television is introduced.
18 DecemberTek Nath Rizal, leader of the illegal Bhutan Peoples' Party, is pardoned and released from prison along with some 40 other political prisoners. He goes into exile in Nepal, a common condition of release among Lhotshampa political dissidents.{{cite web |url=http://www.bhutanpeoplesparty.org/humanrights/human.htm |title=Peoples Forum for Human Rights- Bhutan |work=Bhutan People's Party online |date=22 July 2010 |accessdate=2011-02-19 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20090404023512/http://www.bhutanpeoplesparty.org/humanrights/human.htm |archivedate=4 April 2009 |df=dmy-all }}{{cite web|url=https://www.comminit.com/en/node/117045/3083 |title=People's Forum for Human Rights, Bhutan (PFHRB) |work=The Communication Initiative Network online |date=2 February 2010 |accessdate=2011-02-19}}
2000Bhutan and Nepal reach an agreement regarding the repatriation of certain classes of Bhutanese refugees living in camps in Nepal, subject to joint government verification. Points of contention included that some camp inhabitants were never citizens – or some even residents – of Bhutan before attaining refugee status. Also, the Bhutanese government regarded many political groups among the Nepalese Lhotshampa community, such as the Bhutan Peoples' Party (BPP) and Bhutan National Democratic Party (BNDP), as terrorist or anti-national groups.{{cite web |url=http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/faculty/rwinslow/asia_pacific/bhutan.html |title=Asia – Bhutan |first=Robert |last=Winslow |publisher=San Diego State University, ROHAN Academic Computing |work=A Comparative Criminology Tour of the World |date=30 May 2003 |accessdate=2011-05-16 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110605135851/http://www-rohan.sdsu.edu/faculty/rwinslow/asia_pacific/bhutan.html |archivedate=5 June 2011 |df=dmy-all }}{{cite book |title=Europa World Year, Book 1 |author=Taylor & Francis Group |publisher=Taylor & Francis |year=2004 |isbn=1-85743-254-1 |page=60 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wGA4o-UhAfgC |access-date=20 October 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170410085036/https://books.google.com/books?id=wGA4o-UhAfgC |archive-date=10 April 2017 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}

21st century

class="wikitable" width="100%"

! style="width:6%" | Year

style="width:10%" | DateEvent
2001MarchFirst verification of Bhutanese refugees eligible for repatriation commences in Nepalese refugee camps. Actual repatriation is estimated to occur one year out. As of 2011 over 200 refugees in the Khudunabari refugee camp alone had been certified, however no Bhutanese refugees had been repatriated.{{cite web |url=http://www.southasiaanalysis.org/\notes7\note623.html |title=Bhutan And Nepal Should Stop being Insincere to the Cause of Refugees: Update No. 90 |first=S |last=Chandrasekharan |publisher=South Asia Analysis Group (SAAG) online |date=24 April 2011 |accessdate=2011-05-20 |url-status=usurped |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728043353/http://southasiaanalysis.org/notes7/note623.html |archivedate=28 July 2011 |df=dmy-all }}
2002Bhutan's population reaches an estimated 600,000.
rowspan="2" valign="top" | 2003Several guerrilla groups seeking to establish an independent Assamese state in northeast India had set up guerrilla bases in the forests of southern Bhutan from which they launch cross-border attacks on targets in Assam. The largest guerrilla group was the United Liberation Front of Assam (ULFA). Negotiations aimed at removing them peacefully from these bases failed in the spring of 2003.
15 DecemberThe Royal Bhutan Army began military operations against guerrilla camps in southern Bhutan, in coordination with Indian armed forces who lined the border to the south to prevent the guerrillas from dispersing back into Assam. News sources indicated that of the 30 camps that were targeted, 13 were controlled by ULFA, 12 camps by the National Democratic Front of Bodoland (NDFB), and 5 camps controlled by the Kamatapur Liberation Organisation (KLO). By January 2004, government news reports indicated the guerrillas had been routed from their bases.
200420 MarchCapital punishment in Bhutan is abolished.{{cite web |url=http://www.kuenselonline.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=3887 |title=Capital punishment abolished in Bhutan |publisher=Kuensel |author=Kinley Dorji |date=27 March 2007 |accessdate=2011-02-27 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110713173401/http://www.kuenselonline.com/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=3887 |archive-date=13 July 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}
rowspan="2" valign="top" | 200526 MarchProposed constitution is unveiled under which Bhutan would transition from absolute monarchy to a constitutional monarchy and parliamentary democracy.
DecemberKing Jigme Singye Wangchuck announces he will abdicate in 2008, when democratic parliamentary elections are held, and names Crown Prince Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck to succeed him.
rowspan="3" valign="top" | 2006JanuaryAuthorities arrest two civil servants in the village of Nago in Paro District, accusing them of engaging in acts of proselytism under the false pretext of holding an official meeting, maligning the Spiritual Head of Bhutan (Je Khenpo), posing as officials on official business, and giving false information. In accordance with provisions in the Penal Code and the National Security Act, both men are found guilty in a district court. Christian groups maintain the men were arrested due to their religious beliefs since, according to these groups, the men were arrested while showing a Christian film in a Buddhist home. They are sentenced in early June 2006 in an open trial with a public hearing to three and a half years and three years in prison. They did not appeal the court judgment, although the right to appeal was provided for by law. On 28 July 2006, both men were released after payment of a fine.{{cite web |url=https://2001-2009.state.gov/g/drl/rls/irf/2007/90227.htm |title=Bhutan: International Religious Freedom Report 2007 |publisher=United States Department of State |year=2007 |accessdate=2010-01-28 |df=dmy-all }}
JuneBhutanese refugees in Nepalese refugee camps protest, pressing for third-country resettlement. (to August)
14 DecemberAbdication of King Jigme Singye Wangchuck, ahead of the date previously announced; his son Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck begins to reign.
rowspan="5" valign="top" | 20075 JanuaryThe Royal Government enacts the Immigration Act of 2007, amending the Bhutanese Citizenship Act 1985 and establishing the Department of Immigration under the Ministry of Home and Cultural Affairs to implement and administer immigration laws through immigration offices. The Act endowed officers of the Department of Immigration with broad police and prosecution powers: they may enter any private or official premises in order to search, arrest, seize, detain, interrogate or to demand forfeiture of any vehicles, trains, vessels, aircraft, or goods.{{cite web |url=http://oag.gov.bt/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/Immigration-Act-of-the-Kingdom-of-Bhutan2007-English.pdf |title=Immigration Act of the Kingdom of Bhutan, 2007 |publisher=Government of Bhutan |date=5 January 2007 |accessdate=2011-01-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110823130526/http://oag.gov.bt/wp-content/uploads/2010/05/Immigration-Act-of-the-Kingdom-of-Bhutan2007-English.pdf |archive-date=23 August 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}
FebruaryBhutan signs an agreement with India giving the kingdom more say in its foreign and defense policies.
3 FebruaryReports allege the current Zhabdrung Rinpoche, Pema Namgyel (b. 20 November 2003 – then a small child) had been held under house arrest in Bhutan along with his parents since October 2005, when the family traveled to meet the Reincarnation Committee. The Committee later denied his reincarnation status.{{cite web |url=http://www.buddhistchannel.tv/index.php?id=42,1818,0,0,1,0 |title=Rinpoche identity to be investigated |date=13 October 2005 |location=Kalimpong |accessdate=2011-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403074054/http://www.buddhistchannel.tv/index.php?id=42,1818,0,0,1,0 |archive-date=3 April 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}{{cite web |url=http://www.buddhistchannel.tv/index.php?id=40,3674,0,0,1,0 |title=Respected Buddhist teacher under house arrest in Bhutan |date=3 February 2007 |publisher=The Buddhist Channel online |accessdate=2010-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110525223320/http://www.buddhistchannel.tv/index.php?id=40,3674,0,0,1,0 |archive-date=25 May 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}{{cite web |url=http://www.apfanews.com/news-analysis/conflict-between-the-shabdrung-and-kings/ |title=Conflict between the Shabdrung and Kings |publisher=APFA News online |date=24 March 2010 |first=A. C. |last=Sinha |accessdate=2011-05-17 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723151707/http://www.apfanews.com/news-analysis/conflict-between-the-shabdrung-and-kings/ |archive-date=23 July 2011 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}
AprilMock elections are staged to familiarise voters with parliamentary democracy ahead of planned polls in 2008.
31 DecemberFirst National Council election for the 20 elected non-partisan seats in National Council, Bhutan's upper house. Only 15 out of 20 dzongkhags (districts), however, were set to begin voting. In Thimphu, Trashiyangtse, Gasa, Haa and Lhuntse Districts, there were either no candidates or a single candidate, and elections were delayed until 29 January 2008.
rowspan="5" valign="top" | 2008JanuaryA series of bombs blast the kingdom ahead of elections slated for 24 March. The attacks are blamed on armed Lhotshampa groups. (to February)
24 MarchIn Bhutan's first parliamentary elections, the pro-monarchy Bhutan Peace and Prosperity Party wins 45 out of 47 seats in the National Assembly, Bhutan's lower house. Another pro-monarchy party, the People's Democratic Party, wins the remaining two seats in Gasa and Haa Districts.
18 JulyThe Constitution of Bhutan is enacted. The first ever Constitution of Bhutan, it sets forth a bicameral parliamentary democratic framework to safeguard human rights, while enshrining the institution of the monarchy, Drukpa Lineage Buddhism, and traditional Ngalop Bhutanese culture.{{cite web |url=http://www.constitution.bt/TsaThrim%20Eng%20(A5).pdf |title=Constitution of the Kingdom of Bhutan (English) |publisher=Government of Bhutan |date=18 July 2008 |accessdate=2011-01-01 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162637/http://www.constitution.bt/TsaThrim%20Eng%20(A5).pdf |archivedate=6 July 2011 |df=dmy-all }}
NovemberThe government of India alleges links between Assamese separatists and the illegal Bhutanese Druk National Congress.
1 NovemberCoronation of Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck.{{cite web|url=http://www.probhutan.com/lib/info_coronation_wangchuck.pdf|title=The Coronation of H.M. Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck, 5th King of Bhutan or Druk Gyalpo (Dragon King) in the Punakha Dzong on 1. November 2008|publisher=www.probhutan.com|accessdate=2014-06-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924082043/http://www.probhutan.com/lib/info_coronation_wangchuck.pdf|archive-date=24 September 2015|url-status=live|df=dmy-all}}
rowspan="3" valign="top" | 2009AprilHuanglongbing virus decimates Bhutan's orange crop, an important export for the kingdom.
11 SeptemberParliament enacts the Local Government Act of Bhutan 2009, the sixth legislative reform of Bhutanese local governments since 1999. The Act devolves various administrative powers to Dzongkhags (districts), Dungkhags (subdistricts), Gewogs (village blocks), Chiwogs (constituencies), and Thromdes (municipalities) while retaining legislative authority as the sole purview of the central government.{{cite web|url=http://www.nab.gov.bt/downloadsact/Dzo74.pdf |title=Local Government Act of Bhutan 2009 |publisher=Government of Bhutan |date=11 September 2009 |accessdate=2011-01-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706162642/http://www.nab.gov.bt/downloadsact/Dzo74.pdf |archivedate=6 July 2011 }}
21 SeptemberThe 6.1-magnitude 2009 Bhutan earthquake strikes Mongar District, causing at least 12 deaths, extensive destruction, and severe aftershocks in Bhutan.{{cite news |url=http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/india/Another-tremor-jolts-northeast-Mondays-quake-toll-11/articleshow/5040963.cms |title=Another tremor jolts northeast, Monday's quake toll 11 |date=22 September 2009 |accessdate=2009-09-23 |newspaper=The Times of India |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090927053027/http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/news/india/Another-tremor-jolts-northeast-Mondays-quake-toll-11/articleshow/5040963.cms |archive-date=27 September 2009 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}{{cite news |first=Wasbir |last=Hussain |url=http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-world/strong-earthquake-kills-12-in-bhutan-20090922-fytk.html |title=Strong earthquake kills 12 in Bhutan |date=22 September 2009 |accessdate=2009-09-23 |newspaper=The Sydney Morning Herald |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091013075859/http://news.smh.com.au/breaking-news-world/strong-earthquake-kills-12-in-bhutan-20090922-fytk.html |archive-date=13 October 2009 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}
rowspan="2" valign="top" | 2010MarchA district court interprets the constitutional clause regarding religious "coercion or inducement" to prohibit not only forced conversion but also proselytism in the case of a Christian missionary pastor who used a generator and a projector in a private home on 21 May 2009. The pastor received a sentence of three years imprisonment for infringing the Constitution.{{cite web |url=http://www.bhutannewsservice.com/main-news/pastor-sentenced-to-3-yrs-in-prison/ |title=Pastor sentenced to 3 yrs in prison |work=Bhutan News Service online |publisher=Bhutan News Service |date=12 December 2010 |accessdate=2011-01-25 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707233958/http://www.bhutannewsservice.com/main-news/pastor-sentenced-to-3-yrs-in-prison/ |archive-date=7 July 2011 |url-status=usurped |df=dmy-all }}
16 JuneParliament enacts the Tobacco Control Act, restricting import and possession, and banning the sale of tobacco in Bhutan.{{cite web |url=http://www.nab.gov.bt/downloadsact/Dzo76.pdf |title=Tobacco Control Act of Bhutan, 2010 |publisher=Government of Bhutan |date=16 June 2010 |accessdate=2011-01-20 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120316175424/http://www.nab.gov.bt/downloadsact/Dzo76.pdf |archivedate=16 March 2012 |df=dmy-all }}
rowspan="5" valign="top" | 201124 JanuarySonam Tshering, a 23-year-old ordained monk from Langpa in Haa, was caught with 480 grams of chewing tobacco (purchased for Nu.120) en route from Phuntsholing to Thimphu. This presented the first prosecution under the Tobacco Control Act of Bhutan 2010 and was the result of a private individual informing the police that Tshering possessed tobacco. Although Tshering revealed the source of his tobacco to mitigate and qualify his offense as a misdemeanor, he failed to identify the location and supplier of the tobacco, apparently somewhere in the border town of Jaigaon. He was thus convicted of a felony, and sentenced to the minimum imprisonment of three years. The conviction and especially the sentence have made the Tobacco Control Act of Bhutan 2010 controversial in urban Bhutan due to their severity. Although the Constitution of Bhutan guarantees all persons the right to be represented by a jabmi (attorney), the Thimphu Dzongkhag Court closed the case before any jabmi could offer services. Tshering has since appealed the Dzongkhag Court ruling to the High Court of Bhutan, for which has retained a private attorney.{{cite web|url=http://www.kuenselonline.com/2010/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=18713 |date=15 March 2011 |title=First accused to appeal |first=Yangchen C |last=Rinzin |publisher=Kuensel online |location=Thimphu |accessdate=2011-04-02}}{{cite web |url=http://www.bhutanobserver.bt/monk-gets-three-years-for-smuggling-tobacco/ |title=Monk Gets Three Years for Smuggling Tobacco |author=Tandin Pem |work=Bhutan Observer online |date=4 March 2011 |accessdate=2011-03-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110416035113/http://www.bhutanobserver.bt/monk-gets-three-years-for-smuggling-tobacco/ |archive-date=16 April 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}
23 JanuaryLocal government elections, originally slated for 2008, begin on a staggered scale in 3 of Bhutan's 20 Dzongkhags: Thimphu, Phuntsholing, and Samdrup Jongkhar.{{cite web |url=http://www.dw-world.de/dw/article/0,,6411665,00.html |title=Bhutan holds first-ever local government elections |first=Sherpem |last=Sherpa |editor=Baerthlein, Thomas |publisher=Deutsche Welle online |date=21 January 2011 |accessdate=2011-05-20 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121026043549/http://www.dw.de/dw/article/0,,6411665,00.html |archive-date=26 October 2012 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}
24 FebruaryThe Supreme Court of Bhutan declares unconstitutional the government's raising of personal vehicle import taxes in June 2010 without bicameral presentment and debate, affirming the judgment of the High Court Constitutional Bench against the Attorney General and for the Opposition in Parliament.{{cite web |url=http://www.judiciary.gov.bt/html/case/Judg/2011/englishj.pdf |title=Between the Government of Bhutan and the Opposition Party, Judgement No. SC(Hung 11-1) |publisher=Royal Court of Justice, Supreme Court of Bhutan |date=24 February 2011 |accessdate=2011-05-16 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110416035023/http://www.judiciary.gov.bt/html/case/Judg/2011/englishj.pdf |archive-date=16 April 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}
28 JuneThe Election Commission announces the results of the first local government elections under the Constitution of Bhutan.{{cite web |url=http://www.election-bhutan.org.bt/2011/noti/notFLTEng.pdf |publisher=Election Commission, Government of Bhutan |title=Local Government Elections 2011 (Press Release, ECB/NOTIF-01/2011/026) |date=8 July 2011 |accessdate=2011-07-27 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324083322/http://www.election-bhutan.org.bt/2011/noti/notFLTEng.pdf |archivedate=24 March 2012 |df=dmy-all }} Originally slated for 2008, elections faced multiple delays related to voter registration and constituency demarcation. Furthermore, voter turnout crept to 56% of eligible voters amid public sentiments of distrust and futility.{{cite web |url=http://www.bhutanobserver.bt/as-thromde-elections-unfold/ |title=As Thromde Elections Unfold |publisher=Bhutan Observer online |date=24 January 2011 |accessdate=2011-07-31 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20121004203249/http://www.bhutanobserver.bt/as-thromde-elections-unfold/ |archivedate=4 October 2012 |df=dmy-all }} In several instances, voters were unable to cast votes; in a few cases, legally unqualified candidates ran and won seats. Disqualified candidates, uncontested seats, and inconclusive results in some constituencies required the Election Commission to rerun elections at a later date.{{cite web |url=http://www.election-bhutan.org.bt/2011/noti/ReelectionEng.pdf |publisher=Election Commission, Government of Bhutan |title=Declaration of the Results of the Local Government Elections 2011 (Press Release, ECB/NOTIF-01/2011/2601) |date=28 June 2011 |accessdate=2011-07-27 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20120324083233/http://www.election-bhutan.org.bt/2011/noti/ReelectionEng.pdf |archivedate=24 March 2012 |df=dmy-all }}{{cite web|url=http://www.kuenselonline.com/2010/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=19077 |title=Tshogpa dearth for real |date=16 April 2011 |first=Dechen |last=Tshering |publisher=Kuensel |accessdate=2011-05-21}}{{cite web |url=http://www.southasiaanalysis.org/\notes7\note618.html |title=BHUTAN: Local Council Elections and Update on Refugees: Update No. 89 |first=S. |last=Chandrasekharan |publisher=South Asia Analysis Group (SAAG) |date=2 March 2011 |accessdate=2011-05-20 |url-status=usurped |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20110305051658/http://www.southasiaanalysis.org/%5Cnotes7%5Cnote618.html |archivedate=5 March 2011 |df=dmy-all }}
13 OctoberKing Jigme Khesar Namgyel Wangchuck marries Jetsun Pema.{{cite web|url=http://www.kuenselonline.com/2010/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=21117 |title=Wedding Pictures |publisher=Kuensel online |date=13 October 2011 |accessdate=2011-10-15}}{{cite web|url=http://www.kuenselonline.com/2010/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=21116 |title=Royal Wedding Pictures |publisher=Kuensel online |date=13 October 2011 |accessdate=2011-10-15}}{{cite web|url=http://www.kuenselonline.com/2010/modules.php?name=News&file=article&sid=21114 |title=Royal Wedding |publisher=Kuensel online |date=13 October 2011 |accessdate=2011-10-15}} Jetsun Pema, childhood friend of the Fifth King, becomes his Queen in a traditional Buddhist ceremony followed by three days of public holiday and celebrations.{{cite news |title=Bhutan's 'Prince Charming' King Marries Student Bride |date=12 October 2011 |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/bhutan/8823615/Bhutans-Prince-Charming-king-marries-student-bride.html |publisher=The Daily Telegraph online |accessdate=2011-10-13 |quote=Bhutan's 31-year-old king has married a student 10 years his junior in an isolated valley high in the Himalayas where thousands of nomads and villagers gathered to celebrate |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180621234242/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/asia/bhutan/8823615/Bhutans-Prince-Charming-king-marries-student-bride.html |archive-date=21 June 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}{{cite news|first=Adam |last=Plowright |title=Bhutan Gets Royal Wedding Fever |url=https://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hMKyDxXdoyKYTWJfEXCNlZA_gVeg |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130103000225/http://www.google.com/hostednews/afp/article/ALeqM5hMKyDxXdoyKYTWJfEXCNlZA_gVeg |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 January 2013 |work=Google News |publisher=Agence France Presse |date=6 September 2011 |accessdate=2011-10-02}}{{cite news |first=Lalita |last=Panicker |title=Bhutan's King Weds Childhood Sweetheart |url=http://www.hindustantimes.com/Bhutan-s-King-weds-childhood-sweetheart/Article1-756693.aspx |publisher=Hindustan Times online |date=13 October 2011 |accessdate=2011-10-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111014151157/http://www.hindustantimes.com/bhutan-s-king-weds-childhood-sweetheart/article1-756693.aspx |archive-date=14 October 2011 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }} The much anticipated wedding, announced 20 May, was the largest media event in Bhutanese history.{{cite news |title=Bhutanese Royal Wedding to be Held in October |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13468111 |publisher=BBC News online |date=20 May 2011 |accessdate=2011-10-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217152201/https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-south-asia-13468111 |archive-date=17 December 2018 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}{{cite news |first=Ian |last=Williams |title=With a Wedding, Television in Bhutan Comes of Age |url=http://worldblog.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/10/13/8307483-with-a-wedding-television-in-bhutan-comes-of-age |work=World Blog |publisher=MSNBC online |date=13 October 2011 |accessdate=2011-10-13 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111015195046/http://worldblog.msnbc.msn.com/_news/2011/10/13/8307483-with-a-wedding-television-in-bhutan-comes-of-age |archivedate=15 October 2011 |df=dmy-all }}
rowspan="4" valign="top" | 20138 MarchThe Speaker of the National Assembly, Jigme Tshultim, sentenced to 2 years 6 months imprisonment for official misconduct, fraud, and deceptive practices; and the then Home Minister, Lyonpo Minjur Dorji, and 13 Plot Allotment committee members sentenced to a year imprisonment by the Mongar District Court for official misconduct in the Gyelpozhing land allotment case.{{cite news |first=Chencho |last=Dema |title=Mongar court passes guilty verdict on Gyelpozhing land case |url=http://www.thebhutanese.bt/mongar-court-passes-guilty-verdict-on-gyelpozhing-land-case/ |work=The Bhutanese online |publisher=The Bhutanese |date=8 March 2013 |accessdate=2013-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130517013920/http://www.thebhutanese.bt/mongar-court-passes-guilty-verdict-on-gyelpozhing-land-case/ |archive-date=17 May 2013 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }} On appeal, the convictions and sentences are upheld by the High Court of Bhutan on 16 May{{cite news|first=Tenzing|last=Lamsang|title=High Court affirms district court verdict on Gyelpozhing Land Scam |url=http://www.thebhutanese.bt/high-court-affirms-district-court-verdict-on-gyelpozhing-land-scam/ |work=The Bhutanese online |publisher=The Bhutanese|date=17 May 2013|accessdate=2013-09-01 }} and by the Supreme Court on 17 Julyth.{{cite news |title=Supreme Court upholds High Court judgment on Gyelpozhing land case |url=http://www.thebhutanese.bt/breaking-news-supreme-court-upholds-high-court-judgement-on-gyelpozhing-land-case/ |work=The Bhutanese online |publisher=The Bhutanese |date=17 July 2013 |accessdate=2013-09-01 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130721033718/http://www.thebhutanese.bt/breaking-news-supreme-court-upholds-high-court-judgement-on-gyelpozhing-land-case/ |archive-date=21 July 2013 |url-status=live |df=dmy-all }}
13 AprilNational Council elections held[http://www.bbs.bt/news/?p=24468 NC elections in April 2013] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140409123725/http://www.bbs.bt/news/?p=24468 |date=9 April 2014 }} BBS
31 MayPrimary round of National Assembly elections held. Results: DCT—12,457 votes; DNT—35,962 votes; PDP-68,650 votes; DPT—93,949 votes.{{cite news|title=2nd National Parliamentary Elections Primary Round Results|url=http://www.bbs.bt/news/elections2013/primary/primaryresults.html|publisher=BBS online|accessdate=2013-09-01|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20130913070255/http://www.bbs.bt/news/elections2013/primary/primaryresults.html|archivedate=13 September 2013|df=dmy-all}}
13 JulyFinal round of 2013 Bhutanese National Assembly election, held. Results: PDP-32 seats; DPT—15 seats.{{cite news|title=2nd National Parliamentary Elections General Election Results|url=http://www.bbs.bt/news/elections2013/general/NAresults.html|publisher=BBS online|accessdate=2013-09-01|url-status=dead|archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20140206103002/http://www.bbs.bt/news/elections2013/general/NAresults.html|archivedate=6 February 2014|df=dmy-all}} New Prime Minister: Tshering Tobgay.

See also

References

{{Reflist}}

{{Asian topic|prefix=Timeline of|suffix=history}}

{{Years in Bhutan}}

{{History of Bhutan}}

Bhutanese