Timeline of Dortmund

File:Dortmund Braun-Hogenberg.jpg

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Dortmund, Germany.

Prior to 19th century

File:Altes-Rathaus-Dortmund-IMG 2528.JPG

1005 – Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor holds an "ecclesiastical council" in Dortmund.{{sfn|Britannica|1910}}
1016 – Henry II, Holy Roman Emperor holds an "Imperial diet" in Dortmund.{{sfn|Britannica|1910}}
1215 – {{ill|Katharinenkloster Dortmund|de}} consecrated.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}
1220 – Dortmund becomes an imperial city of the Holy Roman Empire.{{sfn|Ring|1995}}
1240 – {{ill|Old Town Hall, Dortmund|de|3=Altes Rathaus (Dortmund)|lt=Town Hall}} in use (approximate date).
1253 – Dortmund joins the {{ill|City Alliance of Werne|de|3=Werner Bund}}.{{cite book|title=A Companion to the Hanseatic League|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sfhyBgAAQBAJ|year= 2015|publisher=Brill |isbn=978-90-04-28476-0 |editor=Donald J. Harreld |editor-link=Donald J. Harreld }}
1267 – St. Mary's Church first mentioned.
1270 – St. Reinold's Church built.
1293 – Brewing right granted.{{sfn|Ring|1995}}
1322 – St. Peter's Church, Dortmund (church) construction begins.
1332 – City rights confirmed per "Privilegium Ludovicum."{{sfn|Ring|1995}}{{sfn|Frensdorff|1882}}
1387/8 – Dortmund besieged by forces of Friedrich III. von Saarwerden, Archbishop of Cologne.{{sfn|Britannica|1910}}
1388 – Dortmunder Bürgerschützenverein (militia) formed.{{cite book|author=Hermann Tallau |title=Ein Kaleidoskop zum Schützenwesen |year= 2008|publisher=Mecke Druck und Verlag |location=Duderstadt |isbn=978-3-936617-85-6 |language=de |chapter= Älteste (100) Schützenvereinigungen 799-1392 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MnyAc2VzNXwC&pg=PA67 }}
1400 – Vehmic court established (approximate date).{{sfn|Ring|1995}}
1454 – Tower built on St. Reinold's Church.
1521 – "{{ill|Golden Wonder of Westphalia|de|3=Goldenes Wunder von Westfalen}}" altarpiece installed in the Petrikirche.
1523 – Protestant Reformation.{{sfn|Ring|1995}}
1543 – {{ill|Stadtgymnasium Dortmund|de}} (school) founded.{{sfn|Ring|1995}}
1546 – Tower for the {{ill|Dortmund City Archive|de|3=Stadtarchiv Dortmund}} added to Town Hall.{{cite web |url=http://www.archive.nrw.de/kommunalarchive/kommunalarchive_a-d/d/Dortmund/wir_ueber_uns/profil/index.php |title=Stadtarchiv Dortmund: Wir über uns: Geschichte |language=de |work=Archive in Nordrhein-Westfalen |publisher=Landesarchiv Nordrhein-Westfalen |access-date=30 November 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150923221135/http://www.archive.nrw.de/kommunalarchive/kommunalarchive_a-d/d/Dortmund/wir_ueber_uns/profil/index.php |archive-date=23 September 2015 }}
1570 – Dortmund adopts Lutheranism per the "Augsburg Confession".{{sfn|Ring|1995}}
1609 – Jülich-Cleves-related {{ill|Dortmund Recess|de|3=Dortmunder Rezess|lt=agreement}} signed in Dortmund.{{sfn|Ring|1995}}

19th century

1803 – Dormund "annexed to Nassau."{{sfn|Britannica|1910}}
1806 – French in power.{{sfn|Britannica|1910}}
1808 – Dormund becomes capital of French satellite Ruhr (department).{{sfn|Britannica|1910}}
1815
Dortmund becomes part of Prussia per Congress of Vienna.{{sfn|Britannica|1910}}
{{ill|Oberbergamt Dortmund|de}} (regional mining office) headquartered in city.
1816 – Population: 4,465.{{sfn|Brockhaus|1896}}
1841 – {{Interlanguage link multi|Sparkasse Dortmund|de}} (bank) founded.{{cite book|title= Statistisches Jahrbuch deutscher Städte |trans-title=Statistical Yearbook of German Cities |editor= Moritz Neefe |year=1906 |volume=13 |publisher={{Interlanguage link multi|Bergstadtverlag Wilhelm Gottlieb Korn|de}} |location=Breslau |language=de |hdl=2027/mdp.39015010783606 }}
1847 – Duisburg–Dortmund railway and Dortmund–Hamm railway begin operating.
1849 – Elberfeld–Dortmund railway begins operating.
1855 – Dortmund–Soest railway begins operating.
1861
{{Interlanguage link multi|Westfälischer Schützenbund|de}} (shooting-sport club) formed.
Population: 23,348.{{cite book |title=Statesman's Year-Book |year=1869 |location=London |publisher= Macmillan and Co.|chapter= Germany: States of North Germany: Prussia |chapter-url= http://hdl.handle.net/2027/nyp.33433081590337?urlappend=%3Bseq=155 |title-link=Statesman's Year-Book |hdl=2027/nyp.33433081590337?urlappend=%3Bseq=155 }}
1863 – {{Interlanguage link multi|Dortmund fortifications|de|3=Dortmunder Stadtbefestigung|lt=City walls}} dismantled.{{sfn|Britannica|1910}}
1871
Hoesch AG steel company in business.
Westfalenhütte industrial area developed.
1872 – {{Interlanguage link multi|Historischer Verein für Dortmund und die Grafschaft Mark|de}} (historical society) founded.{{cite book|author=Königliche Museen zu Berlin |title=Kunsthandbuch für Deutschland |url= https://archive.org/stream/kunsthandbuchfr00berlgoog |edition=6th |language=de |year=1904|publisher=Georg Reimer}}
1875
Dortmund–Enschede railway in operation.
Population:57,742.{{sfn|Britannica|1910}}
1878 – Ernst Heinrich Lindemann becomes mayor.
1880 – {{Interlanguage link multi|Fredenbaumpark|de}} in use (approximate date).
1883 – Museum of Art and Cultural History founded.
1885 – Population: 78,435.{{cite book |title=Statesman's Year-Book |year=1890 |location=London |publisher= Macmillan and Co.|chapter= German Empire: States of Germany: Prussia |hdl=2027/nyp.33433081590527?urlappend=%3Bseq=630 |chapter-url= http://hdl.handle.net/2027/nyp.33433081590527?urlappend=%3Bseq=630 }}
1887 – Dortmund Philharmonic orchestra formed.{{cite book|editor= Colin Lawson|editor-link= Colin Lawson|title= Cambridge Companion to the Orchestra|year= 2003|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-00132-8 |chapter= Orchestras Founded in the 19th Century (chronological list) |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=1DW1WyiooSMC&pg=PA275 }}
1890
Royal School of Machine Building established.{{cite book|author=U.S. Bureau of Education |title=Report of the Commissioner of Education |year=1910|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office |chapter=Prussian system of vocational schools from 1884 to 1909 |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=kFI6AQAAMAAJ&pg=PA301 |hdl=2027/umn.31951000865102o |author-link=U.S. Office of Education }}
Population: 89,663.{{cite book |title=Statesman's Year-Book |year=1896 |location=London |publisher= Macmillan and Co.|chapter= German Empire: States of Germany: Prussia |hdl=2027/nyp.33433081590543?urlappend=%3Bseq=672 |chapter-url=http://hdl.handle.net/2027/nyp.33433081590543?urlappend=%3Bseq=672 }}
1895
{{Interlanguage link multi|Oberpostdirektion|de}} Dortmund (regional postal administration) established.
Post office built.{{sfn|Britannica|1910}}
Population: 111,232.{{cite book |title=Statesman's Year-Book |year=1899 |location=London |publisher= Macmillan and Co.|chapter= German Empire |hdl=2027/nyp.33433081590550?urlappend=%3Bseq=936 |chapter-url= http://hdl.handle.net/2027/nyp.33433081590550?urlappend=%3Bseq=936 |via=HathiTrust }}
1897 – City electric power system begins operating.{{sfn|Todd|1987}}
1898 – Industrial School for Young Ladies and {{Interlanguage link multi|Ruderclub Hansa von 1898|de}} (sport club) established.
1899
Dortmund–Ems Canal and Dortmund Port open.{{sfn|Todd|1987}}
City Hall restored.{{sfn|Britannica|1910}}
{{Interlanguage link multi|Dortmunder Volksbank|de}} founded.
1900
Regional {{Interlanguage link multi|Handwerkskammer Dortmund|de}} (Chamber of Skilled Crafts) headquartered in city.
Synagogue built.

20th century

=1900s–1945=

1901 – {{Interlanguage link multi|Dortmund Fire Department|de|3=Feuerwehr Dortmund}} established.{{cite web |url=http://www.dortmund.de/de/leben_in_dortmund/sicherheit_und_recht/feuerwehr/ueber_uns_fw/historie_1/index.html |title=Feuerwehr: Über uns: Historie (timeline) |work=Dortmund.de |publisher= Stadt Dortmund |access-date=30 November 2015 }}
1904
Theater Dortmund and trade school founded.
{{Interlanguage link multi|Bismarckturm (Dortmund)|de}} (tower) built.
1905 – Population: 175,577.{{cite book |title=Statesman's Year-Book |year=1908 |location=London |publisher= Macmillan and Co.|chapter= Germany |hdl=2027/nyp.33433081590592?urlappend=%3Bseq=1128 |chapter-url= http://hdl.handle.net/2027/nyp.33433081590592?urlappend=%3Bseq=1128 }}
1909
Borussia Dortmund sport club formed.
Nordmarkt area laid out.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}
1910
Dortmund Hauptbahnhof built.
Population: 214,226.{{cite book |title=Statesman's Year-Book |year=1915 |location=London |publisher= Macmillan and Co.|chapter= Germany |hdl=2027/njp.32101072368358?urlappend=%3Bseq=1017 |chapter-url= http://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101072368358?urlappend=%3Bseq=1017 }}
1914 – Eving becomes part of city.
1919 – Population: 295,026.{{cite book |title=Statesman's Year-Book |year=1921 |location=London |publisher= Macmillan and Co.|chapter= Germany |chapter-url= http://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101072368440?urlappend=%3Bseq=972 |via=HathiTrust |title-link=Statesman's Year-Book |hdl=2027/njp.32101072368440?urlappend=%3Bseq=972 }}
1920
Regional {{Interlanguage link multi|Siedlungsverband Ruhrkohlenbezirk|de}} municipal association created.
Population: 313,752.
1924 – Weisse Wiese stadium opens.
1926 – Botanischer Garten Rombergpark acquired by city.
1927 – Dortmund U-Tower built.
1928
{{Interlanguage link multi|Hörde (quarter)|de|Hörde|lt=Hörde}} becomes part of city.
Population: 465,196.
1929 – {{Interlanguage link multi|Berghofen (Dortmund)|de}} and Syburg become part of city.
1933 – {{Interlanguage link multi|Dortmund-Hörder Hüttenunion|de}} mining company in business.
1938 – Dortberghaus built.
1939 – Nazi camp for Sinti and Romani people established (see also Porajmos).{{cite web|url=https://www.bundesarchiv.de/zwangsarbeit/haftstaetten/index.php?action=2.2&tab=7&id=1075|title=Lager für Sinti und Roma Dortmund|website=Bundesarchiv.de|access-date=8 August 2022|language=de}}
1943
May: SS construction brigade (forced labour camp) established by the SS.{{cite web|url=https://www.aussenlager-buchenwald.de/details.html?camp=94|title=Dortmund (III. SS-Baubrigade)|website=aussenlager-buchenwald.de|access-date=8 August 2022|language=de}}
September: SS construction brigade presumably dissolved.
1944 – Subcamp of the Buchenwald concentration camp established for 400 Polish women who survived the Warsaw Uprising (see also Nazi crimes against the Polish nation).{{cite web|url=https://www.aussenlager-buchenwald.de/details.html?camp=26|title=Dortmund (Hüttenverein)|website=aussenlager-buchenwald.de|access-date=8 August 2022|language=de}}
1945
March: women's subcamp of Buchenwald dissolved. Prisoners deported to the Bergen-Belsen concentration camp.
13 April: allied forces take city.

=1946–1990s=

1946
Fritz Henßler becomes mayor.
{{Interlanguage link multi|Westfälische Rundschau|de}} newspaper begins publication.{{cite web |url= http://www.worldcat.org/search?q=su%3ADortmund+%28Germany%29+Newspapers.&qt=hot_subject |title= Dortmund (Germany) Newspapers |location=USA |work=WorldCat |publisher=Online Computer Library Center |access-date= 30 October 2015 }}
1947
29 March: miners strike against food shortage.{{cite journal |journal= Chronology of International Events and Documents |volume= 3 |issue= 7 |pages= 189–201 |year=1947 |title= March 24-April 6, 1947 |publisher= Royal Institute of International Affairs |location=London |jstor= 40545021 }}
Museum Ostwall opens.
1950 – Population: 507,349.
1952 – Westfalenhallen rebuilt.
1953 – Dortmund Zoo established.{{cite book|editor=Vernon N. Kisling|title=Zoo and Aquarium History|year= 2000|publisher=CRC Press |location=USA |isbn=978-1-4200-3924-5 |chapter=Zoological Gardens of Germany (chronological list) |chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=dxTrR5nOE0UC&pg=PA372 }}
1955 – City co-hosts the 1955 Ice Hockey World Championships.
1956 – Population: 607,885.
1959
Florianturm (TV tower) erected.
National Bundesgartenschau (garden show) held in the Westfalenpark.
City hosts the 1959 World Table Tennis Championships.
1960 – Dortmund Airport opens.
1961 – {{Interlanguage link multi|Gesundheitshaus Dortmund|de}} built.
1963 – Dortmund Stadthaus station opens.
1964 – City hosts the 1964 World Figure Skating Championships.
1968 – University of Dortmund established.
1969 – {{Interlanguage link multi|Sparkassen-Hochhaus|de}} hi-rise built.
1973
Dortmund Sparkassen Chess Meeting begins.
{{Interlanguage link multi|Günter Samtlebe|de}} becomes mayor.
1974 – Westfalenstadion (stadium) opens.
1975 – City co-hosts the 1975 Ice Hockey World Championships.
1976 – {{Interlanguage link multi|National Rowing Training Centre, Dortmund|de|3=Bundesleistungszentrum Rudern Dortmund}} established.
1977 – Eving Selimiye Camii (mosque) established.{{citation needed|date=November 2015}}
1978 – {{Interlanguage link multi|WestLB Dortmund|de}} built.
1980 – City hosts the 1980 World Figure Skating Championships.
1983
Dortmund University station opens.
{{Interlanguage link multi|Vorsorgekasse Hoesch|de}} (insurance entity) active.
1984 – Dortmund Stadtbahn begins operating.
1985
{{Interlanguage link multi|Technology Centre Dortmund|de|3=Technologiepark Dortmund}} opens.{{sfn|Hennings|1990}}
{{Interlanguage link multi|Spielbank Hohensyburg|de}} (casino) built.
1987 – Coalmining pit closes, "marking the end of more than 150 years of coalmining in Dortmund".{{sfn|Hennings|1990}}
1989 – {{Interlanguage link multi|Dortmund City Hall|de|3=Rathaus (Dortmund)}} rebuilt on the {{Interlanguage link multi|Friedensplatz (Dortmund)|de}}.
1990 – Eisengiesser Fountain reconstructed on the {{Interlanguage link multi|Freiherr-vom-Stein-Platz (Dortmund)|de}}.
1991 – Steel company Hoesch AG was bought by Krupp.[https://www.zeit.de/1992/36/ein-mythos-verblasst Zeit.de: Ein Mythos verblasst]
1992 – {{Interlanguage link multi|Adlerturm Dortmund|de}} (tower) reconstructed.
1993 – {{Interlanguage link multi|Deutsche Arbeitsschutzausstellung|de}} museum established.
1999
{{Interlanguage link multi|Gerhard Langemeyer|de}} becomes mayor.
{{Interlanguage link multi|Fritz-Henßler-Berufskolleg|de}} (trade school) active.

21st century

2005
{{Interlanguage link multi|RWE Tower (Dortmund)|de|RWE Tower|lt=RWE Tower}} built.
{{Interlanguage link multi|Hoesch-Museum|de}} opens.
2006 - June: Some of the 2006 FIFA World Cup soccer contest held in Dortmund.{{citation |work=New York Times |date= 15 June 2006 |url= https://www.nytimes.com/2006/06/15/sports/soccer/15fans.html?_r=0 |title=German Police Arrest More Than 300 }}
2008 - Love Parade held in city.
2014
Ullrich Sierau becomes mayor.
Population: 580,511.

References

:This article incorporates information from the German Wikipedia.

Bibliography

=in English=

{{cite book

|title=Chambers's Encyclopaedia

|location=London

|year=1901

|chapter-url= http://hdl.handle.net/2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t7br92q5g?urlappend=%3Bseq=72

|chapter=Dortmund

| ref = {{harvid|Chambers|1901}}

|title-link=Chambers's Encyclopaedia

|hdl=2027/uc2.ark:/13960/t7br92q5g?urlappend=%3Bseq=72

}}

{{Citation

|publisher = Karl Baedeker |location = Leipzig |title = Northern Germany

|edition=15th

|date = 1910 |oclc = 78390379

|chapter-url = https://archive.org/stream/northerngerma00karl#page/n83/mode/2up

|chapter=Dortmund

| ref = {{harvid|Baedeker|1910}}

}}

{{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Dortmund |volume= 8 | page = 437 |date=1910 |ref= {{harvid|Britannica|1910}} |short= 1}}
{{cite journal

|title =A Tale of Three Cities: Electrification and the Structure of Choice in the Ruhr, 1886-1900

|author = Edmund N. Todd

|journal=Social Studies of Science |volume=17

|issue = 3

|pages = 387–412

|year =1987

|jstor= 285130

|doi=10.1177/030631287017003001

|s2cid = 145435566

| ref = {{harvid|Todd|1987}}

}} (about Bochum, Dortmund, and Essen)

{{cite book

|editor=Walter B. Stöhr

|title=Global Challenge and Local Response: Initiatives for Economic Regeneration in Contemporary Europe

|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=1TV9R86WZVsC

|year= 1990

|publisher=United Nations University Press|isbn=978-0-7201-2064-6

|chapter=Priority to local economic development: industrial restructuring and local development responses in the Ruhr area - the case of Dortmund

|author1=G. Hennings |author2=K.R. Kunzmann

|name-list-style=amp | ref = {{harvid|Hennings|1990}}

}}

{{cite book

|editor=Trudy Ring

|title=Northern Europe

|series= International Dictionary of Historic Places

|year=1995

|publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn

|isbn=978-1-136-63944-9

|chapter= Dortmund

|chapter-url= https://books.google.com/books?id=yfPYAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA215

|page=215+

| ref = {{harvid|Ring|1995}}

}}

=in German=

;published in the 19th c.

{{cite book

|title =Geschichte der Freireichsstadt Dortmund

|author = Bernhard Thiersch

|author-link = :de:Bernhard Thiersch

|year =1854

|language =de

|url =http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008405974

}}

{{cite book

|title =Beiträge zur Geschichte Dortmunds und der Grafschaft Mark |trans-title=Contributions to the History of Dortmund and the County of Mark

|publisher =Historischer Verein für Dortmund und die Grafschaft Mark

|year =1875

|language =de

|url =http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100333418

}} ongoing

{{cite book

|title=Dortmunder Statuten und Urtheile |trans-title=Dortmund statutes and judgments

|author= Ferdinand Frensdorff

|author-link= :de:Ferdinand Frensdorff

|publisher=Verlag der Buchhandlung des Waisenhauses

|location=Halle

|language=de

|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_ggWF_nwLE0C

|year=1882

| ref = {{harvid|Frensdorff|1882}}

}}

{{cite book

|series={{Interlanguage link multi|Die Chroniken der deutschen Städte|de}}

|location=Leipzig |publisher= {{Interlanguage link multi|S. Hirzel Verlag|de}} |language=de

|title= Dortmund

|volume= 20

|year= 1887

|url= http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/005973313

|via=HathiTrust

}}

{{cite book

|title=Städte und Gilden der germanischen Völker im Mittelalter

|author=Karl von Hegel

|language=de |location= Leipzig |publisher= {{Interlanguage link multi|Duncker & Humblot|de}}

|year=1891

|via=HathiTrust

|volume=2

|chapter= Dortmund

|hdl=2027/wu.89094689700?urlappend=%3Bseq=379

|chapter-url= http://hdl.handle.net/2027/wu.89094689700?urlappend=%3Bseq=379

|author-link=Karl von Hegel

}}

{{cite book

|title =Die Bau- und Kunstdenkmäler des Kreises Dortmund-Stadt

|author = Albert Ludorff

|author-link = :de:Albert Ludorff

|publisher =Verlag Ferdinand Schöningh

|location =Münster

|year =1894

|language =de

|url =http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100789379

}}

{{cite book

|author=Hermann Adalbert Daniel

|author-link=:de:Hermann Adalbert Daniel

|title=Handbuch der Geographie

|language=de

|year=1895

|edition=6th |location=Leipzig|publisher=D.R. Reisland

|chapter= Dortmund

|chapter-url=http://hdl.handle.net/2027/hvd.32044014078935?urlappend=%3Bseq=362

|volume=4

|hdl=2027/hvd.32044014078935?urlappend=%3Bseq=362

}}

{{cite book

|title=Brockhaus' Konversations-Lexikon

|location=Leipzig

|publisher=Brockhaus

|year=1896

|edition=14th

|language=de

|page=456+

|chapter=Dortmund

|chapter-url= http://hdl.handle.net/2027/njp.32101064064460?urlappend=%3Bseq=540

| ref = {{harvid|Brockhaus|1896}}

|title-link=Brockhaus Enzyklopädie

|hdl=2027/njp.32101064064460?urlappend=%3Bseq=540

}}

{{cite book

|title=Dortmunder Bürgerbuch: Sammlung der Ortsstatuten, Polizei-Verordnungen, Regulative u.s.w. für die Stadt Dortmund

|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oOlOAAAAYAAJ

|year=1898

|location=Dortmund

|publisher={{Interlanguage link multi|Friedrich Wilhelm Ruhfus|de}}

|language =de

}}

;published in the 20th-21st c.

{{cite book

|editor=P. Krauss |editor2=E. Uetrecht

|title=Meyers Deutscher Städteatlas |trans-title=Meyer's Atlas of German Cities

|year=1913

|publisher=Bibliographisches Institut

|location=Leipzig

|language=de

|chapter-url=http://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/009018394

|chapter= Dortmund

}}

{{citation

|series=Deutscher Städteatlas

|isbn=3891150008

|editor= Institute for Comparative Urban History

|editor-link= :de:Institut für vergleichende Städtegeschichte

|language=de

|volume= 1

|year= 1973

|title= Dortmund

}}

G. Luntowski and N. Reimann, ed., Dortmund 1100 Jahre Stadtgeschichte, (Dortmund, 1982)
Gustav Luntowski et al. Geschichte der Stadt Dortmund. Harenberg, Dortmund 1994, {{ISBN|3-611-00397-2}}
{{cite book

|title =Dortmunder Statistik: 100 Jahre Statistisches Amt 1896-1996

|publisher =Stadt Dortmund

|year =1996

|language =de

}}

{{cite book

|editor=Hermann Bömer

|title=Stadtentwicklung in Dortmund seit 1945 |trans-title=Urban development in Dortmund since 1945

|year=2010

|language =de

|display-editors=etal}}

External links

Europeana. [https://www.europeana.eu/portal/search.html?query=dortmund&rows=96 Items related to Dortmund], various dates.
Digital Public Library of America. [http://dp.la/search?page_size=100&q=dortmund+germany&utf8=✓ Items related to Dortmund], various dates

Category:Dortmund

dortmund

Dortmund

Timeline of Dortmund

Prior to 19th century

19th century

20th century

=1900s–1945=

=1946–1990s=

21st century

See also

References

Bibliography

=in English=

=in German=

External links